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Turbulent index and pressure drop in crude oil transport

Preprint · March 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21464.65288

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 Turbulent index and pressure drop in crude oil transport

Josue F. Perez-Sanchez*, Rocio R. Gallegos-Villela, Lisbeth A. Brandt-García (Facultad

de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas)
Elena Izquierdo-Kulich (Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química,
Universidad de la Habana)
* josue.perez@uat.edu.mx

Abstract
Crude oil transport is one of the critical topics in the petroleum industry, due to the complex
processes mainly attained to the different types of crude oils. The unknown of fluids'
behavior and their effects on pressure drop represent a severe issue, especially for
multiphasic flows. In the present work, a mathematical model is developed that analyzes
the stochastic processes in the turbulent regime for multiphasic flow and determines the
velocity profiles and pressure drops for an ideal case.
The model was tested on a semiempirical system air-crude oil, showing that the pressure
drop depends on the arrangement of the phases. The turbulent index is a nonlocal
property of the correlations associated with velocity fluctuations; therefore, its value
depends on the average massic rate equivalent to massic flow per unit of volume.

1. Introduction

The description of the processes occurring in the petroleum industry has been done
through mathematical modeling leading to more efficient tests and design methods
(Copelli et al., 2018; Giarola et al. 2018; Gili et al., 2018; Gunckel et al., 2018; Nakagawa
et al., 2018).
However, there are physicochemical phenomena that have not been understood
and modeled due to their complexity. One of these topics is the turbulent regime,
practically described from empirical correlations that involve pressure drop and flow rate
(Bose y Park, 2018; Suarez-Dominguez et al., 2015, 2016a, 2016b; Thakkar et al., 2018).
The mean flow rate in pipelines depends on the local spatial velocities that are

1
time-variable. In the turbulent regime, these fluctuations are not significant, and the
continuity and momentum equations can be used to predict the velocity profiles, the
friction pressure drop, and the fluid viscosity (Fernandiaz et al., 2019). In this case, the
movement of the liquid slices depends on their distance to the tube wall, with no mixture.
If the velocity increases, the magnitude of the fluctuations is also increased, as well
as the mixture probability. A point is reached in which the laminar regime turns into
intricate patterns, and it is more appropriate to determine the local velocities by stochastic
approximations (Suarez-Dominguez et al., 2016c; Zare et al., 2019). However, these
methodologies have not solved some different mathematical descriptors of the behavior
and the effect of the pattern changes (Cai et al., 2018).
The traditional resolution form is to write the transport equations expressing the
sum of its expected value and a stochastic term that represents the fluctuations (Yánez y
Tapia, 2018). For the laminar regime, the flow momentum profile is lineal, and the local
velocity has a quadratic dependence on the tube radius. In the turbulent system, this
profile is not linear, and the velocity profile shows a significant deviation from quadratic
behavior (Figure 1).
Although, in practice, it is not necessary to know those profiles, there are some
situations where this does not allow us to solve the problems with the precision required.

Laminar Turbulento
1.0 1.0
T T
Shear rate profile

0.5 0.5

0.0 0.0

-0.5 -0.5

-1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r r

2
 Laminar Turbulento
1.0
v v
1.0

0.8
Velocity profile 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r r

Figure 1. Velocity and momentum profiles for laminar and turbulent regimes.

This pre-print developed a formalism base don fractional differential calculus that
describes the average local velocity behavior for turbulent cases in pipelines; therefore, it
is possible to determine the flow momentum and the velocity profiles for crude oil transport.

2. Methodology
2.1. Stochastic methods, fractal geometry, and fractional calculus in fluid flow.

The velocity behavior of Newtonian fluids v (m·s-1) pis predicted from continuity
and momentum equations (Bird et al., 2002) in cylindrical coordinates (r,,z):

 1 rv r 1 v v z

+ + + =0 (1)
t r r r  z

 v v v v v  p  1   v z 
 z + v r z +  z + v z z  = − +   r 
 t r r  z  z  r r  r 
(2)
 1  2vz  2vz 
+  2 + 2  + g z
 r  z 
2

t is time (s),  is fluid density (kg·m-3), p is pressure (Pa), and  is viscosity (Pa·s). If the
fluid moves in the z-direction (horizontal) and momentum transport occurs in r direction,
it is obtained for the steady-state:
p 1   v z 
0=− + r 
z r r  r 
v z (0) = finita (3)
v z (1) = 0

3
 Equation 3 is valid only for the laminar regime. But, if the fluctuations are
considered, then equations 1 and 2 can be written for the sum of the expected values of
local velocities and a stochastic term that represents these fluctuations:
vr = ( vr +  r )
v = ( v +   ) (4)
vz = ( vz +  z )

 1 r r 1   ( v z +  z )

+ + + =0 (5)
t r r r  z
𝜕(⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩+𝜉𝑧 ) 𝜕(⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩+𝜉𝑧 ) 𝜉𝜃 𝜕(⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩+𝜉𝑧 ) 𝜕(⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩+𝜉𝑧 ) 𝜕𝑝 𝜇 𝜕 𝜕(⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩+𝜉𝑧 ) 𝜇 𝜕2 (⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩+𝜉𝑧 ) 𝜕2 (⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩+𝜉𝑧 )
𝜌( + 𝜉𝑟 + + (⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ + 𝜉𝑧 ) )=− + (𝑟 )+ +𝜇 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟2 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2

(6)
𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 1 𝜕2 ⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜕2 ⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩
𝜌𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ = − {𝜌⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ + 𝜕𝑧 } 𝜕𝑡 − {−𝜇 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 )−𝜇 −𝜇 − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 } 𝜕𝑡 +
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃2 𝜕𝑧 2
1 𝜕 𝜕𝜉𝑧 1 𝜕2 𝜉𝑧 𝜕2 𝜉𝑧 𝜕𝜉𝑧 𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜕𝜉𝑧 𝜉𝜃 𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩
𝜇 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑡 + 𝜇 𝑟 2 𝜕𝑡 + 𝜇 𝜕𝑡 − 𝜌 𝜕𝑡 − 𝜌𝜉𝑟 𝜕𝑡 − 𝜌𝜉𝑟 𝜕𝑡 − 𝜌 𝜕𝑡 −
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜉𝜃 𝜕𝜉𝑧 𝜕𝜉𝑧 𝜕𝜉𝑧
𝜌 𝜕𝑡 − 𝜌⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜕𝑡 + 𝜉𝑧 𝜕𝑡 (7)
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑝 1𝜕 𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 1 𝜕 𝜕𝜉𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜉𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩

𝜌𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ = − { } 𝜕𝑡 − {−𝜇 (𝑟 ) − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 } 𝜕𝑡 + 𝜇 𝑟 −𝜌 −𝜌 𝜉 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟
𝜕𝜉𝑧
−𝜌 𝜉 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑟 𝑟
(8)
1 T
T 0
vdt = v

1 T
T 0
dt = 0 (9)

1 T
T 0
 i  j dt = 

𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜌 𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩

𝜌 = − (𝜌⟨𝑣𝑟 ⟩ + 𝑟 ⟨𝑣𝜃 ⟩ + 𝜌⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ ) − 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 + 𝜇 [𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 )] +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕2 ⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜕2 ⟨𝑣𝑧 ⟩ 𝜕𝛸𝑧𝑟 𝜌 𝜕𝛸𝜃𝑧 𝜕𝛸𝑧𝑧
𝜇 [𝑟 2 + ] − (𝜌 +𝑟 +𝜌 ) (10)
𝜕𝜃2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

 (rzt ) =  zr
 (tz) =  z (11)
 (zzt ) =  zz

4
The stochastic behavior of the turbulent regime performs a curve, as shown in Figure 2.

v 1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r

Figure 2. Turbulent flow behavior (- - -) in comparison with the average velocity (—).

To describe this behavior, it was used fractal geometry, and it was determined that
the real distance L between two points is calculated from equation 12 (for L / l0 ≥ 1):
𝐿 𝛼
𝑙 = 𝑙 0 (𝑙 ) (12)
0

 is the fractal dimension. The expected velocity profile can be expressed as:
 r 


v z (r ) = f  r0    (13)
  r0  
 

vz =
2 R
0 0 f r0( ( ) )rdrd
r 
r0
(14)
2 R
0 0 rdrd
r

The mass and momentum conservation laws can be shown under the next
dimensional coordinates:
r
=
R

= (15)
2
z
=
L
R is the radius (m), and L is the tube length (m). Involving the operator 𝐷𝑥𝑛 = 𝜕 𝑛 /𝜕𝑥 𝑛 and
defining  = v· as the expected value of the massic flow rate (kg·m-2·s-1), equations 1
and 2 can be written as:
5
  1 1   1 1  1
+ D  r + D   + D    z = 0 (16)
t R  2R  L

 z 1
t
 
+ r D   z +
1    z 1
 2R 
D
 L

+  z D   z = −

1 p 1  1 
L  R   
 
+ 2  D   D    z  ( )
R 
 1 1 2 1 
+  D   z + 2 D 2    z  + g z
  4 R 
2 2 2
L 
(17)
  1
  1 (18)
  1

