061 - Navigation

The earth and the Solar system

- Declination : position relative to the plane of the equator

- Declination of the sun = angular distance
- Sun’s declination = daylight period
- Polar circles : lowest latitude – 62° N/S
- On the earth’s ellipsoid one degree of latitude near the equator is less than 60 Nm
- Sidereal = stars
- The directive force is the component of the earth’s magnetic field which aligns the compass needle
- Magnetic north : direction of the horizontal component
- Magnetic Track angle is the direction of a line referenced to magnetic north
- True north = direction of the observer’s meridian
- In its path around the sun, the axis of the earth has an inclination of 66°33’ with the plane of the path
- The local hour angle of the mean sun at 1200 LMT is OOO°
- Seasons are due to the inclination of the polar axis with the ecliptic plane
- Difference between geocentric and geodetic latitude occurs at about 45° N/S
- Geocentric = geodetic at the poles and at the equator
- The mean sun = along the celestial equator at uniform speed
- Sunset = centre of the sun 6° below the celestial horizon
- Vortex : highest latitude in a great circle = true track 090°/270°
- Time interval between SR and SS is dependent on the declination of the sun and the latitude of the observer
- The sun will be ween to rise and set every day up to 62°
- Sidereal day (=mean day) : 360° around the sun
- Solar day (=apparent day) : the sun arrive at the same meridian (360,9°)
- Solar day > sidereal day be both the direction of rotation of the earth around its axis and its orbital rotation
around the sun are the same
- Ecliptic : apparent yearly path of the sun around the earth
- Poles = intersection between the earth surface and the earth’s axis
- Polar circles : 67°N/S
- Close to the equinoxes the influence of latitude on the duration of daylight is at its smallest
- When the sun’s declination is northerly the daylight period is shorter in the southern hemispehere than the
northern

Magnetism

- Turning errors : greatest N/S and high latitude

- Magnetic compass is the most effective at midway between the magnetic poles
- Direct reading compass ± 5°
- Isogonals = same magnetic variation
- On the poles a freely suspended compass needle would stand vertically
- A DRC should be swung when there is a large and permanent change in magnetic latitude
- Drift : error of gyro in the horizontal plane
- The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field is stronger closer to the magnetic equator
Charts
- Polar stereographic : minimum scale at the North pole
- Polar stereographic = sgr always concave to the pole

- Direct Mercator : parallel = straight lines unequally spaced

- Direct Mercator : meridians = parallel, equally spaced
- Direct Mercator : scale increases with increases latitude

- Transverse Mercator : parallels of latitude = ellipses

- Transverse Mercator : scale correct along the meridians of tangency

- Lambert : parallel = arcs

- Lambert : straight kine = great circle
- Lambert : great cricles other than meridians are curves concave to the parallel of origin

- Grid Heading = True heading + West longitude (-East longitude)

- Large scale = small areas and lot of details
- Grivation = convergence ± variation

Navigation

αd
- f=
230

distance off track x 60

- Track error angle=
distance along track

TAS
- AD=GD
GS
- Wind from tower = magnetic
- Min ISA temp = -56°C
- A DR position is to be found on the desired track
- Average TAS = 2/3 cruising altitude
- True heading + Relative Bearing = True bearing from aircraft
G S out G Shome
- PNR= T
G Sout +G Shome
- ETA = Estimated Time at Arrival (at destination)

Questions

- The sun’s declination is on a particular day 12°S. Midnight Sun may this day be observed : South of 78°S
- SR later at 50°N than 50°S and SS earlier at 50°N than 50°S
- Dublin – Bremen = 0623 GMT
- Latitude is the angle between the plane of the equator….
Altitude:

Pressure Density 1hPA = 30 ft

True
Altitude Altitude Altitude

Pressure: