GGGB 6723 PERKEMBANGAN VOKASIONAL

LANJUTAN

TUGASAN INDIVIDU

NAMA NO MATRIK NO KP
ARCHANA A/P SELVARAJOO GP 06372 931128-01-6518

KUMPULAN:

BIMBINGAN DAN KAUNSELING

PENSYARAH:

DR.MOHD IZWAN MAHMUD

TARIKH HANTAR

15 JUN 2019
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Analisis artikel jurnal (10%)

Artikel 1 : Career Adaptability and Occupational Engagement of Student Veterans

BY Arpita Ghosh and Nadya A.Fouad

Tujuan / Objektif kajian :

Based on my reading, I understand that this exploratory study was conducted to

examine the relationships among the four career resources ( concern, control , curiosity and
confidence ) and occupational engagement for student veterans. A systematic review of
literature on student veterans published between 2000 and 2012 found that there has been an
emphasis on understanding their psychological / mental health issues , combat exposure , and
academic functioning and performance. Notably, the career development process of student
veterans , which can affect academic functioning and performance , has not been fully
investigated. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship
between the four career adaptability resources and occupational engagement in addition to
investigating if these adaptability resources predict occupational engagement.

Pemboleh ubah kajian dan kaitannya dengan teori kerjaya :

Variables that used in this exploratory study was well related with occupational theory
which is Savickas’s Career Construction Theory . Important for Savicka’s theory is the
adaptation to the environment and events that are important. For Savicks’ career adaptability
is a construct that shows how an individual can deal with current developmental tasks and job
crises. Career adaptability helps individuals implement their self-concept as they deal with
current work and other demands. Career adaptability could be related to adapting responses
(e.g, career planning, career exploration) and adaptation results (e.g, engagement , job
satisfaction).

Occupational engagement is the behavioral component of the trilateral model of

adaptive decision making that also involved intuition and reason (Krieshok, Black & McKay,
2009). Occupational engagement highlights the need of individual to continuously explore
themselves, their work related experiences, and the world of work ( Bubany, Krieshok,
Black& McKay 2008). Engaging in these specific behaviors help college students in general,
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and student veterans in particular better understand themselves of the world of work, and the
relationship between themselves and the world of work.

Metodologi kajian ( reka bentuk kajian , sampel, instrumen, analisis data)

This study examined the specific career related behaviors of career adaptability and
occupational engagement among student veterans. Student veterans were recruited through an
electronic mailing list of about 100 students distributed by the campus veterans resource
center between Spring 2012 and Fall 2012 academic semesters. Electronic invitations were
sent approximately twice a month, and data were collected via Qualtrics.

Participants included 100 self- identified student veterans (65 men, 35 women)
recruited from a large public midwestern university and ranging in age from 19 to 50 years
(M=30.89,SD=7.52). The table below represent the participants identification and also racial
or ethnic background.

Type of identification & number of participants

Juniors 32
Seniors 28
Graduate Students 20
Sophomores 13
Freshmen 5
Other 2
Racial /Ethic background
White 83
Black/African American 5
Biracial or multiracial 4
Hispanic/ Latino/ Latina 2
Asian American 2
American Indian/ Alaskan Native 1
Other 3

Occupational Background
Army 44
Air force 16
Navy 13
Marine corps 13
National Guard 13
Coast Guard 1
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The Career Adapt-Abilities Scale ( CAAS; Savickas & Porfeli, 2012) is a 24 -item
assessment were used throughout this exploratory study. This assessment measure the
exploration of career related opportunities, a planful attitude about the future, looking
forward the future, and deciding on a career . There are four CAAS subscales ( Concern,
Control, Curiosity and Confidence) containing 6 items each. Responses are scored on a 5-
point likert-type scale ranging from 1 ( not strong ) to 5 ( strongest).

