7 BF Autorecloser TCS

7.1 Breaker Failure 7.
1 Breaker Failure
Breaker Failure Protection Breaker Failure Protection
Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14
Issue B2 Issue B2
Last Release : June 2012 Last Release : June 2012
Program
g Program
g
Objective Objective
Operation Principle Operation Principle
Reset Conditions Reset Conditions
50 BF Protection integrated to BusBar protections 50 BF Protection integrated to BusBar protections
Setting guide - Example Setting guide - Example
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Business 2 Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Business 2

Obj ti
Objective Obj ti
Objective
Operation
p Principle
p Operation
p Principle
p
50 BF P
Protection
t ti integrated
i t t d to
t BusBar
B B protections
t ti 50 BF P
Protection
t ti integrated
i t t d to
t BusBar
B B protections
t ti
Breaker Failure Breaker Failure

Objective of the Breaker Failure Protection Objective of the Breaker Failure Protection
● Reduction of the Total Fault Clearance time in case of a Circuit Breaker ● Reduction of the Total Fault Clearance time in case of a Circuit Breaker
Failure Failure
● Re-Trip order (second circuit) to the Circuit Breaker Coil (same or second) ● Re-Trip order (second circuit) to the Circuit Breaker Coil (same or second)
● Current Supervision through the Circuit Breaker ● Current Supervision through the Circuit Breaker
● In case of Fault Clearance Failure, issue of a back trip order to all adjacent ● In case of Fault Clearance Failure, issue of a back trip order to all adjacent
Circuit Breakers Circuit Breakers
● Operation must occur before second stage tripping time of remote distance ● Operation must occur before second stage tripping time of remote distance
protections protections
● Supervision of Circuit Breaker Status contacts is possible as option ● Supervision of Circuit Breaker Status contacts is possible as option
● For Reliable Power System operation the protective scheme ● For Reliable Power System operation the protective scheme
must be dependable must be dependable
● Speed ● Speed
● Maintain System Stability ● Maintain System Stability
● Discrimination ● Discrimination
● Minimise the Plant Isolated ● Minimise the Plant Isolated
● Reliability
R li bilit ● Reliability
R li bilit
● Operates infrequently ● Operates infrequently

● For Reliable Power System operation the protective scheme ● For Reliable Power System operation the protective scheme
must be dependable must be dependable
● Duplicate :- ● Duplicate :-
●Protective Relays ●Protective Relays
●Trip Coils ●Trip Coils
●DC Supplies ●DC Supplies
●Instrument Transformers ●Instrument Transformers
● Not Duplicated :- ● Not Duplicated :-

●Circuit Breakers ●Circuit Breakers
– Operating Mechanisms – Operating Mechanisms
– Hydraulic Systems – Hydraulic Systems
– Pneumatic Systems – Pneumatic Systems

● Objective ● Objective
● Clear the faulted Apparatus with ● Clear the faulted Apparatus with
●Minimum Time Delay ●Minimum Time Delay
●Minimum Disruption to the Power System ●Minimum Disruption to the Power System
● Backup Protection Exists in Two Forms ● Backup Protection Exists in Two Forms
●Local Backup ●Local Backup
●Remote Backup ●Remote Backup
Remote Backup
p - Distance Remote Backup
p - Distance
Z3 Z3
Z2 Z2
Z1 Z1
21A 21B 21A 21B
● Advantages ● Advantages
● Not affected by adverse conditions at the local station ● Not affected by adverse conditions at the local station
● Backup for both relays and circuit breakers ● Backup for both relays and circuit breakers
● Disadvantages ● Disadvantages
● Time
Ti delayed
d l d tto maintain
i t i di
discrimination
i i ti ● Time
Ti delayed
d l d tto maintain
i t i di
discrimination
i i ti
● Sensitivity is affected by fault infeeds at remote busbars ● Sensitivity is affected by fault infeeds at remote busbars
● Wide spread disruption ● Wide spread disruption

Objective Objective

gg
Setting guide - Example
p gg
p
Circuit Breaker Failure Circuit Breaker Failure
Main Main
50BF 50BF

Local Backup Local Backup
● Advantages ● Advantages
● Faster than Remote Backup ● Faster than Remote Backup
● Improved Sensitivity ● Improved Sensitivity
● Minimises System Disruption ● Minimises System Disruption
● Disadvantages ● Disadvantages
● May be Affected by Local Conditions ● May be Affected by Local Conditions
● “Accidental
“A id t l O Operation”
ti ” - Unwanted
U t dSSystem
t Disruption
Di ti ● “Accidental
“A id t l O Operation”
ti ” - Unwanted
U t dSSystem
t Disruption
Di ti
● Security ● Security
● No Unwanted Operation ● No Unwanted Operation
● Dependability ● Dependability
● Guaranteed Operation in Case of Fault ● Guaranteed Operation in Case of Fault
Local Backup
p Local Backup
p
● Two Main Types ● Two Main Types
● Relay Backup ● Relay Backup
●Provision of Main 1 and Main 2 Protection Relays ●Provision of Main 1 and Main 2 Protection Relays
● Breaker Backup ● Breaker Backup
●HV Breakers are Expensive and are not duplicated ●HV Breakers are Expensive and are not duplicated
●Two Independent Trip Coils but a Common operating Mechanism ●Two Independent Trip Coils but a Common operating Mechanism
●Possible Point of Failure ●Possible Point of Failure
● Breaker Failure Protection ● Breaker Failure Protection

● Backtrip Every Circuit Breaker that Capable of Supplying the ● Backtrip Every Circuit Breaker that Capable of Supplying the
Fault Fault
● Initiated by the Local Protection ● Initiated by the Local Protection
● Also called “Stuck Breaker Protection” or “Back Tripping ● Also called “Stuck Breaker Protection” or “Back Tripping
Protection” Protection”

Local Backup
p Local Backup
p
Duplicate Main Protection Duplicate Main Protection

Independent Trip Supplies Independent Trip Supplies
1 Correct operation of 1 Correct operation of

2 the CB 2 the CB
3 3
Normal tripping Normal tripping

time time
No Operation of No Operation of
1 CB 1 CB
2 2
3 3
4 4
Normal tripping Normal tripping

ti
time ti
time
Tripping by 50CB Tripping by 50CB

1 Interlock Criteria 1 Interlock Criteria
2 2
3 3
Correct Clearance by Correct Clearance by

CB CB
Normal time for Normal time for

breaker to open breaker to open
=> No CB Fail Issue => No CB Fail Issue

Tripping by 50CB Tripping by 50CB
1 Interlock Criteria 1 Interlock Criteria
2 2
3 3
4 4
No Clearance No Clearance
By CB By CB
Normal time for Normal time for

breaker to open breaker to open
=> 50BF Trip => 50BF Trip
Fault in one feeder without breaker Fault in one feeder without breaker
failure failure
21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4
D5 D6 D7 D5 D6 D7
G 21 21 21
G 21 21 21
1 Fault appearance
1. 1 Fault appearance
1.
2. Activation of MAIN zone 1 2. Activation of MAIN zone 1
(D1 and D2) (D1 and D2)
3 Activation of
3. 21 21 21 21 21 3 Activation of
3. 21 21 21 21 21
downstream BACK-UP downstream BACK-UP
zones 2, 3 and 4 (D4, D8, D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 zones 2, 3 and 4 (D4, D8, D8 D9 D10 D11 D12
D9, D10, D11 and D12) D9, D10, D11 and D12)
4 T
4. Tripping
i i order
d to
t D1 & D2 4 T
4. Tripping
i i order
d to
t D1 & D2
5. D2 = Breaker Failure 5. D2 = Breaker Failure
Fault clearance time too long, with high Fault clearance time too long, with high
6. Tripping order with remote
relays to D4,
D4 D8,
D8 D9
G risks of network instability,
instability caused by G 6. Tripping order with remote
relays to D4,
D4 D8,
D8 D9
G risks of network instability,
instability caused by G
(and D11 ?) (and D12 ?) the loss of most of interconnections. (and D11 ?) (and D12 ?) the loss of most of interconnections.
Fault in one feeder with breaker failure Fault in one feeder with breaker failure
21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF
D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4
D5 D6 D7 D5 D6 D7
G 21 21 21 G 21 21 21
50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF
1. Fault appearance 1. Fault appearance

