Ventilation: Energy Efficient Buildings

Energy Efficient Buildings
Chapter 3
Ventilation
BEng Energy Engineering · ENER 512 · Dr. T. Bader

1 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018
3 Ventilation
3.1 Air quality – air pollution

3.2 CO2-Concentration
3.3 Tasks of ventilation
3.4 Ambient air rate
3.5 Air exchange
3.6 Ventilation types
3.7 Mixing of air volumes
3.8. Energy content of air
3.9 Ventilation examples
3.10 Humidity Transport

3.1 Air Quality - Air Pollution (1)
 1 olf is the sensory pollution strength from a

standard person defined as an average
adult
- working in an office or
similar non-industrial workplace,
- sedentary and in thermal comfort
- a hygienic standard equivalent
of 0.7 baths per day
Source: Bradshaw, The Building Environment, Wiley

- skin has a total area of 1.8 m2
 defined to quantify the strength of pollution

sources which can be perceived by humans

3.1 Air Quality – Air pollution (2)
 1 decipol (dp) is the perceived air quality in a space with a sensory

load of one olf (one standard person) ventilated by 10 l/s (36m3/h).
 to quantify how the strength of indoor pollution sources

influence air quality as it is perceived by humans.
100 dp chimney exhaust gases

10 dp sick building
1dp healthy building
0,5 dp Inner city with bad air quality
0,1 dp Ambient air town
0,01 dp Ambient air, Mountain, Sea, National Park

3.2 CO2-Concentration (1)
Composition of dry air
Exhaled air
 Bacterial count and

CO2 concentration correlate Ambient air
 Disease transmission increases
with increasing CO2 concentration
 Study by Rudnik and Milton 2003
Class of 30 persons: Room air
max.
 influenca infections
 1000 ppm  5 infections
 2000 ppm  12 infections
 3000ppm  15 infections

Max. value according to Pettenkofer (1858)
MAK – Value (equals 9000 mg/m3)
Physiologically short-term tolerance value
Max von Pettenkofer

Exhaled air 1860
Lamnes symptoms
Deadly long-term dosage
Source: Prof. Schrag

Deadly short-term dosage

 Room with 40m2, h = 2,5 m and 2 persons occupancy,

with carbon emissions 25l/(h.pers) Impact on
human being
CO2-concentration [ppm]
reduced power of
concentration,
headache
closed
windows
disruptive
Source: Bradshaw, The Building Environment, Wiley

controlled ventilation
comfortable
fresh ambient air
hours [h]

3.3 Tasks of ventilation – air exchange (1)
 Air quality determined by numerous factors:

 Number of persons in room, Sleep Light Physical
Fresh air rate per person [m3/h]

Rest activity housework
their oxygen consumption,
perspirations and exhalations
 Air humidity unnecessary
heat loss
 Gases and dusts due to
building materials and equipment
 Main tasks of ventilation

 Supply of oxygen Higher air exchange
rate necessary to
 Removal of pollutants and avoid high CO2-
odorous substances concentration,
fatigue etc.
 Removal of humidity
Activity degree
 Standard guiding value: Ambient air demand of around 30m3/h per person

3.4 Ambient Air Rate (1)
Ambient air rate and CO2-concentration
Amient air rate per person [m3/h]
Sleeping
Average
Housework
Source: Prof. Schrag

CO2-concentration in room [Vol%]

Compilation of comfort norms by ambient air demand
Amient air demand per person [m3/h]
Ambient air rate
high standard middle standard low standard

Fresh Ambient air Volume Flow
Ambient Air volume flow
Oxygen Ambient air rate Air exchange rate MAK value Miscancellous
CO2 Value (m3/h*person) (rule of thumb) (MAK List) (numerous tables)
demand
Air demand Maximal Minimum Recommended Pollutant related e.g. work place
approximately approximately Ambient air rate guiding values ambient air volume guidelines
0.5 0.15 Vol% CO2 Room type per Hourly air exchange flow
m3/(h*person), content in air. person (m3/h) rater per room type
otherwise Theatre 20 (in 1/h)
oxygen Normal: Cinema 20
deficiency. 0.035 Vol% Concert hall 20 Office 3…6
Decrease from Reading hall 20 Restaurant 5…10
21% to 16% still Air demand Fair hall 20 Lecture hall 8…10
uncritical. approximates Museum 20 Cafeteria 6…8
Thresholds are 20 - 30 Sport hall 20 Mall 4…6
normally not m3/(h*person) Relaxing room30 Kitchen 0.5-25
reached in Cafeteria 30 OP theatre 15…20
buildings due to Restaurant 30 Class room 4…5
leakages in Conference 30 Toilet 5…8
building Class room 30 Indoor pool 3…4
envelope Office Meeting room 5…10
Single office 40 Ware house 4…6
Open-plan 60 Living room 0,5…1
Meeting facilities Business premises, working areas

3.5 Air Exchange
 Air exchange rate (air changes per hour)
 measure of the air volume added to a space (normally a room or house)

divided by the volume of the space
 measure of how many times the net volume of air is replaced within a defined space.
 Energy transport through air change

(dry air)
𝑄 = 𝑉 ∙ 𝑐 ∙ 𝜌 ∙ (𝜗𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 − 𝜗𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 )
specific heat capacity
density

3.6 Ventilation types (1)
Free Ventilation Controlled Ventilation
Local ventilation Return air plant Standalone

(1 aperture) with or without ventilation system
heat recovery
Cross ventilation Central ventilation
(2 apertures) system
Supply and
return air plant
Shaft ventilation Single shafts with or without
(combination) Standalone units
Collecting shafts heat recovery

Free ventilation types (1)
Joint/ gap ventilation Window ventilation Cross ventilation

tilted
opened

Natural ventilation
Shaft ventilation

3.7 Mixing of air volumes
Cooling Case
 Pure Ventilation as a mixing of 2 air-

volumes m1 and m2 (without supply or AM
removal of sensible heat or humidity) MP
RO
RO(Room)
AM(Ambient)
 the air-condition after mixing (MP) lies on

the straight line connecting the original
air-states AM(Ambient) and RO(Room)
 The distances between original state and
Mixing of ambient air (Amb) and
mixing point (MP) are in inversely room air (RO) with fractions of each
proportional to the respective volumes 50%, mixing point at 28°C; φ =52%

3.8 Energy content of air (8)
 The energy content of air arises from the following partial energy contents
Energy dry air
+ Energy water
+ Evaporation heat
= Energy content of humid air
 Reminder: so far
 Now: Introduction of enthalpy h as energy content of 1 kg humid air

3.9 Ventilation Example (1)
Increase of the room air temperature from 10°C at a relative humidity of
φ = 60% to 20°C by means of heat supply. How high is φ at 20°C?
φ 

3.9 Ventilation Example (2)
Decrease of the Room air Temperature from 20°C at a relative humidity of
φ = 60% to 15°C by means of switching of the heating system. How high is φ
at 15°C?

3.10 Humidity Transport (1)
Diffusion
Convection
Capillary tubing
Sorption

 Convection: Water transport by means of air exchange
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑎𝑚𝑏 ∙ 𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑏 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ∙ 𝑥𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑚𝑤 = 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ (𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑎𝑚𝑏 ∙ 𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑏 - 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ∙ 𝑥𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 )

Example (1)
Room condition: 50% r.H., 20°C
Ambient condition: 80% r.H., 10°C
Room area: 30m2
Room height: 2m
Air exchange: 0.5 1/h
Absolute Humidites and Densities from psychometric chart
Calculate the humidity change in this room by means of

convective humidity transport!

