Per Unit Representation

Dr Bakary Diarra
BIUST Palapye
 Per-Unit representation
 In system with many generators and transformers

 Many different currents and voltages

 Use base quantities to make the system more uniform

 Quantities: apparent power, voltages, current and

impedances

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 2

 Example
 Let’s consider this circuit
𝑍𝑆 𝑉𝑆 = 1000 𝑍𝑆 = 𝑗10 𝑍𝐿 = 60 + 𝑗70

The overall impedance

𝑉𝐿
𝑉𝑆
DC 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝑇 = 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝐿 = 60 + 𝑗80 = 100 < 53°

The current in the circuit is

𝑉𝑆 1000
The apparent power of the system 𝐼𝑆 = = = 10 < −53° 𝐴
𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝐿 60 + 𝑗80
∗
𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 . 𝐼𝑆 = 1000 ∗ 10 < 53° = 10000 𝑉𝐴 < 53°

The amplitude of these quantities will be used as reference in this circuit

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 3

 Example
Base quantities are real (modules):
1. Apparent power 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 10 𝑘𝑉𝐴

2. Input voltage 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 1000 𝑉

3. Circuit current 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 10 𝐴

4. Overall impedance 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 100 Ω

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 4

 Example
Per unit quantities of the circuit,
𝑍𝐿 60+𝑗70
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉 = ∗ 1000 = 920 + 𝑗60, so
𝑍𝑇 𝑆 60+𝑗80
𝑉𝐿
𝑉𝐿𝑝𝑢 = = 0.92 + 𝑗0.06𝑝. 𝑢 → 𝑉𝐿𝑝𝑢 = 0.922𝑝. 𝑢
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
The impedances
𝑍𝐿 60 + 𝑗70
𝑍𝐿𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.6 + 𝑗0.7𝑝. 𝑢
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 100
𝑍𝑆 𝑗10
𝑍𝑆𝑝𝑢 = = = 𝑗0.1 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 100
Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 5
 Definition
The circuit becomes
𝑍𝑆 = 𝑗0.1 𝑝. 𝑢

1 𝑝.DC
𝑢 𝑍𝐿 = 0.922 < 49° 𝑝. 𝑢

Per definition
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
On equipment, percent values are used
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑥 100

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 6

 Generators
The ratings of the generators are chosen as base
In the previous example
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 10 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 1000 𝑉
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 10 𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 100 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 8

 Transformers
Let’s consider the following transformer
𝑛=2 𝑛=2
𝑍 = 𝑗4 Ω 𝑍 = 𝑗16 Ω
Ratings
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑆 = 2000 𝑉𝐴
𝑉1 /𝑉2 = 200/400 𝑉
Low voltage side High voltage side LV side HV side
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆1 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑉1 2 /𝑍1 and using 𝑉2 = 𝑛𝑉1 we get 𝑆1 = 𝑉2 2 /𝑛2 𝑍1 , → 𝑍2 = 𝑛2 𝑍1

The voltage and power ratings are used as base values, e.g the
base voltages are different for the primary and secondary
windings.

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 9

 Base values
For the transformer
Quantities Low voltage side High voltage side
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2000 𝑉𝐴 2000 𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 200 𝑉 400 𝑉
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 10 𝐴 =5𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 20 Ω = 80 Ω
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍 𝑗4 𝑍 𝑗16
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = = 𝑗0.2 = = 𝑗0.2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 20 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 80

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 10

 Transformers
The p.u of the transformer is the same
𝑗0.2 𝑝. 𝑢

Per unit model of the transformer

The per-unit impedance is the same for both

sides of the transformer

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 11

 Three phase systems
The base quantities of three-phase systems are
Quantities Low voltage side Quantities
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 3𝑉𝐿𝑁 Line-to-line voltage
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 Apparent power
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 Line current
3𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = Phase impedance
3𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 12

 Change of base for impedance
Let’s consider two bases A and B and Z an impedance
𝑍 𝑆𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2
𝑍𝐴𝑝𝑢 = =𝑍 2 → 𝑍 = 𝑍𝐴𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑍 𝑆𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2
𝑍𝐵𝑝𝑢 = =𝑍 → 𝑍 = 𝑍𝐵𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 𝑆𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
So we find that
2 2 2
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝐴𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝐵𝑝𝑢 → 𝑍𝐵𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝐴𝑝𝑢
𝑆𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 13

 Change of base for voltage
Let’s consider two bases A and B and 𝑉 a voltage
𝑉
𝑉𝐴𝑝𝑢 = → 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐴𝑝𝑢 𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑉
𝑉𝐵𝑝𝑢 = → 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐵𝑝𝑢 𝑉𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

So we find that
𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝐴𝑝𝑢 𝑉𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑉𝐵𝑝𝑢 𝑉𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 → 𝑉𝐵𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝐴𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝐵𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 14

 Example
A power system consists of one synchronous generator and one synchronous motor
connected by two transformers and a transmission line. Create a per-phase, per-unit
equivalent circuit of this system using a base apparent power of 100 MVA and the base
voltage of G1 of 13.8 kV.
G1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, R=0.1 pu, XS=0.9 pu
T1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8/110 kV, R=0.01 pu, XS=0.05 pu
T2 ratings: 50 MVA, 120/14.4 kV, R=0.01 pu, XS=0.05 pu
M ratings: 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, R=0.1 pu, XS=1.1 pu
L1 ratings: R=15 Ω, X=75 Ω

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 15

 Different steps
First step: find the base voltages

Second step: find the base impedance

Third step: convert impedances at the right base

Draw the per-unit per phase system

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 16

 Example
The base quantities fixed by transformers!!

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 = 13.8 𝑘𝑉 110 𝑘𝑉 14.4 𝑘𝑉

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 = 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 = 110 𝑘𝑉 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 = 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 = 13.2 𝑘𝑉
13.8 𝑘𝑉 120 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 2
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 = 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 2 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 2
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2 = 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3 =
13.8𝑥 103 2 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
= = 1.9044 Ω 110𝑥 103 2
13.2𝑥 103 2
100𝑥106 = = 121 Ω = = 1.7424 Ω
100𝑥106 100𝑥106

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 17

 Example
 For generator G1

𝑅𝑝𝑢 = 0.1𝑝𝑢 and 𝑋𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 0.9 𝑝𝑢 its ratings are equal to the base values

 For transformer T1
𝑅𝑝𝑢 = 0.01 pu and 𝑋𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 0.05 𝑝𝑢 its ratings are equal to the base values

 For transmission line L1

𝑅 15 𝑋 75
𝑅𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.124 𝑝𝑢, 𝑋𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.372 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 121 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1 121

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 18

 Example
For transformer T2
2 2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 14.4 100
𝑅𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑅𝑝𝑢𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 0.01 = 0.024
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 13.2 50
2 2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 14.4 100
𝑋𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑝𝑢𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 0.05 = 0.120
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 13.2 50

For the machine M

2 2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 13.8 100
𝑅𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑅𝑝𝑢𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 0.1 = 0.219
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 13.2 50
2 2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 13.8 100
𝑋𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑝𝑢𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 1.1 = 2.405
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 13.2 50

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 19

 Example
Per unit circuit (can be simplified)
𝑗0.05 𝑝𝑢 0.01 𝑝𝑢 𝑗0.62 𝑝𝑢 0.124 𝑝𝑢 𝑗0.119 𝑝𝑢 0.0238 𝑝𝑢

0.1 𝑝𝑢 0.219 𝑝𝑢

𝑗0.9 𝑝𝑢 𝑗2.405 𝑝𝑢

𝐺1 𝑀

𝐸𝐺 𝐸𝑀

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 20

 Remarks
 Apparent power in per unit
∗ ∗
𝑆 3𝑉 𝐼 3𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼
𝑆 = 3𝑉 𝐼 ∗ → 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = = =
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
∗ ∗
→ 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝐿𝐿𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑝𝑢

 Ohm’s law gives

3𝑉 3𝑍𝐼
𝑉 = 𝑍𝐼 → 𝑉𝑝𝑢 = = → 𝑉𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
 Finally the complex power becomes
𝑉𝑝𝑢 2
𝑉𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑝𝑢 → 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = ∗
𝑍𝑝𝑢

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 21

 Example2
• 44

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 22

 Conclusion
 Per unit representation makes easy the
manipulation of systems

 Only amplitudes are concerned not phases

 All the quantities can be represented in per unit

 Useful in fault analysis and power flow studies

 All electrical laws remains applicable

Electrical Energy Systems Dr B. Diarra 23