2. Activation of MAIN zone 1 21 21 21 21 21 2. Activation of MAIN zone 1 21 21 21 21 21
((D1 and D2)) ((D1 and D2))
50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF
3. Activation of 3. Activation of
downstream BACK-UP D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 downstream BACK-UP D8 D9 D10 D11 D12
zones 2, 3 and 4 (D4, D8, zones 2, 3 and 4 (D4, D8,
D9,, D10,, D11 and D12)) D9,, D10,, D11 and D12))
4. Tripping order to D1 & D2 4. Tripping order to D1 & D2
5. D2 = Breaker Failure Fast fault clearance : 5. D2 = Breaker Failure Fast fault clearance :
6. Tripping
pp g order with local G without tripping
pp g of the remote relays
y G 6. Tripping
pp g order with local G without tripping
pp g of the remote relays
y G
[50BF] to D3, D5 and D6 without loss of the remote switchgears [50BF] to D3, D5 and D6 without loss of the remote switchgears
CB Fail - Sequences CB Fail - Sequences

If lt
Ifault If lt
Ifault
In In
Circuit Circuit
Breaker Breaker
CB interrupting time CB interrupting time
PR reset time PR reset time
In In
Protective Protective
Relay Relay
Tripping time CBF Tripping time CBF
set in the PR (*) reset set in the PR (*) reset
time time
Breaker Breaker
Failure Failure
Device CB Fail timer Device CB Fail timer
Fault Activation Tripping order CB opened Fault Activation Tripping order CB opened
appearance off the
th CBF sendd to
t the
th CB appearance off the
th CBF sendd to
t the
th CB
(*) : includes the activation of the tripping output contact (*) : includes the activation of the tripping output contact
Objective Objective

gg
p gg
p
Fault Clearance Detection Method Fault Clearance Detection Method

13 ms 13 ms
At the end of this timer, the At the end of this timer, the
corresponding threshold is not corresponding threshold is not
reached again in the negative reached again in the negative
area => The algorithm detects a area => The algorithm detects a
fault current clearance fault current clearance
13 ms 13 ms

The algorithm detects a The algorithm detects a

permanent fault current permanent fault current
=> 50 BF Trip is issued => 50 BF Trip is issued
13 ms 13 ms

The algorithm detects a fault The algorithm detects a fault
clearance clearance
=> No 50 BF trip => No 50 BF trip
13 ms 13 ms

The algorithm detects a fault The algorithm detects a fault
clearance
l clearance
l
=> No 50 BF Trip issued => No 50 BF Trip issued
13 ms 13 ms
Objective Objective
50 BF PProtection
t ti integrated
i t t d to
t BusBar
B B 50 BF PProtection
t ti integrated
i t t d to
t BusBar
B B
protections protections

50BF Operation
p 50BF Operation
p
Central Central
Unit Back Trip Unit Back Trip
CB CB
Failure(3) Order (4) Failure(3) Order (4)
– Tbf2 – Tbf2
BB1 BB2 BB1 BB2
Trip Order Trip Order

Other Coil 1 (1) Other Coil 1 (1)
Relay 50BF Relay 50BF
Coil 2 Coil 2
(2) – Tbf1 (2) – Tbf1
Peripheral Peripheral
UD UD Unit UD UD Unit
50BF 50BF 50BF 50BF
PU 50BF PU 50BF
CB Fail Element Logic

g CB Fail Element Logic
g
Bus-Coupler and Bus-Section CBs - Internally initiated Bus-Coupler and Bus-Section CBs - Internally initiated
Trip signal Tpabc: Tripping signal from 87BB Trip signal Tpabc: Tripping signal from 87BB
Local Local
from CU & Circuit from CU & Circuit
I>BB Breaker I>BB Breaker
Optional Optional
I< & tBF1 Local Retrip I< & tBF1 Local Retrip
& tBF2 & tBF2

Backtrip Signal to CU Backtrip Signal to CU
for adjacent bus zone for adjacent bus zone
trip trip
 I< Dead pole detection threshold  I< Dead pole detection threshold
 I>BB Overcurrent element for authorisation of local tripping confirmation  I>BB Overcurrent element for authorisation of local tripping confirmation

Objective Objective
Setting
ggguide - Example
p Setting
ggguide - Example
p
Setting
g Guide Example
p Setting
g Guide Example
p
CB Trip CB Trip
+ 50BF + 50BF
Initiation Initiation
20ms 20ms
CB max fault CB max fault
Main clearance time Security Main clearance time Security
Protection (50ms *) margin Protection (50ms *) margin
Aux. (50ms **) Aux. (50ms **)
Contact 10ms Contact 10ms
50BF ‘’Retrip’’
‘’R t i ’’ 50BF ‘’Retrip’’
‘’R t i ’’
‘’Re trip’’ timer tBF1 (100ms) Security Margin ‘’Re trip’’ timer tBF1 (100ms) Security Margin
(130ms) (130ms)
Adjacent 50BF Adjacent 50BF
Protection – Protection –
Trip Order 50BF Back Trip Trip Order 50BF Back Trip
timer tBF2 (200ms) timer tBF2 (200ms)
Be Careful : Be Careful :
No auxiliary relays (Master Trip,…) between the Trip Order given by the Main Protection No auxiliary relays (Master Trip,…) between the Trip Order given by the Main Protection
and the 50BF Relay Initiation and the 50BF Relay Initiation
* Example : * Example :
CB Opening Time = 2 cycles + arc clearance CB Opening Time = 2 cycles + arc clearance
time = 10 ms (at 50Hz) time = 10 ms (at 50Hz)
** Example
p : ** Example
p :
The security margin includes the time to receive the CB ‘’open position’’ status ‘’ (if The security margin includes the time to receive the CB ‘’open position’’ status ‘’ (if
used) + the drop off time of the 50BF relay + a pure Security margin. used) + the drop off time of the 50BF relay + a pure Security margin.
Setting
g Guide Example
p Setting
g Guide Example
p
The fault is typically cleared The fault is typically cleared
after : after :
(worst case) (worst case)
20ms (Main Protection) 20ms (Main Protection)

