EE3147 POWER ELECTRONICS
THYRISTOR
Thyristor or SCR
• Forward conducting mode / phân cực thuận
𝑢𝐴𝐾 > 0
ቊ 𝑖 > 0 → 𝑖𝐴𝐾 > 0
𝑔
• Forward blocking mode / khóa thuận
𝑢𝐴𝐾 > 0
ቊ 𝑖 = 0 → 𝑖𝐴𝐾 ≈ 0
𝑔
• Reverse blocking mode / khóa ngược
𝑢𝐴𝐾 < 0 → 𝑖𝐴𝐾 ≈ 0
I-V characteristics
Equivilent circuit Symbol Đặc tính Volt-ampere
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Thyristor: static characteristics
•Voltage drop
𝑢 𝑇 = 𝑢 𝑇0 + 𝑟𝑇 𝑖 𝑇
where: 𝑢𝐷0 : “knee” voltage,
𝑖𝐷 : forward current,
𝑟𝐷 : diode resistance,
•Conduction loss
𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑢𝐷 𝑖𝐷 = 𝑢𝐷0 𝑖𝐷 + 𝑟𝐷 𝑖𝐷2
1 𝑇
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = න 𝑢𝐷0 𝑖𝐷 + 𝑟𝐷 𝑖𝐷2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
2
= 𝑢𝐷0 𝑖𝐷,𝑎𝑣𝑔 + 𝑟𝐷 𝑖𝐷,𝑟𝑚𝑠 (W)
→ similar to diode I-V characteristics
Đặc tính Volt-ampere
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Thyristor: dynamic characteristics
• There are turn-on loss and turn-off loss
• Turn-off loss
• Similar to Diode
• Due to reverse recovery phenomenon
1
Δ𝑃𝑠𝑤,𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝑡𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑠𝑤
4
• Turn-on loss
• Turn-on delay [ns]
• Current slew rate [A/𝜇s]
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑟 𝑑𝑖
= 𝐴/𝜇𝑠
𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑟 𝑑𝑡
• Voltage slew rate [V/𝜇s]
𝐼𝑓𝑟 𝑑𝑉 Voltage and current waveform
= 𝑉/𝜇𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑡 during turn-on and -off
1 Dạng sóng điện và điện áp khi chuyển mạch
⇒ Δ𝑃𝑠𝑤,𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑎𝑘 𝑡𝑟 𝑓𝑠𝑤
4
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Thyristor: gate driver
• Gate driver circuit parameters:
• Gate voltage [V]
• Gate current [A] or [mA]
• Gate resistor [Ω]
Typical gate current pulse
• Calculation of gate resistor
𝑉𝑔𝑘
𝑅𝑔,𝑒𝑥𝑡 = − 𝑅𝑔,𝑖𝑛𝑡 Ω
𝐼𝑔
A commercialized Thyristor gate driver Simplified gate circuit
10/12/2021 https://www.5scomponents.com/Pdf/5SYA2034-01.pdf 22
Thyristor: forced-commutated circuit
• SCR → only ON commutation can be controlled
• OFF → forced-commutated circuit
• Complementary commutation → Class-C
• Auxilliary commutation → Class-D
Class C commutation circuit Class-D commutation circuit
10/12/2021 https://www.electronicshub.org/scr-turn-off-methods/#Forced_Commutation 23
Thyristor: parasitic capacitor
• Static dv/dt turn-on effect A
𝑖𝑔 𝑡 𝑑 𝐶𝑔𝑎
= 𝑣𝑔𝑘 (𝑡)
𝐶𝑔𝑘 𝑑𝑡
G 𝐶𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑎𝑘 𝑡
𝐶𝑔𝑎 𝑑
= × 𝑣𝑎𝑘 𝑡 K
𝐶𝑔𝑎 + 𝐶𝑔𝑘 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑔𝑘
→ SCR = OFF, if 𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑘 /𝑑𝑡 > 0 Parasitic capacitors across
terminals of a Thyristor
→ 𝒊𝒈 > 𝟎 → SCR is ON spuriously
→ add extra 𝐶𝑔𝑘
→ or reduce 𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑘 𝑡 /𝑑𝑡 with
RC Snubber
Voltage and current waveform of an SCR in
a three-phase rectifer
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Thyristor: parasitic capacitor
• Current spike and ringing occurs
when turn-on due to parasitic cap.
• Maximum allowable slew rate [dV/dt]
𝐼𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑉
= 𝑉/𝜇𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑡
Parasitic capacitor
Repetitive gate pulse to ensure 𝐼𝑎 > 𝐼𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ Current spike due to discharge of
parasitic capacitor
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Thyristor: protection
• Excessive di/dt → add a small series inductor
• Excessive voltage spike → RC snubber
• Over voltage → MOV
• Short circuit → Fuse
• Over GK voltage → ZD
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Thyristor: protection
An actual thyristor system After explosion of the fuse
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Thyristor: cooling types
• Passive cooling
• Active cooling with forced air
• Active cooling with liquid
• Important parameters
• Total power loss
• Thermal resistance(s)
• Air flow or liquid flow
• Temperature rise
Typical cooling types for SCR
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Applications
• Rectifiers, soft-starter
• Relay-replacement circuit
• Chopper (DC/DC) circuit
• HVDC grid
• etc.
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TRIAC
• TRIAC = TRIode Alternating Current switch
• Equivalent to two SCR in anti-parallel
→ Bidirectional switch
• Current direction depends
on gate current
Structure and Symbol Static characteristics
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GTO
• GTO = Gate Turn Off Thyristor
• 𝑖𝑔 > 0 → turn ON
• 𝑖𝑔 < 0 → turn OFF
• Max. frequency: ~ 1kHz
Structure and Symbol V-I characteristics
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THANKS
FOR
ATTENTIONS
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