Example (1) - Solution
Room condition: 50% r.H., 20°C  xR=7.7g/kg, ρR=1.12 kg/m3
Ambient condition: 80% r.H., 10°C  xR=6.5g/kg, ρR=1.17 kg/m3

𝑥𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 7.7 𝑔/𝑘𝑔 𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑏 = 6.5 𝑔/𝑘𝑔

𝜌𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 = 1.12 𝑔/𝑘𝑔 𝜌𝑎𝑚𝑏 = 1.17 𝑔/𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑤 = 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ (𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑎𝑚𝑏 ∙ 𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑏 - 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ∙ 𝑥𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 )
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟

 Convection: Pollutant transport by means of air exchange
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑎𝑚𝑏 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑘𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ (𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑎𝑚𝑏 - 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 )

In a low-polluted building, a 200 m2 large-scale office building is to be air-conditioned in order to

maintain a comfortable room air condition as well as to respect the workplace regulations. The
air is supplied via swirl diffusers (mixed ventilation, that is, 8K maximum temperature difference
to the room air). There is a smoking ban in the open plan office. The heat demand of the large
room is covered by a static heating system. Cold water 8 ° C / 14 ° C is available as a cooling
medium. The HVAC system operates at a constant flow rate.
 Cooling load: 11 kW
 Ammonia development by copier: 48 l/h
 Workplace limit value for ammonia: 20 ppm
 Minimum outdoor air volume flow (DIN 15251): 1134 m3/h
The air pressure is 1000mbar. The specific heat capacity of the air is cp,air = 1 kJ/(kg*K) and the
density of the dry supply air is ρ = 1.2 kg/m3.
Calculate the required supply air volume flow.

Ventilation: Energy Efficient Buildings

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Energy Efficient Buildings

BEng Energy Engineering · ENER 512 · Dr. T. Bader

3.1 Air quality – air pollution

2 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

 1 olf is the sensory pollution strength from a

Source: Bradshaw, The Building Environment, Wiley

 defined to quantify the strength of pollution

3 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

 1 decipol (dp) is the perceived air quality in a space with a sensory

 to quantify how the strength of indoor pollution sources

100 dp chimney exhaust gases

4 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

Composition of dry air

 Bacterial count and

5 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

Max. value according to Pettenkofer (1858)

MAK – Value (equals 9000 mg/m3)

Physiologically short-term tolerance value

Max von Pettenkofer

Deadly long-term dosage

Source: Prof. Schrag

6 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

 Room with 40m2, h = 2,5 m and 2 persons occupancy,

Source: Bradshaw, The Building Environment, Wiley

7 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

 Air quality determined by numerous factors:

Fresh air rate per person [m3/h]

 Main tasks of ventilation

8 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

Source: Prof. Schrag

9 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

Ambient air rate

high standard middle standard low standard

10 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

Ambient Air volume flow

Meeting facilities Business premises, working areas

11 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

 Air exchange rate (air changes per hour)

 measure of the air volume added to a space (normally a room or house)

 Energy transport through air change

12 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

Free Ventilation Controlled Ventilation

Local ventilation Return air plant Standalone

13 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

Joint/ gap ventilation Window ventilation Cross ventilation

14 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

15 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

 Pure Ventilation as a mixing of 2 air-

 the air-condition after mixing (MP) lies on

16 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

 Now: Introduction of enthalpy h as energy content of 1 kg humid air

17 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

18 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

19 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

20 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

 Convection: Water transport by means of air exchange

𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑎𝑚𝑏 ∙ 𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑏 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ∙ 𝑥𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚

𝑚𝑤 = 𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∙ (𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑎𝑚𝑏 ∙ 𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑏 - 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 ∙ 𝑥𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 )

21 Lecture Layout - Building Energy Efficiency - Dr. T. Bader - 13/02/2018

Room condition: 50% r.H., 20°C

Ambient condition: 80% r.H., 10°C

Room area: 30m2

Absolute Humidites and Densities from psychometric chart