CB Trip [+ 10ms (auxiliary contacts)] CB Trip [+ 10ms (auxiliary contacts)]
+ 50BF +100ms (tBF1) + 50BF +100ms (tBF1)
Initiation + 10ms (auxiliary contacts) Initiation + 10ms (auxiliary contacts)
+ 50ms (Circuit Breaker) + 50ms (Circuit Breaker)
= 180ms = 180ms
20
20ms 20
20ms
Main Main
Protection Auxiliary contact Protection Auxiliary contact
(10ms *) CB max fault (10ms *) CB max fault
clearance time clearance time
50BF ‘’Retrip’’ (50ms) Security 50BF ‘’Retrip’’ (50ms) Security
Margin Margin
‘’Re
Re trip
trip’’ Timer tBF1 (100ms) (40ms) ‘’Re
Re trip
trip’’ Timer tBF1 (100ms) (40ms)
Protection Protection
- Trip Order 50BF Back Trip Timer tBF2 - Trip Order 50BF Back Trip Timer tBF2
(200ms) (200ms)
* Example : * Example :
Security Margin Increased if the Security Margin Increased if the
50BF Protection directly operates 50BF Protection directly operates
the CB coil, and not through any the CB coil, and not through any
master trip contacts (auxiliary master trip contacts (auxiliary
relay) relay)
Setting
g Guide Example
p The fault is cleared by the adjacent CB,
typically after : (worst case) Setting
g Guide Example
p The fault is cleared by the adjacent CB,
typically after : (worst case)
20ms (main protection) 20ms (main protection)
[+ 10ms (auxiliary relay used for [+ 10ms (auxiliary relay used for
initiation)] initiation)]
+200ms
200ms (tBF2) +200ms
200ms (tBF2)
+ 30ms (intertrip) + 30ms (intertrip)
+ 20ms (auxiliary relay at remote end) + 20ms (auxiliary relay at remote end)
CB Trip + 50ms (Circuit Breaker) CB Trip + 50ms (Circuit Breaker)
+ 50BF = 330ms + 50BF = 330ms
Initiation Initiation
20
20ms 20
20ms
Main Main
CB – max fault CB – max fault
clearance time clearance time
50BF ‘’Retrip’’ 30ms 20ms (50ms) 50BF ‘’Retrip’’ 30ms 20ms (50ms)
Re trip
‘’Re trip’’ Timer tBF1 (100ms) Re trip
‘’Re trip’’ Timer tBF1 (100ms)
Inter-trip * Inter-trip *
Protection – Protection –
Trip Order 50BF Back Trip timer tBF2 (200ms) Trip Order 50BF Back Trip timer tBF2 (200ms)
Note : Note :
St ti time
Starting ti off the
th 50BF protection
t ti nott considered
id d (3 tto 5 ms d depending
di St ti time
Starting ti off the
th 50BF protection
t ti nott considered
id d (3 tto 5 ms d depending
di
on the filtering logic applied to the 50BF protection logical inputs) on the filtering logic applied to the 50BF protection logical inputs)
* Teleprotection typical operating time : * Teleprotection typical operating time :

minimum
i i : 20
20ms minimum
i i : 20
20ms
maximum : 37ms maximum : 37ms
Typical : 30ms Typical : 30ms
Typical Settings Typical Settings
● General : ● General :
● 20% In with a minimum fault current of 55% In ● 20% In with a minimum fault current of 55% In
● Resistor Current >10% : ● Resistor Current >10% :

● 80% ● 80%
● or 20% if fault current is < %160 ● or 20% if fault current is < %160
● Generator Circuits ● Generator Circuits

● 5% ● 5%
●Typical in UK 400kV and 275kV Networks ●Typical in UK 400kV and 275kV Networks
● For a current setting less than full load ● For a current setting less than full load
● Inhibit the BF relay during normal operating conditions ● Inhibit the BF relay during normal operating conditions
● Using Static Relays control the DC Supply ● Using Static Relays control the DC Supply

CB Resistor Current CB Resistor Current
● Resistor is used to reduce switching overvoltages due to ● Resistor is used to reduce switching overvoltages due to
large inductive loads large inductive loads
● Main CB opens first, the resistor reduces the current to a low ● Main CB opens first, the resistor reduces the current to a low
level,. Aux CB is opened 1 - 2 cycles later level,. Aux CB is opened 1 - 2 cycles later
● BF relay should not remain operated by resistor current ● BF relay should not remain operated by resistor current
● Is > 2 x Ir ● Is > 2 x Ir
● The minimum fault level takes priority.
priority Timer Setting can be ● The minimum fault level takes priority.
priority Timer Setting can be
increased to compensate for resistor contact separation increased to compensate for resistor contact separation
Operating Speed Operating Speed

● Timer Setting Considerations ● Timer Setting Considerations
● CB Trip
p Time ● CB Trip
p Time
●Main Contacts ●Main Contacts
●Resistor Contact Open ●Resistor Contact Open
● Current Detector ● Current Detector
●Operate Time ●Operate Time
●Reset Time ●Reset Time
● Main Protection ● Main Protection
●Reset Time ●Reset Time
● Timer ● Timer
●Overshoot / Accuracy ●Overshoot / Accuracy
● Discriminating (Safety) Margin ● Discriminating (Safety) Margin
● Maximum Allowable Backup Clearance Time ● Maximum Allowable Backup Clearance Time
● Scheme Arrangement ● Scheme Arrangement

Operating Speed Operating Speed
● www.neca.com.au
www neca com au ● www.neca.com.au
www neca com au
● 400kV and above ● 400kV and above

●175ms
175ms ●175ms
175ms
● At least 250kV but less than 400kV ● At least 250kV but less than 400kV
●250ms ●250ms
● more than 100kV but less than 250kV ● more than 100kV but less than 250kV
●430ms ●430ms
● Less than or equal to 100kV ● Less than or equal to 100kV

●As necessary to prevent plant damage and meet stability ●As necessary to prevent plant damage and meet stability
requirements requirements
Back Trip on Double Bus Systems Back Trip on Double Bus Systems

● Alternative for tripping time Reduction ● Alternative for tripping time Reduction
● 1 - Trip both coils 1 and 2 for major faults (87BB, 87T,…) ● 1 - Trip both coils 1 and 2 for major faults (87BB, 87T,…)
● 2 - No retrip order ● 2 - No retrip order
● 3 - if CB fail is raised, activate directly the back trip at Bus bar side ● 3 - if CB fail is raised, activate directly the back trip at Bus bar side
● Alternative for generator CB during switch off operation ● Alternative for generator CB during switch off operation
● Use of an under-voltage criteria, measured across the CB poles ● Use of an under-voltage criteria, measured across the CB poles

7.2 Autoreclose for Transmission 7.2 Autoreclose for Transmission
Auto-reclosing & Synchro-Check Auto-reclosing & Synchro-Check
in Transmission Systems - in Transmission Systems -
N t
Networkk Stability
St bilit Eff
Effectt N t
Networkk Stability
St bilit Eff
Effectt
Revision
Re ision B Revision
Re ision B
Last Issue: May 2012 Last Issue: May 2012
Summary
y Summary
y
Stability issues and definitions Stability issues and definitions

Stability limits and theory Stability limits and theory
Short circuits and stability Short circuits and stability
Autoreclose and stability Autoreclose and stability
Autoreclose applications Autoreclose applications
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – Technical Institute 2 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – Technical Institute 2
Stabilityy Issues and definitions Stability
y Issues and definitions
Problem: stabilityy issues Problem: stabilityy issues
● An electrical energy network is a complex structure system, made of a ● An electrical energy network is a complex structure system, made of a
certain amount of production units, interconnected through transmission certain amount of production units, interconnected through transmission
and distribution grids and distribution grids
● This system is normally in a given equilibrium state: it is said in ● This system is normally in a given equilibrium state: it is said in
synchronous operation synchronous operation
● In particular
particular, fundamental equilibrium between production and ● In particular
particular, fundamental equilibrium between production and
consumption must be ensured in terms of : consumption must be ensured in terms of :
● ACTIVE POWER (linked to the network frequency) ● ACTIVE POWER (linked to the network frequency)
● REACTIVE POWER (linked to the network voltage map) ● REACTIVE POWER (linked to the network voltage map)
An electrical network in equilibrium state, i.e. in a given An electrical network in equilibrium state, i.e. in a given
steady state, is permanently subject to disturbances of any steady state, is permanently subject to disturbances of any
kind kind
● occasional or discontinue disturbances: ● occasional or discontinue disturbances:

● electrical faults: short-circuit, isolation fault, … ● electrical faults: short-circuit, isolation fault, …
● operations: line opening, equipment connection, ... ● operations: line opening, equipment connection, ...
● disturbances linked to normal operation: ● disturbances linked to normal operation:

