Generator Protection by ABB

Technology and Solutions
Protection and Substation Automation
Learning Unit:
Generator Protection
in Power Plants
Philosophy
ID No.: PTU / T2309_V1b
Generator Protection in Power Plants
© ABB University Switzerland - 1 -
T2309 / T2309_Philo_V1b.ppt
© ABB University Switzerland 2 of 70
Generator-Protection (1)
Why ?
Generator-Protection
To avoid just THIS!
Generator-Protection (2)
Protection Philosophy Topics
1. Protection areas
2. Protection system
• Purpose
• Requirements
3. Generator protection
• Generator protection system
• Configuration of the power plant
• Type of generators / prime mover
• Grounding of the generator
4. Possible faults
5. Block diagram of a protection function

Single line diagram
6.
7. Presentation of an example
8. Protection functions
Protection Philosophy Protection Areas
Line q Line protection
• Impedance protection (distance protection)
• Line differential protection

• requirement: - fast (40 – 80 ms)
- communication
- redundant
Busbar q Busbar protection
• Differential protection
• Directional comparison
• requirement: - fast
- selective
- security
Generator q Generator protection

• I∆ Differential protection
• I Current (overcurrent)
• U Voltage
• Z Impedance
• f Frequency
• P Power
G • requirement: - multifunctional
- flexible, according to plant configuration
- fast but selective
T - redundant
RE
Protection Philosophy Tasks / purpose
As:
1. A security system
2. An ”insurance policy”
The purpose of a protection system is:

1. To protect the humans (security for personnel)
2. To protect the plant
3. To limit the damages
4. To keep the availability of energy at a high level
A protection system should protect against:

1. Abnormal service conditions

2. Faults
Protection Philosophy Economical requirements
The following requirements should be taken into account:
1. Availability à of the protection

à of the protected object
2. Simplicity
3. Flexibility à Standard HW / SW modules

à standard concepts, Realisierungen,
documentations, training ⇒ quality
à Adaptation ability (i.e. Library of protection functions)
Protection = Insurance
⇓ ⇓
Investment = Premium
⇓ ⇓
Damage costs = Riscs

§ Repair
§ Failure because of wrong handling
§ Outage times
Protection Philosophy Availability (MTBF)
Only with periodical testing:
Testing interval
MTTF MTTR
Relay
defect
With selfmonitoring (numerical relay) :

MTTF MTTR MTTF
Relay failure
Availability:
Up Time (MTTF)
A = Up Time (MTTF) + Down Time (MTTR)
Up Time : Time in service in a healthy state - MTTF (Mean Time To Failure)

Down Time : Time out of service because of failure - MTTR (Mean Time To Repair)
AND
Protection Philosophy
OR
TRIP
AND
3
AND
2 out of 3
87G
Protection Philosophy
51
+
∆t
AND
Breaker failure protection
Protection Philosophy Functional requirements
The following requirements should be taken into account:
1. Reliability Quality of the system during the service time
q Dependability
q Security (stability)
q Consistency Always the same reaction for the same fault
2. Selectivity Evaluation (differential current I∆, unbalanced load I2)

Object → location → type of fault
3. Stability the same tripping behaviour today like yesterday
No tripping when no fault happens

4. Speed Not only the protection, also the power devices I>
5. Avccuracy Evaluation of small fault currents

VT / CT failures (compensation)
6. Sensitivity
The final result will be a compromise related
to all these requirements
Generator protection Generator protection systems
The lay-out of a generator protection system depends on
1. Protected object
2. User
A generator protection system should provide:
1. Flexibility in the choice of protecton functions

2. Flexibility in the interface to the process
(alarm, signalling and tripping circuits)
3. Modular HW and SW
4. Self supervision
5. Connection of incoming signals

With a generator protection system it should be possible

to match different configurations of powerplants without
any special additional engineering
Generator protection Configuration of a powerplant
- Configuration of the power plant
Busbar operation Block configuration Gasturbines, Pump storage plant
up to 15kV CombinedCycle
> 15kV > 15kV > 15 kV
T T T
Aux. Trafo
up to 20 MVA
G Aux. Trafo
~
Excit. Trafo Excit. Trafo
G G G
~ >20 MVA ~ ~
>20 MVA >20 MVA
- Number of generators in the power plant / in the network

Collecting bar with common Step-Up
Common Step-Up Transformer (Hydro)
Transformer
T T
G G G G
~ ~ ~ ~ G G
~ ~
Stator earthfault protection!!!!