The occupational engagement scale-student comprises 14 items assessing exploration

and enrichment as integral components of occupational engagement. Exploration involves
students gathering information that is needed to make decisions. Enrichment focuses on how
students engage in activities that help them learn more about themselves, the world of work,
and the relationship between the two. Responses are scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale
ranging from 1( nothing like me )to 5 (very much like me).

Dapatan/ Keputusan kajian

Based on the analyses (α = .05, power = .80, and medium effect size), the required
sample size according to G*Power 3.1 was 92 (Ghosh &Fouad, 2016). The initial sample size
was 145, and we removed 42 participants due to missing data. Data were also analyzed for
outliers, which resulted in an additional three participant cases being removed;The final
sample totaled 100 (Ghosh & Fouad, 2016). Table 1 presents descriptive statistics for the
measures. There were no statisticallysignificant differences on the four career adaptability
resources andoccupational engagement by gender or age. The sample size was too smallto
conduct further analyses on other demographic differences, such as raceand military branch.
There were statistically significant correlations between occupational engagement and the
CAAS subscales Concern (r = –.31, p <.01), Control (r = –.35, p < .01), Curiosity (r = –.46, p
< .01), and Confidence(r = –.38, p < .01). This suggests that as career adaptability resources
increase, occupational engagement decreases. Multiple regression analyses indicated that
only CAAS Curiosity was a significant predictor of occupational engagement, R2 = .22, F(4,
95) = 6.85, p < .05, β = –0.36, t(99) = –2.87.
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Implikasi dan cadangan kajian

This study suggests the importance of continuing to understand the complexity of

career adaptability and occupational engagement as they relate to student veterans. Further
investigation is warranted about the nomological networks of both career adaptability and
occupational engagement for this population. The findings can also assist in developing
classroom activities that promote the curiosity dimension of career adaptability and
occupational engagement. Military-to-college adjustment courses may be beneficial for
student veterans so they can expand their knowledge of the world of work, engage in self
exploration and enrichment behaviors, and transfer skills from the military to their future
careers. The self-exploration component in particular can help student veterans refine their
general abilities, measured by the CAAS, into more concrete tasks, measured by occupational
engagement. Career counselors in particular can assist student veterans in thinking about their
general values, skills, and interests and how those can manifest into careers and then discuss
concrete ways (e.g., engaging in internships) to achieve career goals.

The researcher recruited student veterans through one institution’s electronic mailing
list, and this limited their sample size. Because they did not recruit nationally, thus they
cannot generalize their findings to all student veterans. Researcher also did not have a large
enough sample size to perform statistical analyses based on race/ethnicity and military
branch. This information could be useful in understanding how career adaptability and
occupational engagement operate for different student veteran subgroups.

Its recommend two primary areas for future research. First, it may be beneficial for
future studies to investigate the psychometric properties of the CAAS and OES-S with
student veterans to determine how these career behaviors are conceptualized for this
population. Also recommend gaining a qualitative understanding of if and how student
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veterans’ military-specific experiences influence their adaptability and engagement in the

classroom. This information could help researchers and counselors obtain rich data about
how skills learned in the military may or may not affect student veterans’ career development
and vocational behavior.

Artikel 2 : Integrating Relational Perspectives in Career Counseling Practice

BY Maureen E.Kenny, David L.Blustein and Tera M.Meerkins

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Tujuan / Objektif kajian :

Sweeping changes in the world of work are transforming the very fabric of career
counseling practice as clients cope increasingly with work uncertainty, including
unemployment, underemployment, and precarious work. The authors describe how relational
perspectives (Blustein, 2011; Flum 2015; Richardson, 2012; Schultheiss, 2003) can be
infused in career counseling, with a focus on the concerns of an increasingly stressed and
anxious client population. To provide a framework for the application of relational
perspectives, the authors integrate and present existing relational theories and frameworks in
4 tenets that have particular relevance for career counseling practice. An in-depth case
analysis is provided to illustrate how relational perspectives can be integrated in working
with clients experiencing uncertain work and associated relational challenges.