● load
l d variations
i ti ● load
l d variations
i ti
● static converters operation ● static converters operation
● ... ● ...
● Network parameters that can be affected (energy quality): ● Network parameters that can be affected (energy quality):
P Power P Power
U Voltage U Voltage
F Frequency F Frequency
HDR Harmonics HDR Harmonics
● Possible consequences : ● Possible consequences :

●Flicker (fast voltage variation) ●Flicker (fast voltage variation)
●Unbalances of 3 3-phase
phase system ●Unbalances of 3 3-phase
phase system
●Energy delivery cuts due to protections actions (loss of synchronism, ●Energy delivery cuts due to protections actions (loss of synchronism,
power swing, fault, …) power swing, fault, …)
● The basic questions to be answered by network stability studies are the ● The basic questions to be answered by network stability studies are the
following: following:
●what happens during a disturbance (voltage and frequency drift, ●what happens during a disturbance (voltage and frequency drift,
protections tripping, …)? protections tripping, …)?
●what will be the new operation point after
f the disturbance has ●what will be the new operation point after
f the disturbance has
disappeared? disappeared?
Definitions and terminology

gy Definitions and terminology
gy
●Steady state ●Steady state

It is the network operation mode where all r.m.s. electrical values can be It is the network operation mode where all r.m.s. electrical values can be
considered as constant considered as constant
●Synchronous
Synchronous operation ●Synchronous
Synchronous operation
A synchronous machine connected to other synchronous machines through A synchronous machine connected to other synchronous machines through
electrical network is said in synchronous operation with the rest of the electrical network is said in synchronous operation with the rest of the
network if its electrical speed is equal to the network’s
network s voltage frequency at network if its electrical speed is equal to the network’s
network s voltage frequency at
connection node, or to other machines’ electrical speed connection node, or to other machines’ electrical speed
An electric network is said in synchronous operation if all connected An electric network is said in synchronous operation if all connected
machines are in synchronous operation with the network and between machines are in synchronous operation with the network and between
together together
gy
●Power swing ●Power swing

A generator is in power swing situation when mechanical values are A generator is in power swing situation when mechanical values are
s bjected to sustained
subjected s stained oscillations of finite amplit
amplitude
de aro
around
nd a stead
steady state s bjected to sustained
subjected s stained oscillations of finite amplit
amplitude
de aro
around
nd a stead
steady state
point point
The generator’s specific r.m.s. electrical values are then also subjected to The generator’s specific r.m.s. electrical values are then also subjected to
th
these oscillations
ill ti th
these oscillations
ill ti
●Static stability,
stability or small-signal
small signal stability ●Static stability,
stability or small-signal
small signal stability
An electric network is said in static stability conditions if, after a small An electric network is said in static stability conditions if, after a small
disturbance, it reaches a new steady state very close to initial steady state disturbance, it reaches a new steady state very close to initial steady state
A smallll di
disturbance
t b iis a di
disturbance
t b ffor which
hi h lilinearization
i ti off th
the system’s
t ’ A smallll di
disturbance
t b iis a di
disturbance
t b ffor which
hi h lilinearization
i ti off th
the system’s
t ’
equations is still justified equations is still justified

gy
●Transient stability ●Transient stability

An electric network is said in transient stability relatively to a large An electric network is said in transient stability relatively to a large
dist rbances cycle
disturbances c cle if it comes across a ne
new ssynchronous
nchrono s operation stead
steady dist rbances cycle
disturbances c cle if it comes across a ne
new ssynchronous
nchrono s operation stead
steady
state after the disturbance cycle state after the disturbance cycle
A large disturbance is a disturbance for which linearization of the system’s A large disturbance is a disturbance for which linearization of the system’s
equations
ti is
i nott justified
j tifi d any more equations
ti is
i nott justified
j tifi d any more
●Conditional stability ●Conditional stability

An electric network is said in conditional stability situation when its stability An electric network is said in conditional stability situation when its stability
is due to predefined and appropriate regulators’ action is due to predefined and appropriate regulators’ action
Different kinds of stabilityy Different kinds of stabilityy
ELECTRICAL NETWORKS’ STABILITY ELECTRICAL NETWORKS’ STABILITY
Ability to keep the system in equilibrium conditions Ability to keep the system in equilibrium conditions
Equilibrium between opposite forces Equilibrium between opposite forces
ANGLE VOLTAGE ANGLE VOLTAGE

synchronism maintaining voltage maintaining synchronism maintaining voltage maintaining
torques equilibrium reactive powers equilibrium torques equilibrium reactive powers equilibrium
Transient Mid and long Large voltage Transient Mid and long Large voltage
stability terms stability disturbances stability terms stability disturbances
Large disturb.
disturb Large disturb.
disturb
Small signal Small signal

stability Small voltage stability Small voltage
Steady state disturbances Steady state disturbances
P/ - relations Steady state P/ - relations Steady state
P/Q - V relations P/Q - V relations
Non-oscillatingg Oscillating instabilities Non-oscillatingg Oscillating instabilities
instabilities Insufficient damping instabilities Insufficient damping
Insufficient synchro. torque Unstable control Insufficient synchro. torque Unstable control
Mid and long

g term stability
y Mid and long
g term stability
y
●Slow phenomenon ●Slow phenomenon
● Mid term stability: ● Mid term stability:

●high amplitude frequency and/or voltage drifts ●high amplitude frequency and/or voltage drifts
●typical study duration of few minutes ●typical study duration of few minutes
● Long term stability : ● Long term stability :

●uniform system frequency ●uniform system frequency
●typical study duration of tens of minutes ●typical study duration of tens of minutes
Transient stabilityy Transient stabilityy
●High amplitude phenomenon ●High amplitude phenomenon
● Machine internal angle transient stability: ● Machine internal angle transient stability:
●large disturbances ●large disturbances
●fast dynamics (first aperiodical oscillations) ●fast dynamics (first aperiodical oscillations)
●typical study duration of few seconds ●typical study duration of few seconds
● Voltage
V lt transient
t i t stability
t bilit : ● Voltage
V lt transient
t i t stability
t bilit :
●large voltage disturbances ●large voltage disturbances
p , loads dynamics,
●events like operations, y , on load tap-changers,
p g , etc. p , loads dynamics,
●events like operations, y , on load tap-changers,
p g , etc.
●protections and control systems coordination ●protections and control systems coordination
Static stability
y Static stabilityy
●Low amplitude phenomenon ●Low amplitude phenomenon
● Concerns small disturbances, for which electric parameters variations ● Concerns small disturbances, for which electric parameters variations
are slow and continuous. Linearization of network’s model equations is are slow and continuous. Linearization of network’s model equations is
then jjustified ((in p
particular,, the time variable does not occur)) then jjustified ((in p
particular,, the time variable does not occur))
●small disturbances (quasi-steady state) ●small disturbances (quasi-steady state)

●system linearization ●system linearization
●stability margins; spinning reserve ●stability margins; spinning reserve
p
●protections and control systems
y coordination p
●protections and control systems
y coordination
Loss of angle
g static stability
y Loss of angle
g static stability
y
●Damping torque ●Damping torque

● Cd : torque coefficient that evolves in relation with speed disturbance ● Cd : torque coefficient that evolves in relation with speed disturbance
 
● Cd negative => aperiodical instability ● Cd negative => aperiodical instability
 
t t
disturbance duration disturbance duration
Loss of angle
g static stability
y Loss of angle
g static stability
y
●Synchronizing torque ●Synchronizing torque