Generator protection Generator types / type of drives
1. Turbo generator (1-2 pairs of poles)
Steam
• To cover the base load
• Coal, nuclear, oil, process steam (industry)
• Different quantity of turbines
• Garbage burning plant
• Very big power (1500 MVA)
Gas
• To cover peak and middle load with steam turbine (Combined Cycle)
Diesel
• Emergency group (hospital)
• Small groups
2. Salient pole generator (more than two pairs of poles)
Hydro – Pelton
• High height of fall
• High turning speed
• To cover the peak load together with
pump- storage operation
Hydro – Francis
• Middle height of fall
• Middle turning speed

• Coverage of middle and base load

Hydro – Kaplan
• River power plant
• Low turning speed
• Coverage of base load
Hydro – Straflo
• River power plant
• Low turning speed
• Coverage of base load

• Escher-Wyss & ABB development
• The rotor winding is on the blades of the turbine
Turbine overview
Generator protection Grounding of the generator
Isolated Solid
Uo> I>
for small machines only because of shortcircuit
Resistor (primary) Resistance (secondary)

Re´ 64S
Re Uo> Uo>
64R
I> I>
I0 = f(Re) 100% I0 = f(Re,U)
Grounding resistor calculated for approx. 10 Sec. and 5 – 15 A

Resistor (secondary) Resistance (secondary)
generator terminal and reactor
N1
Re´
N2
Re´ Uo>
Uo>
I>
Grounding
transformator
I>
Generator
Machines and blocktransformer with

Earthing on terminal side of generator high capacitive earth current which
Secondary resistor will be compensated by the reactor
In case of inquiries In case of inquiries

Earthing Transformer, Un/√3 / U2/3 On secondary side the transformer

very expensive must have also enough power for the
resistor load
Special case in east European Special case in east European
countries countries
Reasons for using different earthing methods
ABB prefers the earthing methode with resistor because of

the following reasons:
§ VT is in normal conditions (without failure) without voltage, and in
case of an earthfault the VT is only short time loaded
§ In case of disconnected resistor protection will be still available,
only selectivity is no more achieved
§ Cheap earthing resistor and VT
§ Earthing on terminal side of the generator generats in the VT’s
continuous voltage
§ In case of an earthfault the VT and resitors are loaded between 0 and

phase-to-phase voltage and the resistors are shortly overloaded

§ Costs for earthing transformer and seconary resistor are high

§ Resistor earthed methode with current measurement principle
will not be available in case of interruption of resistor
Generator protection Type of faults
Stresses:
1. Voltages (isolation)
2. Mechanical forces (machine side)
3. Heating of the iron parts
Possible faults:
Internal External
Stator Rotor Stator Rotor Turbine
Short-circuit Short-circuit Overload Overload Frequency

Ground-fault Ground-fault Überspannung NPS Reverse

power
Interturn Overfluxing Loss of field

Generator protection Protection functions
Main- and back-up protection
Main protection Back-up protection

n Generator Differential n Block Differential
n Transformer Differential n Over- and undervoltage
n 95%- Earthfault protection n Minimum impedance
100%- Earthfault protection or Imax - Umin
n Rotor Earthfault protection n Overcurrent
n High impedance stator- n Over- and underfrequency
differential protection
n Reverse power
n Overload
n Unbalance I2>
n Loss of excitation
n Pole slip protection
n Overfluxing (U/f)
Generator protection Protection functions
Main- and back-up protection for small power plants
Main protection Back-up protection

n Generator Differential n Block Differential
n Transformator Differential n Over- and undervoltage
n 95%- Earthfault protection n Minimum impedance
100%- Earthfault protection or Imax - Umin
n Rotor Earthfault protection n Overcurrent
n High impedance stator- n Over- and underfrequency
differential protection
n Reverse power
n Overload
n Unbalance I2>
n Loss of excitation
n Pole slip protection
n Overfluxing (U/f)
Generator protection Possible faults
Location of the faults Undervoltage 27
Pole slip 78
ANSI-Code Overfluxing 24
G Generator
S Stator Overvoltage 59
R Rotor
Overload 49S
Ground Fault 64S

Invers I> 51
Overcurrent
Instant I>> 50
Winding failure
Min. Impedance 21
Differential 87G
+ -
Loss of field 40
Reverse power 32 Ground Fault 64R
Frequency 81 Negative phase sequence 46
Rotor overload 49R

Single line diagram Variant 1
Generator Differential 87G
Overcurrent 51G
Negative sequence 46
Imax / Umin 51/27
Loss of field 40
Rotor groundfault 64R
50/51E 49R Reverse power 32
Overvoltage 59
Frequency 81
Undervoltage 27
Stator earthfault 64S
Overcurrent field 50/51E
Rotor overload 49R
32 59 81 27
87G YWX111 64R

51G 46 51/27 40
64S
Overcurrent 51G
Imax / Umin 51/27
Loss of field 40
50/51E 49R Reverse power 32
Overvoltage 59
Frequency 81
Undervoltage 27
Stator earthfault 64S
Rotor overload 49R
32 59 81 27
87G YWX111 64R