To illustrate applying the tenets of a relational perspective to counseling practice,

researchers present a fictional case study that represents an amalgam of clients with whom
the second author had worked during the past decade. Using an amalgam of case material
more completely protects client confidentiality and reflects a practice consistent with the
ethical standards of professional counseling. The case study illustrates how the counselor
worked with the client to address mounting personal and marital distress following periods of
work instability and unemployment by enhancing external and internal relational supports
and developing a career plan that balanced the client’s dreams with practical means for
satisfying needs for survival, social connection, and self-determination.

Pemboleh ubah kajian dan kaitannya dengan teori kerjaya :

Freud (1930) recognized love and work as central to human functioning and well-
being. These two spheres of life often have been viewed as distinct and separate, with work
being associated traditionally with the masculine domains of independence and achievement,
and with love and other types of non work and non competitive relationships being associated
with the feminine domain (Richardson, 2012).

Metodologi kajian ( reka bentuk kajian , sampel, instrumen, analisis data)

Ricardo, a 55-year old Latino, sought counseling to reinvigorate his job search,
consider alternative options, and deal with his overall feelings of sadness, loneliness, and
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despair. Ricardo was born in the continental United States of parents who migrated from
Puerto Rico in the early 1950s. He grew up in a large northeastern city, did well throughout
K–12 school, and attended a competitive state university, where he majored in political
science and minored in economics. After a relatively successful undergraduate experience, he
attended a prestigious master’s program in public administration and began a career with
state government. This work allowed him to use his academic training and his strong “people
skills.” Ricardo married Gloria, a Latina student he met in graduate school, and reported that
they had a relatively happy marriage until the past 6 years. He described his marriage at the
outset of counseling as distant and cold, maintaining that Gloria found him “unlovable”
because he was not able to hold a steady job. Ricardo’s career, which started on a stable and
successful trajectory in his 20s and 30s, soon hit major roadblocks. By the late 1990s, state
governments had started to downsize, and he was laid off after 15 years of highly effective
service. He struggled to obtain stable work with nonprofit agencies, going through periods of
employment and lower salaries interspersed with two layoffs due to financial strain on his
employers. Ricardo entered a longer period of unemployment in 2010, when he was once
again laid off after funding cuts to his employer. After 3 years of searching for a job and
taking lower level positions (such as driving a taxi), he sought counseling to help him manage
the work issues, which were affecting his entire life.

At the outset of the counseling process, Ricardo reported that he was feeling
discouraged and isolated. His marriage had suffered as a result of the layoffs, with an
increase in arguments, displacement of anger by both Gloria and him, and increasing
financial stress. (Gloria maintained a job as an elementary school teacher but was becoming
increasingly exhausted by the pace of her work and the need to help manage their household.)
Their two children were in college and were doing well,although they were feeling the
tension from loss of family income and parental marital discord. Ricardo reported that he was
lonely, missed having people at work he could talk with, and was less willing to approach
Gloria. He did not identify any friends at this point and was not close to his siblings, who
lived in other parts of the country. Related to his shame about being unemployed, he avoided
most social interactions so that people would not ask him about his work life. Although he
was trying to keep his mood positive by engaging in regular exercise and meditation, he felt
that he was sinking into a very negative state, with a clear tendency to blame himself for his
problems. He was not certain about the possibility of obtaining another job in public
administration and was not able to articulate any other options.
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The overall counseling strategy that was used with Ricardo integrated relational
perspectives as reflected in the tenets discussed earlier. Consistent with these tenets, the
counselor integrated relational frameworks in the counseling process, with primary attention
devoted to the more pressing presenting issues. At the outset, counseling focused on
interventions to reduce Ricardo’s depressed mood, enhance his relational supports, and
facilitate activities that would yield positive performance accomplishments (Lent, 2013).
A key aspect of the interventions involved identifying common themes in Ricardo’s
responses to the simultaneous stresses he experienced in his job search and his marriage.
During the counseling process, the counselor and Ricardo worked collaboratively to identify
themes that were derived from the material presented in session. For example, the counselor
identified various similar responses that Ricardo had to his work life and relational
challenges, which helped to clarify his most common means of managing problems in his
life. For example, on the basis of Ricardo’s presentation of his characteristic ways of
responding to stress, the counselor was able to give voice to Ricardo’s tendency to blame
himself in both his job situation and his marriage, which resulted in his “shutting down” with
Gloria and the parallel experience of giving up on many of the most challenging job search
efforts (such as seeking out informational interviews). Once the counselor helped Ricardo to
identify these patterns, he was able to understand himself more accurately and to develop a
more empathic approach to his role in his struggles.
Dapatan/ Keputusan kajian

Additional themes were identified by using the CCI (Savickas, 2011), which reflected
life patterns that were relevant in both the work and non work domains in Ricardo’s case. The
entire CCI was used, which provided a rich tapestry for understanding how Ricardo’s
tendency to isolate himself emerged in his family of origin. Ricardo’s recollection of his
heroes and heroines from his childhood, which is a key question on the CCI, revealed a
struggle to feel connected to others, as reflected in his aspirations for superheroes to comfort
him when he felt lonely. By the integration of themes from the CCI with the material that
emerged during the counseling process, it became clear that Ricardo was faced with contexts,
both currently and in his childhood, that were unforgiving and uncaring. One immediate way
for the counselor to respond was to create a safe and caring space in the counseling
relationship. Although the 50-minute sessions per week of counseling could not substitute for
kindness and caring in Ricardo’s life outside of the counseling room, it did aim to provide a
counterbalance to the coldness he experienced. The development of a caring therapeutic
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alliance reflects the importance ofcreating a relational space that provides support, meaning
making, and a secure base for introspection and career exploration (Blustein, 2006).

Other evidence-based interventions for depression were used and integrated (most
prominently, interpersonal therapy; Weissman, Markowitz, & Klerman, 2007) into the
relational perspectives approach, such as enhancing Ricardo’s social support, which also
provided an impetus for increased networking. Although Ricardo did not initially feel
motivated to use his relationship network for job leads, the counselor helped him to first
focus on reestablishing friendships and social connections that had been moribund due to his
shame about his work situation. Integral to counseling was a concerted effort to help Ricardo
view his unemployment in a more contextual and less self-punitive fashion, thereby reflecting
the importance of relationships as a vehicle for meaning making. This part of counseling used
a narrative method that sought to retell the story of his job loss to include a more overt
consideration of contextual factors, such as an unfair labor market, ageism, and racism. The
narrative approach that was used was derived from an integration of Richardson’s (2012)
counseling for work and relationships perspective and Savicks’s (2013) career construction
theory. When considered collectively, these two perspectives provided a way for Ricardo to
understand how his work and relationships were so powerfully influenced by each other via
the process of recovering narrative threads that had been discounted or marginalized in
Ricardo’s construction of his life history.

Some of the key attributes of the narrative method included identifying the major
story lines in Ricardo’s life (as reflected in the parallels between his life history and current
situation) and linking them into a coherent story line that Ricardo would be able to internalize
and experience in an emotionally rich and compassionate manner.