● Cs : torque coefficient that evolves in relation with internal angle ● Cs : torque coefficient that evolves in relation with internal angle
di
disturbance
b  di
disturbance
b 
● Cs negative => oscillating instability ● Cs negative => oscillating instability
 
t t
Conservation of angle
g static stability
y Conservation of angle
g static stability
y
● Damping and synchronizing torque coefficients are all positive ● Damping and synchronizing torque coefficients are all positive
● Internal angle  is subjected to a damped oscillation and reaches a final ● Internal angle  is subjected to a damped oscillation and reaches a final
value (generally different from initial value) that corresponds to a new value (generally different from initial value) that corresponds to a new
equilibrium equilibrium
 
t t
Fault Shunt Fault Shunt
ZF = Fault shunt ZF = Fault shunt

= Combined Impedance of -ve ve and zero sequence = Combined Impedance of -ve ve and zero sequence
network impedances for particular fault. network impedances for particular fault.
Ø/E ZF = Z2 + Z0 Ø/E ZF = Z2 + Z0
Ø/Ø ZF = Z2 Ø/Ø ZF = Z2
Ø/Ø/E ZF = Z2 . Z0 Ø/Ø/E ZF = Z2 . Z0
Z2 + Z0 Z2 + Z0
3Ø ZF = 0 (short circuit) 3Ø ZF = 0 (short circuit)
Healthy ZF =  (open circuit) Healthy ZF =  (open circuit)
Stabilityy Limits and Theory
y Stability
y Limits and Theory
y
Mechanical modeling: Mechanical modeling:

active power / frequency coupling active power / frequency coupling
Generator and rotating
g fields Generator and rotating
g fields
INDUCED INDUCED
(stator) (stator)
MAGNETIC MAGNETIC
FIELD FIELD
balanced 3-phase balanced 3-phase

VOLTAGE SYSTEM VOLTAGE SYSTEM
INDUCTOR INDUCTOR
(rotor) e = p.Ω (rotor) e = p.Ω
Driving
g and resistant torques
q Driving
g and resistant torques
q
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL

TORQUE TORQUE TORQUE TORQUE
(dri ing torque)
(driving torq e) (braking torque) (dri ing torque)
(driving torq e) (braking torque)
delivered by the delivered by the

delivered by the delivered by the
turbine, linked to turbine, linked to
stator, linked to stator, linked to
mechanical power mechanical power
electrical power electrical power
produced
p produced
p
absorbed b by the absorbed b by the
loads (network) loads (network)
Shaft rotation Shaft rotation

speed Ω speed Ω
Rotating
g masses equation
q Rotating
g masses equation
q
● Acceleration or deceleration of the rotating masses is linked to the ● Acceleration or deceleration of the rotating masses is linked to the
difference between electrical torque (braking torque) and mechanical difference between electrical torque (braking torque) and mechanical
masses inertia constant J
torque (driving torque) through the rotating masses’ masses inertia constant J
torque (driving torque) through the rotating masses’
(kg.m²) (kg.m²)
J · ∂Ω/∂t = m(t) - e(t) J · ∂Ω/∂t = m(t) - e(t)
● Solving this differential equation permits to determine the generator’s

generator s ● Solving this differential equation permits to determine the generator’s
generator s
behavior when a disturbance occurs, that is to answer to the behavior when a disturbance occurs, that is to answer to the
fundamental question: fundamental question:
Will the internal angle  stabilize into a normal and Will the internal angle  stabilize into a normal and
synchronous
h ti ?
operation? synchronous
h ti ?
operation?
f / P coupling
p g f / P coupling
p g
● The fundamental rotating masses equation can be written as follows: ● The fundamental rotating masses equation can be written as follows:
J · (2/p)² · (f0 + f(t)) · ∂f/∂t = Pm(t) - Pe(t) J · (2/p)² · (f0 + f(t)) · ∂f/∂t = Pm(t) - Pe(t)
quasi-constant terms quasi-constant terms
frequency variation frequency variation

proportional to active power proportional to active power
unbalance unbalance
the proportionality relation is linked to the group the proportionality relation is linked to the group
‘turbine+generator’ construction (inertia, ...) ‘turbine+generator’ construction (inertia, ...)
The link with internal angle
g The link with internal angle
g
Mechanical power delivered to the generator: Pm Mechanical power delivered to the generator: Pm
Electrical power delivered by the generator : Pe Electrical power delivered by the generator : Pe
• Pm = Pe : constant internal angle • Pm = Pe : constant internal angle
• Pm > Pe : increasing internal angle • Pm > Pe : increasing internal angle
• Pm < Pe : decreasing internal angle e • Pm < Pe : decreasing internal angle e
Transmittable p
powers Transmittable p
powers
Apparent
pp p
power transmitted Apparent
pp p
power transmitted
G I R G I R
jXTI jXTI
ZT = RT + jXT ZT = RT + jXT
 
E VR RTI E VR RTI
The apparent power transmitted to infinite network (node R) is: The apparent power transmitted to infinite network (node R) is:
S = VR · I* = (VR · E · e-j - VR²) · e-j/ZT S = VR · I* = (VR · E · e-j - VR²) · e-j/ZT
Transmittable active power

p Transmittable active p
power
If the network resistance is neglected beside its reactance (RT << XT): If the network resistance is neglected beside its reactance (RT << XT):
● ZT = jXT ● ZT = jXT
●  = /2 ●  = /2
then the active power transmitted to the infinite network (node R) is: then the active power transmitted to the infinite network (node R) is:
P = Re(S) = (VR · E · sin) / XT P = Re(S) = (VR · E · sin) / XT
itt does therefore

t e e o e exist
e st a maximal
a a transmitted
t a s tted active
act e po o  = /
e for
power /2 itt does therefore
t e e o e exist
e st a maximal
a a transmitted
t a s tted active
act e po o  = /
e for
power /2
(static stability limit): (static stability limit):
Pmax = (VR · E) / XT Pmax = (VR · E) / XT

Transmittable active p
power Transmittable active p
power
G S L R G S L R
I I
Xd Xt Rt Xl Rl Xd Xt Rt Xl Rl
E VS VL VR E VS VL VR
If instead of fix E (constant excitation), one fixes VS (voltage regulation), If instead of fix E (constant excitation), one fixes VS (voltage regulation),
then the maximal transmitted active power from S towards R becomes: then the maximal transmitted active power from S towards R becomes:
P’max = (VR · VS) / (Xt + Xl) > Pmax

P P’max = (VR · VS) / (Xt + Xl) > Pmax
P
Transmittable active p
power Transmittable active p
power
G S L R G S L R
I I
Xd Xt Rt Xl Rl Xd Xt Rt Xl Rl
E VS VL VR E VS VL VR
As well, if one fixes VL ((voltage

g regulation
g at connection node),
) then the As well, if one fixes VL ((voltage
g regulation
g at connection node),
) then the
maximal transmitted active power from L towards R becomes: maximal transmitted active power from L towards R becomes:
P’’max = (VR · VL) / Xl > P’max > Pmax P’’max = (VR · VL) / Xl > P’max > Pmax
Voltage regulators action (excitation systems) allows then stable operation of the machine Voltage regulators action (excitation systems) allows then stable operation of the machine
in a zone where it is not « naturally » stable in a zone where it is not « naturally » stable
Static stability
y limit Static stability
y limit
static stability limit rotating

t ti masses equation
ti with
ith static stability limit rotating
t ti masses equation
ti with
ith
angles : angles :
Pm Pm
J·Ω·∂²/∂t² = Pm - PMax·sin J·Ω·∂²/∂t² = Pm - PMax·sin
stable unstable disturbance around the operating stable unstable disturbance around the operating
PMax PMax
point (Pm0 ; 0) : point (Pm0 ; 0) :
J·Ω·∂²/∂t² = - PMax·cos· J·Ω·∂²/∂t² = - PMax·cos·
Pm0 stable oscillation if Pm0 stable oscillation if

cos>0
PMax·cos cos>0
PMax·cos
i.e.: i.e.:
0 <  < /2 0 <  < /2
Pe = PMax · sin Pe = PMax · sin
0 0 /2
/2 ’
0   0 0 /2
/2 ’
0  
Areas equality
q y theorem Areas equality
q y theorem
b final situation: Pméca = Pm1 b final situation: Pméca = Pm1
a initial situation: Pméca = Pm0 a initial situation: Pméca = Pm0
-> new equilibrium point:  = 1 -> new equilibrium point:  = 1
Pm dynamic stability Pm dynamic stability

limit
acceleration phase: limit
acceleration phase:
A1 : kinetic energy stored by the A1 : kinetic energy stored by the
c machine during this phase c machine during this phase
PMax PMax
b A2 b’ b A2 b’
Pm1 Pm1
braking phase: braking phase:
A1 A1
A2 : kinetic energy restored by A2 : kinetic energy restored by
the machine during this phase the machine during this phase
Pm0 a energy conservation Pm0 a energy conservation