51G 46 51/27 40
64S
Typical tripping examples Variant 1
PROTECTION FUNCTIONS Trippings
Excitation breaker
Generator breaker
Turbine TRIP
CO2 ON
Generator-Differential 87G X X X (X)
Imax / Umin 51/27 X X X
Rotor Groundfault (TRIP) 64R X X X
Stator Groundfault 64S X X X
Overvoltage (AVR) 59 X X X
Undervoltage (AVR) 27 X
Overcurrent (excitatation) 50/51E X X X
Overcurrent 51G X X X
Stator overload (TRIP) 64S X
Rotor overload (TRIP) 49R X X X

NPS (TRIP) 46 X
Loss of field (min reactance) 40 X X X
Overfrequency 81> X X X
Underfrequency 81< X
Reverse power (protection) 32 X X X

Overcurrent 51G
87N 51N
(64N) Imax / Umin 51/27
Loss of field 40
87T Rotor groundfault 64R
87A Reverse power 32.1
Overvoltage 59.1
87B Frequency 81>
Undervoltage 27
50/51E 49R Stator earthfault 64S
Rotor overload 49R
81< Min. Impedance 21
60 24 81>
Pole slip 78
Stator overload 49S
32.1 32.2 59.1 27 Reverse power 32.2
59.2
Underfrequency 81<
Overvoltage 59.2
Voltage comparison 60
87G YWX111 64R Blockdifferential 87B

Aux. trafo Diff. 87A
Transformer Diff. 87T

Trafo Groundfault 51N
51G 46 51/27 40 21 78 49S Restriced Earth Fault 87N (64N)
64S
Overcurrent 51G
87N 51N
(64N) Imax / Umin 51/27
Loss of field 40
87T Rotor groundfault 64R
87A Reverse power 32.1
Overvoltage 59.1
87B Frequency 81>
Undervoltage 27
50/51E 49R Stator earthfault 64S
Rotor overload 49R
81< Min. Impedance 21
60 24 81>
Pole slip 78
Stator overload 49S
32.1 32.2 59.1 27 Reverse power 32.2
59.2
Underfrequency 81<
Overvoltage 59.2
Voltage comparison 60
87G YWX111 64R Blockdifferential 87B

Aux. trafo Diff. 87A
Transformer Diff. 87T

64S
Typische Auslösungen Variant 2
Schutzfunktionen Auslösungen
Eigenbedarfschalter
Erregerschalter
Turbine AUS
HS Schalter
CO2 EIN
Generator Differential 87G X X X X (X)
Transformer Differential 87T X X X X (X)
Block-Differential 87B X X X X
Imax / Umin 51/27 X X X X
Interturn Fault 59I X X X X
Rotor Groundfault (Trip) 64R X X X X
Stator Groundfault 64S X X X X
Restricted Earthfault 87N X X X X
Transformer Groundfault 51N X X X X
Overvoltage (AVR) 59 X X X X
Undervoltage (AVR) 27 Signal to AVR
Overcurrent (Excitation) 50/51E X X X X

Stator Overload (Trip) 49S X

Rotor Overload (Trip) 49R X X X X
X
Negative Sequence (Trip) 46

Loss of Field ( Min Reak) 40 X X X X
Pole Slipe (Zone 1) 78 X X X X
Overfrequency 81> X X X X
Overexcitation (AVR) 24 X X X X
Reverse Power (Protection) 32 X X X X
Under Impedance 21 X X X X
Voltage Comparison 60 - - - -
Blocking of 21, 27, 40
Generator-Differential 87G
Overcurrent 51G
87N 51N Imax / Umin 51/27
(64N)
Loss of Field 40
87T Revers Power 32.1
87A
Overvoltage 59.1
Overfrequency 81>
87B Undervolatge 27
50/51E 49R Stator groundfault 64S
Overcurrent Excitation 50/51E
24 Rotor Overload 49R
59NB.1 Min. Impedance 21
60 81> 81< Pole Slipe 78
59NB.2 Stator Overload 49S
Revers Power 32.2
32.1 32.2 59.1 59.2 27 Underfrequency 81<
Overvoltage 59.2
Voltage comparission 60
G Block-Differential 87B
87G YWX111 64R Aux. Trafo Diff. 87A

~
Transformator-Diff. 87T

Overexcitation 24
Busduct groundfault 59NB.1(64S)
64S
Generator-Differential 87G
Overcurrent 51G
87N 51N Imax / Umin 51/27
(64N)
Loss of Field 40
87T Revers Power 32.1
87A
Overvoltage 59.1
Overfrequency 81>
87B Undervolatge 27
50/51E 49R Stator groundfault 64S
Overcurrent Excitation 50/51E
24 Rotor Overload 49R
59NB.1 Min. Impedance 21
60 81> 81< Pole Slipe 78
59NB.2 Stator Overload 49S
Revers Power 32.2
32.1 32.2 59.1 59.2 27 Underfrequency 81<
Overvoltage 59.2
Voltage comparission 60
G Block-Differential 87B
87G YWX111 64R Aux. Trafo Diff. 87A