In addition, narrative counseling provided a clear means of exploring the root causes
of his distress, which allowed for a fuller picture of the complex external factors that he
faced, which resulted in his being able to reframe his struggles so that they were not rooted in
his own efforts or character. In addition, the narrative approach provided a means for Ricardo
to engagein agentic action (Richardson, 2012), which helped to revise the present narrative
into a more optimistic and action-oriented plan to move forward. Ricardo initially resisted
these reframes, but soon began to consider this new narrative as the therapeutic process
uncovered evidence of racism within various aspects of his work and relationship life.
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The case study provides some rich exemplars of how relational perspectives can be
integrated in career counseling. While much of the effort was devoted to helping Ricardo
enhance his relational connections with friends and family, the counselor also focused on
helping him to connect to his own internalized system of supports, as well as his hopes and
dreams for the future. For example, Ricardo obtained a great deal of internal soothing by
actively considering how Gloria had, for the most part, been a very loving and caring partner;
indeed, this revised narrative helped him to reach out to Gloria in a way that felt very loving
and helped to reinvigorate their relationship. He also found it helpful to connect to his own
sense of shame about his periods of unemployment, which was creating distance in his
marriage and reducing this vital link to an enriching relationship. Another important focus
was the integration of enhancing his relational supports outside of his marriage with the
networking process. By linking these processes and focusing initially on reconnecting with
caring people in his life, he was able to derive support from more people and to receive
affirmation for his shifting narrative about his unemployment, which was far more contextual
than his initial, self-blaming narrative. In addition, the counseling work affirmed his sense
that his periods of unemployment were actually characterized by active and engaged
caregiving work. Although Ricardo viewed the care of his children as a necessity and not
something that he felt called to do, reframing these experiences helped him to reconnect to
this caregiving work in a way that was far more generous and accurate.

Once Ricardo began to feel somewhat less depressed, as evidenced by his capacity to
initiate action on his own behalf, his growing sense of hope, and his renewed enthusiasm for
relational connections, the counselor began the process of formulating a revitalized career
plan. Although Ricardo preferred to move back into public service work, he was aware that
the challenges in obtaining a stable job in this area were daunting. Therefore, he and the
counselor developed a Plan A and Plan B, identifying the ways in which Ricardo’s relational
needs would be met in each of these options. Plan A focused on increasing Ricardo’s job
search in the nonprofit world, which would offer him access to like-minded colleagues, a
career that was consistent with his training and values, and the potential for a decent income.
Discussions about Plan A involved identifying marketable skill sets in his field and exploring
various means of skill enhancement. In this case, Ricardo learned of a new software program
that was popular in his field and located an online course that

provided low-cost training in this system. Plan B focused on developing an alternative

approach that would offer Ricardo a means of survival, social connection, and self-
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determination, albeit in a different field, and perhaps with some compromises in

remuneration. Ricardo had become devoted to yoga during the past decade and was exploring
training to become a yoga instructor. Fortunately, he was already well on his way toward
obtaining certification in one of the major schools of yoga practice when he started therapy.
He continued this process and soon began to teach yoga classes at his local gym. Although
his Plan B did not offer a readily viable salary, it did give him a sense of hope and a way to
feel less overwhelmed by the difficulty in obtaining a new job.

As counseling progressed, Ricardo experienced far more support from Gloria and a
few friends with whom he reconnected, and he started to feel more promise in his work life.
His yoga teaching was expanding, although he did not yet have the confidence or client
connections to earn an adequate salary from Plan B. He did, however, actively pursue jobs in
local and state government, which were less likely to overtly discriminate against him due to
age and length of unemployment. He eventually received a job offer to work as an
administrator of a federal housing grant for the state government. Although the job paid less
than he hoped, he was pleased to have a position that tapped into his talents, offered some
stability, and provided new opportunities for meaningful work and social connections. He
also continued his yoga teaching, with the plan to expand this work when he retired from
civil service.

Implikasi dan cadangan kajian

As a result of the growing complexities in the world of work and the multiple and
dynamic relational, economic, social, cultural, and health factors that intersect with people’s
work lives, career counseling issues are becoming increasingly complex. We maintain that
career counselors need to be aware of this complexity and propose that relational perspectives
offer a useful lens for practice. The case of Ricardo elucidates the central role of relationships
across one’s work life and personal life and the ways in which unemployment and precarious
work can threaten one’s sense of self, disrupt close relationships, and diminish well-being.
Although some career counseling clients may present with discrete career concerns, the
complexities of contemporary life - marked by more frequent work transitions with periods of
unemployment, underemployment, and precarious work - often contribute to growing
complexity in clients’ presenting concerns and in the counseling process. An understanding
of relational perspectives can serve as a foundation for inclusive and integrative career
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counseling practice intended to help clients navigate the challenges of an increasingly

complex and precarious life course.