 A1 = A2  A1 = A2
Pe = PMax · sin Pe = PMax · sin
0 0 1 /2 m
/2 L   0 0 1 /2 m
/2 L  
Short circuits and stabilityy Short circuits and stability
y
Short-circuit Short-circuit
Pm Pm
G G
Pe Pe
initial state initial state
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
e e
0 /2
/   0 /2
/  
Pm Pm
G G
Pe Pe
occurrence of a short-circuit occurrence of a short-circuit
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
e e
0 /2
/   0 /2
/  
Pm Pm
G G
Pe Pe
acceleration phase acceleration phase
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
e e
0 /2
/   0 /2
/  
Pm Pm
G G
Pe Pe
line tripping line tripping
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
e e
0 /2
/   0 /2
/  
Pm Pm
G G
Pe Pe
braking phase braking phase
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
e e
0 /2
/   0 /2
/  
Influence of the type
yp of short-circuit Influence of the type
yp of short-circuit
Pm Pm
no short-circuit no short-circuit
one-phase-to-ground short-circuit one-phase-to-ground short-circuit
two-phase short-circuit two-phase short-circuit
two-phase-to-ground short-circuit two-phase-to-ground short-circuit
three-phase short-circuit three-phase short-circuit
0 /2
/2   0 /2
/2  
Influence of network mesh densityy Influence of network mesh density

y
G G G G
Pm Pm Pm Pm
PMax
M PMax
M PMax
M PMax
M
Pm Pm Pm Pm
0 /2   0 /2   0 /2   0 /2  
A2 > A1 : stable A2 < A1 : unstable A2 > A1 : stable A2 < A1 : unstable
Influence of fault clearing
g time Influence of fault clearing
g time
G G G G
t t t t
Pm Pm Pm Pm
PMax PMax PMax PMax
Pm Pm Pm Pm
0 /2   0 /2
/   0 /2   0 /2
/  
A2 > A1 : stable A2 < A1 : unstable A2 > A1 : stable A2 < A1 : unstable

Autoreclose and stabilityy Autoreclose and stability

y
Automatic recloser Automatic recloser
Pm Pm
G G
Pe Pe
initial state initial state
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
e e
0 /2
/   0 /2
/  
Pm Pm
G G
Pe Pe
short-circuit short-circuit
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
e e
0 /2
/   0 /2
/  
Pm Pm
G G
Pe Pe
trip trip
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
e e
0 /2
/   0 /2
/  
Pm Pm
G G
Pe Pe
reclosing reclosing
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
PMax PMax
Pm Pm
e e
0 /2
/   0 /2
/  
Synchro-check
y Synchro-check
y
● The generator and the network are synchronous together ● The generator and the network are synchronous together
G G
Synchro-check
y Synchro-check
y
● Short-circuit: the link between the generator and the network is very ● Short-circuit: the link between the generator and the network is very
weak weak
G G
Pe increase
P i Pe decrease
P d Pe increase
P i Pe decrease
P d
=> F decrease => F increase => F decrease => F increase
Synchro-check
y Synchro-check
y
● Line opening: the generator evolves independently from the network ● Line opening: the generator evolves independently from the network
G G
Synchro-check
y Synchro-check
y
● Reclosing: it is essential to check the synchronism between generator ● Reclosing: it is essential to check the synchronism between generator
and network voltage before allowing line reclosing and network voltage before allowing line reclosing
G G
│V│ ≤ Vmax │V│ ≤ Vmax

││ ≤ max ││ ≤ max
LB: live
LB li b bus LB: live
LB li b bus
DB: dead bus │f│ ≤ fmax DB: dead bus DB: dead bus │f│ ≤ fmax DB: dead bus
LL: live line LL: live line LL: live line LL: live line
DL: dead line DL: dead line DL: dead line DL: dead line
Synchro-check
y Synchro-check
y
G G
LB-DL: wait LB-DL: reclose LB-DL: wait LB-DL: reclose
Synchro-check
y Synchro-check
y
G G
LB-LL: synchro-check LB-LL: synchro-check
synchronism conditions not OK: wait synchronism conditions not OK: wait
Synchro-check
y Synchro-check
y
G G
Be carefull between Be carefull between

LB-LL: synchro-check synchro-check and LB-LL: synchro-check synchro-check and
synchro-couplor !! synchro-couplor !!
synchronism conditions OK: reclose synchronism conditions OK: reclose
Autoreclose applications
pp Autoreclose applications
pp
• Most of insulation faults need repair before re-energisation • Most of insulation faults need repair before re-energisation
• Bus bar Fault • Bus bar Fault

• Underground cable Fault • Underground cable Fault
• Transformer Fault • Transformer Fault
• Generator Fault • Generator Fault
• Motor Fault • Motor Fault
• Protective relay tripping must therefore be definitive • Protective relay tripping must therefore be definitive
(Lockout with manual reset) (Lockout with manual reset)
In Over Head Line, some insulation fault due to lightning stroke will In Over Head Line, some insulation fault due to lightning stroke will
disappear after current feed interruption. disappear after current feed interruption.
1 Pole or 3 Pole Tripping ? 1 Pole or 3 Pole Tripping ?
1 pole or 3 pole tripping? 1 pole or 3 pole tripping?
Why 1 pole tripping on transmission network ? Why 1 pole tripping on transmission network ?
• 1 pole tripping maintain electrical link between power stations • 1 pole tripping maintain electrical link between power stations
which is helpful to maintain stability : which is helpful to maintain stability :
• If after a fault the 3 poles are opened, electrical link will disappear • If after a fault the 3 poles are opened, electrical link will disappear
• If after a fault onlyy 1 pole

p is opened,
p electrical link will remain p
partly
y y 1 pole
• If after a fault only p is opened,
p electrical link will remain p
partly
y
• Most of insulation fault are 1 phase because • Most of insulation fault are 1 phase because
the large distance between phases and ground. the large distance between phases and ground.
• Power system stability requirement is above material • Power system stability requirement is above material
1 3 1 3
cost increase (Non distributed energy may cost a lot) 2
cost increase (Non distributed energy may cost a lot) 2
> 85 % < 15 % > 85 % < 15 %
Therefore in transmission network single pole tripping is provided ... Therefore in transmission network single pole tripping is provided ...
… followed by single pole reclosing … followed by single pole reclosing
Single phase tripping in HV network. Single phase tripping in HV network.
why
h ? why
h ?
•In Distribution network, the network is meshed and not directly •In Distribution network, the network is meshed and not directly
connected to power plant. No risk to loose one line connected to power plant. No risk to loose one line
•The number of single line fault is lower than in •The number of single line fault is lower than in
transmission network transmission network
•Cost reduction of primary equipment and wiring simplicity •Cost reduction of primary equipment and wiring simplicity
is more important 1 2 3 is more important 1 2 3
60 % 20 % 20 % 60 % 20 % 20 %
•The tripping mode for distribution network is therefore •The tripping mode for distribution network is therefore
always
a ays 3 pphases,
ases, always
a ays 3 pphases,
ases,
… followed by
y a three p
phase reclosing
g … followed byy a three p
phase reclosing
g
Dead time to be coordinated with : Dead time to be coordinated with :
Minimum de-energisation time Minimum de-energisation time
Minimum de-energisation Minimum de-energisation

time depends also on fault time depends also on fault
d ti
duration. d ti
duration.
Circuit breaker operationg mechanism and chamber cooling Circuit breaker operationg mechanism and chamber cooling
Typically : O - 0.3 s - C - O Typically : O - 0.3 s - C - O
System stability requirements System stability requirements
Choice of Scheme Choice of Scheme
Choice of Scheme (1)
( ) Choice of Scheme (1)
( )
High Speed Auto-Reclose High Speed Auto-Reclose
1. Single transmission links. 1. Single transmission links.
2. 3Ø A/R. 2. 3Ø A/R.
3. 1Ø A/R for E/Fs 3. 1Ø A/R for E/Fs