2.2. Turbulent index and velocity profiles for the turbulent regime.

With the Reynolds number (Re),

2VR
Re = (19)

Equations 16 and 17, under the limits established, result in:
P  z
=2 (1 +   )2 (2  ) (20)
L  R 2

P = P0 - Pl represents the pressure drop in a tube with L length. It is known that frictional
pressure drops are governed by:
P 
= 2 fV 2 (21)
L D
f is the friction factor:

f =
64
Re
(
→ 0  Re  2.1  10 3 )
(22)
f =
0.0791
1
(
→ 2.1  10  Re  10
3 5
)
Re4

Then:

6
 0.353 92(ln Re ) − 5. 338 8  10 −3 (ln Re )2 − 1.152 5 si Re  2100
(Re ) =  (23)
 1 si 2100  Re

Figure 3 shows the behavior of the velocity profiles expected values described for
equation 23.

ω 1.0 B
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
A
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r

Figure 3. Expected Velocity profiles for Re = 103 (A), 104, 105, 106, and 107 (B), where r is the tube radius
and ω=v·ρ.

2.3. Application to multiphasic flows.

For biphasic flow:

1 x x
= a + b (24)
 m  a b
x represents the flow composition expressed as mass fraction. If 𝑚 = 𝛷𝑎 /𝛷𝑏 = 𝜌𝑎 𝜇𝑏 /𝜌𝑏 𝜇𝑎
equations 16 and 17 have the next solutions:
𝜌 𝜇 1 1 𝜌 𝜇 1
𝐺𝑎 = − (𝜌𝑎𝜇𝑏 ) (1+𝛼 )𝛤(1+2𝛼
𝛾 2𝛼𝑎 + 𝛤(2𝛼 𝑘 2𝛼𝑎 (𝜌𝑎𝜇𝑏 ) (1+𝛼 −
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎) 𝑏 +1)(𝛼𝑏 +1) 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 )𝛤(1+2𝛼𝑎)

𝑘 2𝛼𝑏 𝑘 𝛼𝑏 −1 𝑘 𝛼𝑏 +1 𝜌 𝜇 1
(𝑙𝑛 𝑘) ( − 𝑘1+𝛼𝑎 (𝜌𝑎𝜇𝑏 ) 𝛤(1+𝛼 ) (25)
𝛤(2𝛼𝑏 +1)(𝛼𝑏 +1) 𝛤(𝛼𝑏 ) 𝛤(𝛼𝑏 +1)(𝛼𝑏 +1) 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 )(1+𝛼𝑎 )

𝑘 𝛼𝑏 +1 𝜌 𝜇 1 1 1
𝐺𝑏 = (𝛤(𝛼 − 𝑘1+𝛼𝑎 (𝜌𝑎𝜇𝑏 ) 𝛤(1+𝛼 )(1+𝛼 )
) 𝛤(𝛼 ) 𝛾 𝛼𝑏−1 𝑙𝑛 𝛾 − 𝛤(2𝛼 𝛾 2𝛼𝑏 +
𝑏 +1)(𝛼𝑏 +1) 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 +1)(𝛼𝑏 +1)

7
 1
(26)
𝛤(2𝛼𝑏 +1)(𝛼𝑏 +1)

Then:

0 Ga d
k

xa = k (27)
0 Ga d + k Gb d
1

k Gb d
1

xb = k (28)
0 Ga d + k Gb d
1

To determine the pressure drop behavior, it is used the function U:

k 1
U =  Ga d +  Gb d (29)
0 k

If the gas phase moves through the center:

𝛷𝑎 𝑑𝑃 𝜌 𝑅2 1
1= 𝑈 = − 𝑑𝐿 𝜇𝑎 ⟨𝜔 𝑈 (30)
𝑚 𝑎 𝑧⟩ 𝑚

Then:
b
m = g
b a
(31)
 M a  P0 
 g =  
 8.31  10 (273 + T ) 
3

dP  Ma  1 R2 1
1 = −P   U (32)
dL  8.31  10 3 (273 + T )   a  z m

  g b 
z = V   (33)
 x + x 
 g b b a 

  1 2 8310.0T + 2. 268 6  10
6  
P = P0 −  − 2 V   L + P02  (34)
  MR 2U b g
   g (1 − x a ) +  b x a 



