Introduction To Concept of Summarization ↓

A summary is a short statement or statements that give only the main points or core information of something
excluding redundant information. Basically it reproduces main points of a speech, article, section, chapter or
book. It does not strive for the style and tone of the original.

Today's work culture ultimately requires summary writing skills to save time, money and energy as use of
summarized versions in a business organisation is essential at various stages. Thus, today candidates with
adequate summarization skills are in great demand for employment.

Summarization is a skill and requires proper guidance, constant practice, special efforts and proper training. An
abstract is written by an expert for experts. It presents specific analysis, whereas synopsis is brief account of
research or business proposal and an outline is primarily a sketch presented professionally. These types of
writing involves summarization skills. While writing summary one has to remember that he or she is not
directed or allowed to mould, alter or change the main idea and introduce new ideas. Thus, summarization is a
process that requires careful attention.

Essential Steps To Summarization ↓

1. Use perfect reading skills : As cited earlier, reading is a skill. If proper steps are taken, it will remain
multi-beneficial. It also plays vital role in summarization skill. In the process of summarization, it helps
to segregate following aspects of reading material.
o Facts and opinions
o Examples, figures, tables, anecdotes
o Main ideas and supporting ideas
o Most important and redundant or less important points

The information of these factors will lead better understanding and select core information to write a
summary.

2. Underline or note-down major idea : An important stape in the process of summarization is to note-
down or underline major ideas during the reading stage. It helps to collect and reproduce major ideas
while writing summary. This stage requires best selection and perfect analytical skills. The wrong
selection will be futile and create chaos. The notes taken or underlined segment will become the base of
a summary.
3. Check for appropriation : After collecting (i.e. noting-down) major points, summary writer is directed
to check for appropriateness of ideas to be reproduced in the summary. If proper steps are not taken, the
collected points may misguide and not help to reproduce the perfect summary.
4. Prepare the first draft : Next important step in summary writing is the prepartion of first draft. In this
stage try to frame simple, self-dependent, short sentences and club points to develop logical link. This
draft must be a complete, candid and include maximum points. Enough care is required to avoid
needless repetitions and omit examples, anecdotes, and other redundant data.lt is also essential to
develop structured paragraphs during this stage.
5. Tailor and limit your summary : First draft always requires proper brush up and improvements.
Hence, it is essential to check for perfectness. During this stage it is recommended to check for complete
package and logical arrangement It is recommended to select and reproduce theme and meaning or
message of the story, table or statistical data, use your own language and active voice. It is also essential
to write objectively and insert link between each segment with the help of words such as, therefore,
 because, as, neverthless, however, on the other hand, such as and others to write a professional
summary. It is also essential to adjust length of summary. It must not exceed ⅓rd of the original text.

Three Important Summarization Techniques ↓

There are three important summarization techniques. They are selection, rejection and substitution. They are
discussed hereunder.

1. Selection : Selection is an important summarization technique. It is essential to select major idea, key
words and phrases, special terms and interpretations presented in the original resource.These aspects
must be considered seriously while writing these summary. It is an important summarization technique
as it helps to include all major ideas in summary.
2. Rejection : Rejection is an important summarization technique. lt is a process of removing unnecessary
data. As cited earlier, try to reject repetitions, examples, illustrations, anecdotes, redundant, expressions,
tables and statistical data. Basically rejection helps to prepare a perfect summary.
3. Substitution : It is also an important summarization technique. Basically it includes synthesis. It is a
mode of combining several sentences into one sentence. It is recommended to use sentence substitutions,
short sentences to replace lengthy sentences. Use of one-word substitutions is an added advantage in the
summary writing process.

Tips - How To Summarize Any Given Passage?

1. Be careful to select the theme of passage or reading material.

2. Do not reproduce sentences from original text.
3. Do not provide scope for ambiguity.
4. Include all major ideas.
5. Be objective and write summary in third person.
6. Observe proportion.
7. Do not include any redundant data.
8. Never introduce your ideas.
9. Do not criticize or change the original source.
10. Limit your summary, it must not be more than ⅓rd the length of the original passage.
11. Prefer short, simple and self dependent sentences.
12. Be strigent with words.
13. Avoid cluttering, pleonasm or redundant phares.
14. Avoid needless repetitions.
15. Logically link each section.

Final Quick Glance On Summarization ↓

A summary presents main ideas of given passage. The objective style is used to write a summary. A perfect
summary is useful in todays professional era.

ANSWER KEYS TO EXERCISES NO.1

1. Example Answer: Circus Trains: Changing the Way They Operated

 
2.Example Summary: Circuses used to have a difficult time travelling and had to stop at many small towns along the
way.  Trains allowed circuses to travel easily from large city to large city.

3.Example Answer:  TGV: A Record Setting Train

4. Example Summary: The TGV is a French train that set a record for the fastest wheeled train and the fastest passenger
train service.

5. Example Answer: The Train: Mother of the Cowboy

 
6. Example Summary: Cows were not worth a lot of money until they could be easily transported to the East after
the invention of the train.  Many people then became cowboys despite the dangers they faced.
7. Example Answer: Death of the Electric Tram
8. Example Summary: This passage is about how many large companies that served the automotive market conspired to
dismantle the electric trolley car system and replace them with less desirable buses.  

EXERCISES NO.2

1. Example Answer: The Mysterious Origin of the Word Ninja1

2. Example Summary: The word ninja has mysterious origins, but it probably derived from the word shinobi-no-
mono, which looks nothing like ninja  in English but is very similar in kanji.
3. Example Answer: The Scabbard: More Than Just a Sheath
4. Example Summary: The katana was a powerful fighting sword, but the scabbard had additional uses as a
climbing tool, a probing tool, and a blinding weapon.
5. xample Answer: The Myth of the Ninja
6. Example Summary: People think that ninjas had superpowers because ninjas have been portrayed this way in
art and media.  With few historical records to correct these misconceptions, the myths prevail.
7. Example Answer: Disguised is the New Black: How Ninjas Really Dressed
8. Example Summary: Ninjas probably did not actually wear black suits as they are popularly depicted.  It is likely
that they wore more advantageous disguises such as farmer, fortune-teller, merchant, or monk.

1. Descriptive
2. Grammatical writing
3. Business writing
4. Fiction
5. Pre writing

6.Guided writing

7Free writing

8Judgement

9Practical writing

10Creative

11Personal

12Professional
13Academic writing

14

15

16

17

18

19Narrative writing

20Stylistics