In an experiment to study the dependence of hypertension on smoking habits, the following data were taken on 180

individuals:
Non-smokers Moderate Smokers Heavy Smokers
Hypertension 21 36 30
No hypertension 48 26 19
Test the hypothesis that the presence or absence of hypertension is independent of smoking habits. Use a 0.05 level
of significance.

Ho: Hypertension is independent of smoking habits

Ha: Hypertension and smoking habits are related
Chi-square Contingency Table Test for Independence

Non-smokers Moderate smokers Heavy smokers Total

Hypertension Observed 21 36 30 87
Expected 33.35 29.97 23.68 87.00
O-E -12.35 6.03 6.32 0.00
(O - E)² / E 4.57 1.21 1.68 7.47
No hypertension Observed 48 26 19 93
Expected 35.65 32.03 25.32 93.00
O-E 12.35 -6.03 -6.32 0.00
(O - E)² / E 4.28 1.14 1.58 6.99
Total Observed 69 62 49 180
Expected 69.00 62.00 49.00 180.00
O-E 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(O - E)² / E 8.85 2.35 3.26 14.46

14.46 chi-square
2 df
.0007 p-value

The p- value for the test is 0.0007. Since this is < 0.05, we reject Ho and accept Ha.
Conclusion: Hypertension and smoking habits are related. They are dependent.