If the gas phase moves through walls:
𝑑𝑃 𝜌 𝑅2
1 = 𝛷𝑏 𝑈 = − 𝑑𝐿 𝜇𝑏 ⟨𝜔 ⟩ 𝑈 (35)
𝑏 𝑧

ab
m=
ga
(36)
 M b  P0 
 g =  
 8.31  10 (273 + T ) 
3

dP  Mb  1 R2
1 = −P   U (37)
dL  8.31  10 3 (273 + T )   b  z

8
   1  8310.0T + 2. 268 6  10 6  

P = P0 − − 2 V b  a  g    L + P02  (38)
  MR 2U   + x − x  
   g a b g b  
For fluids with more than one phase (n=number of phases):

k j −1  j d
kj

xj = n
(39)

j =1
kj
k j −1
 j d

Then:
dP z 1
− = (40)
R2 n


dL
 j d
kj
k j −1
j =1

3. Application for crude oil transport.

The model was evaluated for a biphasic system (air-crude oil), with a tube length of 1000
m and 0.1016 m diameter. The initial pressure is 4x105 Pa, and the system is isothermic
at 25 °C. The system composition is shown in Table 1, and it has been probed for fluid
flow models (Suarez-Dominguez et al., 2018a, b, c).
Table 1. Fluid properties in the system.
Fluid Viscosity [Pa·s] Density [kg/m3]
Crude 0.640 850
29  P
Air 0.00001 8.3110 3 ( 273 + T )

Figure 4 shows the behavior of the position of the phase (k) concerning the velocity
(v), fluid composition (Xg), and arrangement of the phases (K).

9
 V = 1 m/s A K = k.turbulento/k.laminar; B
k K
1.07

0.8 1.06

1.05

0.6 1.04

1.03

0.4 1.02

1.01

0.2 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 V
Xg ___ ___
k laminar = 0.7505; k laminar = 0.3485; Xg = 0.2

Figure 4. Phases position behavior concerning fluid composition (A), and velocity (B), (—) the gas moves
through the center and ( - - -) the gas moves through the walls.

Figure 5 shows the expected profiles of the massic rate concerning fluid
composition. Figure 6 shows the predicted values of the mass velocity and pressure drop
for a constant composition of the fluid.
V = 1 m/s A V = 1 m/s B
ω Xg = 0.20 ω Xg = 0.20
20 20

15 Xg = 0.30 15 Xg = 0.30

10 10

5 5

0 0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r r
_______ ___ _______ ___
L, G L, G

V = 1 m/s C V = 1 m/s D
ΔP ΔP
14000
14000
12000
12000

10000
10000

8000
8000

6000 6000

4000 4000

2000 2000

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Xg Xg

Figure 5. Massic rate profiles (ω) for a continuous volumetric rate (v) when gas moves through the center
(A), and in contact with the walls (B). Pressure drop behavior (ΔP) for the same parameters (C, and D,
respectively).

10
 V = 0.02, 0.06, 0.1, 0.14, 0.18, 0.22 m/s A V = 0.02, 0.06, 0.1, 0.14, 0.18, 0.22 m/s B
0.22 m/s 1.0 0.22 m/s
ω
1.0
ω
0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
0.02 m/s
0.4 0.4 0.02 m/s

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r r
______ ___ ______ ___
Xg = 0.2, L, G Xg = 0.2, L, G

300
C 300 D
ΔP ΔP

200 200

100 100

0 0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
V V
Xg = 0.2 Xg = 0.2

Figure 6. Massic rate profiles (ω) for different values of volumetric rate (v) when gas moves through the
center (A), and in contact with the walls (B). Pressure drop behavior (ΔP) concerning the volumetric rate
for the same parameters (C and D). All cases are set for a constant composition (Xg) of 0.2 gas and 0.8
crude oil.

It is assumed that the interface between these phases has a curvature of infinite
radius. In reality, this depends on the system's interfacial tension (Figure 7).

Caso
Figure 7. Extreme ideal
ideal Caso real(left and right) and a possible real case (center).
A for the phases disposition
cases
Caso ideal B

The size of the dispersed phase will depend on the fluids' physical properties and
in the intensity of the turbulence. Still, it is expected that the pressure drop is going to be

11
higher than the predicted value when the gas moves in contact with the walls and would
be lower when the gas moves through the center, as shown in figure 8.

ΔP A
ΔP
300 B
14000

12000

10000 200

8000

6000
100
4000

2000

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
Xg V
V = 1 m/s Xg = 0.2

Figure 8. Pressure drop profiles (ΔP) concerning the fluid composition (A), and the velocity (B) (—)
expected ( - - - ) predicted.

Conclusions
The proposed model studied a biphasic system (air-crude oil), where pressure drop
depends on the composition and the velocity of the fluid, and also on the arrangement of
the phases and the interfacial tension. In this sense, it was proposed a formalism for the
extreme ideal configurations of the phases, and that estimate the pressure drop behavior
for a real case.

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