Lockout for multiphase faults. Lockout for multiphase faults.
4. 1Ø A/R for E/Fs 4. 1Ø A/R for E/Fs

p
3Ø A/R for multiphase faults. p
3Ø A/R for multiphase faults.
Choice of Scheme (2)

( ) Choice of Scheme (2)
( )
Delayed 3Ø Auto-Reclose Delayed 3Ø Auto-Reclose
1. Densely interconnected systems. 1. Densely interconnected systems.
Minimal power transfer level Minimal power transfer level

reduction during dead time reduction during dead time
2. Power swings due to fault and tripping 2. Power swings due to fault and tripping
allowed to decay allowed to decay
Less shock to system than with high speed Less shock to system than with high speed
A/R A/R
1 Phase Auto-Reclose Factors 1 Phase Auto-Reclose Factors
R
Requiring
ii C Consideration
id ti R
Requiring
ii C Consideration
id ti
1
1. S
Separate
t control
t l off circuit
i it breaker
b k poles.
l 1
1. S
Separate
t control
t l off circuit
i it breaker
b k poles.
l
2. Protection must provide phase selection. 2. Protection must provide phase selection.
3. Mutual coupling can prolong arcing and require de- 3. Mutual coupling can prolong arcing and require de-
g time.
ionising g time.
ionising
4. Unbalance during dead time 4. Unbalance during dead time

(i) Interference with communications (i) Interference with communications
(ii) Parallel feeder protection may mal-operate (ii) Parallel feeder protection may mal-operate
5
5. More complex and expensive than 3Ø A/R 5
5. More complex and expensive than 3Ø A/R
High
g Speed
p Auto-Reclose ((H.S.A.R.)) ((1)) High
g Speed
p Auto-Reclose ((H.S.A.R.)) ((1))
High speed < 2 cycles High speed < 2 cycles
Fast clearance at each line end. Fast clearance at each line end.
 Phase comparison  Phase comparison
 Distance schemes with signalling  Distance schemes with signalling
 Distance scheme with zone 1 extension  Distance scheme with zone 1 extension
 Direct intertrip  Direct intertrip
Phase selection required

q for 1Ø A/R Phase selection required
q for 1Ø A/R
High
g Speed
p Auto-Reclose ((H.S.A.R.)) ((2)) High
g Speed
p Auto-Reclose ((H.S.A.R.)) ((2))
Dead Time (short as possible) Dead Time (short as possible)

Circuit breaker minimum ‘open - close’ Circuit breaker minimum ‘open - close’
time time
 200 - 300 msecs.  200 - 300 msecs.
Same dead time at each line end. Same dead time at each line end.
De-ionising time De-ionising time

1Ø A/R longer  special steps 1Ø A/R longer  special steps
Delayed
y Auto-Reclosing
g (D.A.R.)
( ) ((1)) Delayed
y Auto-Reclosing
g (D.A.R.)
( ) ((1))
High speed not critical for system stability High speed not critical for system stability
 
desirable to limit fault damage desirable to limit fault damage
 
improves probability of successful A/R improves probability of successful A/R
Dead Time Dead Time

Allow for power swings and rotor oscillations to die Allow for power swings and rotor oscillations to die
down. down.
Different settings for opposite feeder ends. Different settings for opposite feeder ends.
Typically 5 to 60 secs. Typically 5 to 60 secs.
Delayed
y Auto-Reclosing
g (D.A.R.)
( ) ((2)) Delayed
y Auto-Reclosing
g (D.A.R.)
( ) ((2))
Reclaim Time Reclaim Time

Allow c.b. capacity to recover to full interrupting Allow c.b. capacity to recover to full interrupting
value. value.
Number of Shots Number of Shots

1 (invariably)
( y) 1 (invariably)
( y)
Dead time to be coordinated with (next)

( ) Dead time to be coordinated with (next)
( )
● CB drive of the circuit breaker (400kV (GIS) – Example. ● CB drive of the circuit breaker (400kV (GIS) – Example.
Voltage checks in coupling Voltage checks in coupling
mode mode
Vectorial Vectorial
difference difference
Magnitude difference Magnitude difference
Angle difference Angle difference
Frequency difference Frequency difference
Frequency Frequency
7.3 Trip Circuit Supervision 7.3 Trip Circuit Supervision
Trip Circuit Supervision Trip Circuit Supervision
Issue A1 Issue A1
Last Release : March 2011 Last Release : March 2011
Operating Principle Operating Principle
Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2 Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2
operating principle operating principle
Supervision Supervision
current current
Mechanical Mechanical
Command Command

Disappearance Disappearance
of supervision of supervision
current current
mechanical mechanical
Tripping circuit Command Tripping circuit Command
interruption interruption
Alarm Alarm
mechanical mechanical
Command Command
Applications Applications
• Improve
I the
th security
it andd availality
il lit off th
the ttripping
i i circuit
i it b
by a • Improve
I the
th security
it andd availality
il lit off th
the ttripping
i i circuit
i it b
by a
permanent continuity control. permanent continuity control.
• In case of circuit interruption
interruption, an alarm is generated • In case of circuit interruption
interruption, an alarm is generated
• Without this control, the interrupted circuit will only be detected after a • Without this control, the interrupted circuit will only be detected after a
fault without correct clearance. fault without correct clearance.

• Applicable iff the trip coil off circuit breaker is activated with a DC
C • Applicable iff the trip coil off circuit breaker is activated with a DC
C
polarity polarity
• In other cases,
cases an interruption of the trip circuit will cause an • In other cases,
cases an interruption of the trip circuit will cause an
immediate trip. immediate trip.
• Special application cases must be studied when using auxiliairy • Special application cases must be studied when using auxiliairy
tripping contacts or lock-out relays tripping contacts or lock-out relays
• Will allow a reduction of cyclic maintenance costs • Will allow a reduction of cyclic maintenance costs
• Will allow a more important delay between real circuit breaker tests. • Will allow a more important delay between real circuit breaker tests.
These tests become only required for the mechanical part control of These tests become only required for the mechanical part control of
the CB the CB

• Need to be coordinated with the circuit breaker manufacturer : • Need to be coordinated with the circuit breaker manufacturer :
- The maximum permanent current depends on the coil impedance, - The maximum permanent current depends on the coil impedance,
- The maximum permanent current must not cause any coil heating
heating, - The maximum permanent current must not cause any coil heating
heating,
- The electrical scheme of the CB tripping circuit must be in acordance - The electrical scheme of the CB tripping circuit must be in acordance
with the selected trip circuit supervision scheme with the selected trip circuit supervision scheme
Comparison Comparison
of different existing schemes of different existing schemes
Trip Circuit Supervision - Scheme n° 1 Trip Circuit Supervision - Scheme n° 1

+ + + +
Relay
Relay
elay
elay
Advantages Advantages
Re
Re
2 cables only between 2 cables only between
relay and circuit breaker relay and circuit breaker
- - - -
Alarm Alarm Alarm Alarm
Disadvantages
g Disadvantages
g
Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker
No trip circuit control if No trip circuit control if
CB open CB open
2a
2a
2a
2a
52
52
52
52
Contct position Contct position
when when
equipment equipment
energised energised
+ + + +
Relay
Relay
Relay
Relay
relay and circuit breaker. relay and circuit breaker.
- - Wire up to the CB,

- - Wire up to the CB,
whatever the position. whatever the position.
Al
Alarm Al
Alarm Al
Alarm Al
Alarm
Disadvantages
g Disadvantages
g
ker
ker
ker
ker
Circuit Break
Circuit Break
Circuit Break
Circuit Break
(1) (1)
No trip circuit control if No trip circuit control if
CB open CB open
52b
52b
52b
52b
52a
52a
52a
52a
Requires additional Requires additional
resistance into the CB resistance into the CB
Contct position control box (1) Contct position control box (1)
when when
equipment equipment
energised (1) Avoid a Battery short circuit when the CB is already open but trip energised (1) Avoid a Battery short circuit when the CB is already open but trip
order still present. order still present.

