Introduction to Electrical

Engineering
Course Code: EE 103

Department: Electrical Engineering

Instructor Name: B. G. Fernandes

E-mail id: bgf@ee.iitb.ac.in

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes

 Distributed and Concentrated Windings
2-layer distributed winding 2-layer concentrated winding 1-layer concentrated winding

End-winding length

𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑘

Distributed winding:
→ Larger end-windings → Larger copper losses
→ Larger frame size required
→ Lower harmonic content in MMF

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 2

 Stator MMF due to distributed windings

https://www.icrfq.net/motor-winding/

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 3

Stator MMF due to concentrated windings

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 4

Distributed winding with spp = 2 (12-slot, 2-pole)

Developed view

Slot number

Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 5

Synchronous Motor
Generally,
• Stator of Induction Motor = Stator of Synchronous Machine
• Rotor → Winding excited by DC or Permanent Magnet (PMSM/ BLDC)
When Stator Winding of 3-phase IM is connected to 3-phase supply,
• Rotor starts rotating → Self Starting Stator
• Synchronous Motor → Not a Self Starting Motor
So, are single phase motors Rotor
(1-phase supply will produce pulsating field)
• Average Torque =0

When Stator Winding of 3-phase, 2-pole IM (=SM) is connected to 3-phase, 50Hz supply,
120𝑓
• 𝐹𝑠 starts rotating at 3000rpm
𝑃

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 6

 Synchronous Motor

Since the field produced by rotor is DC

• Speed of 𝐹𝑟 =Speed of Rotor 𝑁𝑟
• At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑁𝑟 = 0 (Rotor is stationary)
= 0+ , 𝑁𝑟 = 0 (Speed cannot change instantaneously, Rotor has its own inertia)
• Speed of 𝐹𝑠 ≠ Speed of 𝐹𝑟 , 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0

𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 is finite, when Speed of 𝐹𝑠 = Speed of 𝐹𝑟 , 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁𝑟

Hence the name Synchronous Motor

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 7

Torque production without a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field..
• Consider the following ‘assembly’
• Rotor is made of ferromagnetic material
• No. of stator teeth not equal to rotor teeth

• Continuous rotation is achieved by repeating the sequence of phase

excitation
• What would happen if the rotor is simply ‘cylindrical’? Why??

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 8

 DC – DC conversion

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes

DC-DC Conversion
How to convert dc input of 30 V to 5 V output?
→ Use potential divider → Use a linear voltage regulator ‘7805’

𝑉1 can range from 7 to 35 V

But, unnecessary power losses in R and in the ‘7805’ IC

Can this be avoided?

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 10

DC-DC Conversion
How can a circuit change the voltage level, yet dissipate low power?

• Circuit elements → 𝑅, 𝐿, 𝐶 → Passive 𝐼𝑠𝑤

• 𝐿 & 𝐶 → do not consume power
+
• Power loss in a ‘switch’ = 𝑉𝑠𝑤 × 𝐼𝑠𝑤
▪ When switch is open, 𝐼𝑠𝑤 = 0 𝑉𝑠𝑤
▪ When switch is closed, 𝑉𝑠𝑤 → Very low −
▪ Power loss ≈ 0

• Resistor results in power dissipation

• For high efficiency, a power switch with low on-state voltage drop must be used
• In addition, use only 𝐿 & 𝐶 elements

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 11

DC-DC Conversion
How can a circuit change the voltage level, yet dissipate low power?

Operate the switch as follows 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑜𝑉

• Close to position ‘1’ for some time and then transfer it to 𝑜
position ‘2’
𝑇1
𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐷
𝑇1 + 𝑇2
• 𝐷 is the duty cycle of the switch
• Power loss ≈ 0
∵ voltage drop across the device during ON period ≈ 0
𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑇1 𝑇2

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 12

DC-DC Conversion: Linear vs. switching power supply

P = 500 W
P = 210 W
P = 120 W

Heat sink

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 13

DC-DC Conversion: Buck Converter
Following circuit is a buck converter For, 0 < 𝑡 < 𝐷𝑇
S is ON
𝐿 → filter inductor S 𝐿 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 𝑉𝑜 = constant
𝐶 → filter capacitor
‘𝑉𝑂 ’ is assumed to remain constant 𝑖𝐿 → 𝑖𝐿 increases linearly
𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐶 𝑅 𝑉𝑜 → 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑖𝐶 + 𝑖𝑅 (KCL)
Switch ‘S’ is switched at a very high frequency 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
→ 𝑖𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑜 + 𝑜
▪ S is ON for 𝐷𝑇 second 𝑑𝑡 𝑅
▪ S is OFF for (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 second → 𝑉𝐷 = −𝑉𝐷𝐶
▪ 𝑇 is switching period, given by
1
𝑇= , 𝑓𝑠𝑤 : switching frequency S is OFF 𝐿 𝑖𝑜
𝑓𝑠𝑤 For, 𝐷𝑇 < 𝑡 < 𝑇
𝑉𝐿 = −𝑉𝑜 = constant
𝑉𝐷𝐶 D 𝐶 𝑅 𝑉𝑜𝑜 → 𝑖𝐿 decreases linearly
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
→ 𝑖𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑜 + 𝑜
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
→ 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 14

DC-DC Conversion: Buck Converter

Assume 𝑖𝐿 is continuous and steady-state is

assumed
Average voltage across 𝐿 = 0

∴ 𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 𝑉𝑜 𝐷𝑇 = 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝑇

𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝐼𝐿 , max
➔ Buck Converter, Output < Input
𝐼𝐿 , min

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 15

DC-DC Conversion: Buck Converter output when ‘D’ changes
𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 30 V,
𝐿 = 47 uH, • The relation: 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐷𝑉𝐷𝐶 is
𝐶 = 22 uF, valid during steady state
𝑅𝐿 = 10 ohm only
• Notice the rise time in
both the plots
Time (s)

Time (s) Time (s)

EE 113:
EE 103: Introduction
Introduction to Electrical
to Electrical Engineering PracticeProf. B.
Engineering Prof. B.G.Fernandes
G. Fernandes Slide 16
DC-DC Conversion: Boost Converter
Following circuit is a boost converter S is ON
L → filter inductor 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = Constant
C → filter capacitor
‘𝑉𝑂 ’ is constant and ripple free → 𝐼𝐿 increases linearly
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
→ 𝐼𝑜 = −𝐶 𝑑𝑡𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜
Switch ‘S’ is switched at a very high frequency
▪ S is ON for 𝐷𝑇 time
▪ S is OFF for (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 time
▪ 𝑇 is switching period,
1
𝑇= , 𝑓𝑠𝑤 : switching frequency S is OFF
𝑓𝑠𝑤

𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 𝑉𝑜 = Constant

→ 𝐼𝐿 decreases linearly
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
→ 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑡𝑜 + 𝑅𝑜

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 17

DC-DC Conversion: Boost Converter

Assume 𝑖𝐿 is continuous, and steady-state is assumed

Average voltage across L = 0
∴ 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐷𝑇 + 𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 𝑉𝑜 1 − 𝐷 𝑇 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉
1 − 𝐷 𝐷𝐶

➔Boost Converter, Output > Input

Precaution: Boost converter output should never be open

circuited! (why??)
𝐼𝐿 , max

𝐼𝐿 , min

EE 103: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Prof. B. G. Fernandes Slide 18