+ + + +
elay
elay
elay
elay
Re
Re
Re
Re
The trip coil is controlled The trip coil is controlled
whatever the CB position whatever the CB position
- - - -
Alarm Alarm Alarm Alarm

Disadvantages Disadvantages
Requires 3 wires between Requires 3 wires between
Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker
relay and CB. relay and CB.
52b
52b
52b
52b
2a
2a
2a
2a
Tripping cable between Tripping cable between
52
52
52
52
5
5
5
5
relay and CB not relay and CB not
controlled if CB open controlled if CB open
when when
equipment equipment
energised energised
+ + + +
Relay
Relay
Relay
Relay
- - - -
(1) Al
Alarm Al
Alarm (1) Al
Alarm Al
Alarm
ker
ker
ker
ker
Circuit Break
Circuit Break
Circuit Break
Circuit Break
52a
52a
52a
52a
controlled whatever the controlled whatever the
Contct position
CB position (1) - only the Contct position
CB position (1) - only the
when coil is controlled when coil is controlled
equipment equipment
energised (1) if interrupted, the current value becomes identical of the current circulation when CB is energised (1) if interrupted, the current value becomes identical of the current circulation when CB is
open. open.

+ + + +
elay
elay
elay
elay
Re
Re
Re
Re
- - - -
(1) Alarm Alarm (1) Alarm Alarm

Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker

2a
2a
2a
2a
52
52
52
52
Contct position
CB position (1) - only the Contct position
CB position (1) - only the
when coil is controlled
controlled. when coil is controlled
controlled.
equipment equipment
energised energised
+ + + +
Relay
Relay
Relay
Relay
relay and circuit breaker. relay and circuit breaker.
Triping contact Triping contact
CB Tripping coil CB Tripping coil
Logic Input Logic Input
(O t )
(Opto) - - CB position
(O t )
(Opto) - - CB position
Alarm Alarm Tripping cable between Alarm Alarm Tripping cable between
relay and CB controlled relay and CB controlled
eaker
eaker
eaker
eaker
(1) (1)
Circuit Bre
Circuit Bre
Circuit Bre
Circuit Bre
52b
52b
52b
52b
52a
52a
52a
52a
Requires installation of Requires installation of
additional resistance into additional resistance into
the CB control box (1) the CB control box (1)

when when
equipment (1) avoid any damage of the tripping coil when trip order still present and circuit breaker equipment (1) avoid any damage of the tripping coil when trip order still present and circuit breaker
energised energised
already open. already open.
Trip circuit Supervision Trip circuit Supervision
Practical Example Practical Example

MVAX 91 MVAX 91
Typical Wiring - Requirements Typical Wiring - Requirements
● Be carefull : ● Be carefull :
● Test Circuit or secondary injection circuits must be inside the supervision ● Test Circuit or secondary injection circuits must be inside the supervision
loop loop

practical Example with MiCOM practical Example with MiCOM
P123 P123
MiCOM P123 MiCOM P123
Delay timer Delay timer
MiCOM serie 20 : MiCOM serie 20 :
P123 Only P123 Only
Logical input (Opto) Logical input (Opto)
Opto Opto
Al
Alarm ttrip
i Al
Alarm ttrip
i
&
ET circuit faulty &
ET circuit faulty
Trip contact Trip contact
energised energised
Trip contact energised =1 if Opto does not Avoid any intempestive Trip contact energised =1 if Opto does not Avoid any intempestive
detect any current alarm in case of detect any current alarm in case of
during TSUP timer permanent trip orders. during TSUP timer permanent trip orders.
Trip Circuit Supervision with overcurrent Trip Circuit Supervision with overcurrent
relays - scheme 1 relays - scheme 1
+ +
elay
elay
Re
Re
- -
Alarm Overcurrent relay Alarm Overcurrent relay

Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker
Trip coil Trip coil
52a
52a
Trip coil control Trip coil control
relays - scheme 2 relays - scheme 2
+ +
Relay
Relay
- -
Overcurrent relay Overcurrent relay
Alarme Alarme
Circuitt Breaker
Circuitt Breaker
Trip
p coil Resistance Trip
p coil Resistance
52a
52b
52a
52b
Trip coil and auxiliary contacts control Trip coil and auxiliary contacts control
relays - scheme 6 (optimal) relays - scheme 6 (optimal)
+ +
Relay
Relay
Logical input Logical input
- -
Overcurrent relay Overcurrent relay
Alarme Alarme
Circcuit Breaker
Circcuit Breaker
Resistance Resistance
Trip coil Trip coil
52a
52b
52a
52b
5
5
Trip coil and auxiliary contacts control whatever the CB Trip coil and auxiliary contacts control whatever the CB
position position
Practical Example with MiCOM Practical Example with MiCOM
serie 40 serie 40
Trip Circuit Supervision with Programmable Trip Circuit Supervision with Programmable
Scheme Logics (Px40 range relay) Scheme Logics (Px40 range relay)
+ +
Relay
Relay
- -
Alarm Alarm
Disjoncteur
Disjoncteur
Release timer Release timer

D
D
52a
a
52a
a
52b
b
52b
b
Contact Contact
position when position when
equipment equipment
energised energised

7 BF Autorecloser TCS

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7.1 Breaker Failure 7.

Ref : APP14 Ref : APP14

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Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Business 3 Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Business 3

Breaker Failure Breaker Failure

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Breaker Failure Protection Breaker Failure Protection

● Not Duplicated :- ● Not Duplicated :-

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21A 21B 21A 21B

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Operation Principle Operation Principle

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Circuit Breaker Failure Circuit Breaker Failure

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● Breaker Failure Protection ● Breaker Failure Protection

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Duplicate Main Protection Duplicate Main Protection

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1 Correct operation of 1 Correct operation of

Normal tripping Normal tripping

Normal tripping Normal tripping

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Tripping by 50CB Tripping by 50CB

Correct Clearance by Correct Clearance by

Normal time for Normal time for

=> No CB Fail Issue => No CB Fail Issue

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Normal time for Normal time for

=> 50BF Trip => 50BF Trip

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1. Fault appearance 1. Fault appearance

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CB Fail - Sequences CB Fail - Sequences

Reset Conditions Reset Conditions

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Fault Clearance Detection Method Fault Clearance Detection Method

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The algorithm detects a The algorithm detects a

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Fault Clearance Detection Method Fault Clearance Detection Method

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Trip Order Trip Order

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CB Fail Element Logic

& tBF2 & tBF2

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20ms (Main Protection) 20ms (Main Protection)

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* Teleprotection typical operating time : * Teleprotection typical operating time :

● Resistor Current >10% : ● Resistor Current >10% :

● Generator Circuits ● Generator Circuits

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Operating Speed Operating Speed