~
Transformator-Diff. 87T

Overexcitation 24
64S
Typical Tripping examples Variant 3
Protection functions Trippings
Generator Breaker
Excitation Breaker
Aux. Trafo breaker

Turbine TRIP
HV Breaker
CO2 ON
Generator Differential 87G X X X (X)
Transformer Differential 87T X X X X X (X)
Block-Differential 87B X X X X X
Imax / Umin 51/27 X X X
Interturn Fault 59I X X X
Rotor Groundfault (TRIP) 64R X X X
Stator Groundfault 64S X X X
Selektiv Groundfault (REF) 87N X X X X X
Transformer Groundfault 51N X X X X
Overvoltage (AVR) 59 X X X
Undervoltage (AVR) 27 Signal to AVR
Overcurrent (Excitation) 50/51E X X X

Stator Overload (TRIP) 49S X

Rotor Overload (TRIP) 49R X X X
X X X
Negative Sequence (TRIP) 46

Loss of Excitation, Min. Reactance 40 X X X
Pole Slip (Zone 1) 78 X X X
Overfrequency 81> X X X
Overexcitation (AVR) 24 X X X X X
Reverse Power (Protection) 32 X X X
Underimpedance 21 X X X X X
Voltage comparison 60 - - - -
Blocking of 21, 27, 40
Generator protection Structure of the protection functions
Conventional
A B C D
E F G H I
Every protection function A, B, C, ... I is realized with one single

protective relay unit
I / O unit
Signalling unit
Microprocessor unit
A/D converter
DC auxiliary supply unit
The structure of the protection system is based on

the signal processing
Generator protection Comparison conventional - numerical
Schutzrelais
Start
I>
51
Trip
Conventional
Schutzrelais
Start
G U<
27
Trip
HW SW HW
U<
27
Start
f<
81
Log
ik Numerical
I>
G 51
Trip
I∆
87
Generator protection Protection function diagram
Block diagram of a protection function
Protection function
By means of external Signal

Blocking
Measurement value Start (starting)
analog A Signal-
input D processing Trigger t
Tripping
~ Algorithm: Tripping (of the function,
I> Yes / No delayed)
Z<
←P
Function block Protection function
Frequency of the Function block example

processing
T/4 A I∆, I>>, U>>
T/2 B I>
T C, D I2, f, U>
Processing sequence
T = 1/fN
A B C, D A A B A B C, D
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T time

Background processing (HMI, selfmonitoring, … )
Generator- Transformer- Block

without generator breaker
n Generator and transformer will

always be switched off in
common
G
With generator- breaker
The generator can be

disconnected selectively,
the auxiliaries remain in
service
G
Damdem arrangement
2 Generators on one
3-windings-transformer
Separate protection systems

for the transformer and for
each of the 2 generators
G1 G2
Generators on a common
busbar
n smaller power plants with

some generators
n Stator- earthfault protection for

parallel operating generators
G1 Gn
requires a grounding facility on

the busbar side

Powerplant Layout Combined Cycle
Exhaust
gas
boiler
Power Fuel Power

output input Steam output
Steam-turbine
Exhaust
gas
Generator Gas turbine Condenser Generator

Cooling water
Types of turbines
© ABB University Switzerland 42 of 70 Gas Turbine
Effects:
detection of emergency trip of turbine (flame off situation)

Settings:
81< two steps (Alarm 49Hz, Trip 48 Hz)
32 machines >30MVA two steps with integrator, both steps in two different Systems (for gas turbine
5%Pn/0.5sec, 1%Pn/0.5sec measuring core in protection device
Powerplant Layout
Steam turbine
Steam turbine
Types of turbines Steam turbine
HP MP LP
Steam turbine:
HP High Pressure
MP Intermedate Pressure
LP Low Pressure
Settings:
81< two steps (Alarm 49Hz, Trip 48 Hz)
for huge generators 2. Trip 47.5, t<200ms

32 machines >30MVA two steps with integrator, both steps in two different Systems (for steam turbine 0.5%Pn,
measuring core in protection device, in UK influenced areas additional Forward Power step
Effects:
overheating of turbine and turbines blades
Types of turbines Pelton- turbine
Pelton-Turbine (1880)
The Pelton-turbine represents a further

development of the push wheel which uses the
kinetic energy of the water from high heights
(water drops of more than 1000 m with
approximately 500 km/h). Out of one or more
jets the water flows into case shaped blades
which moves the turbine wheel. The Pelton-
turbine is used in water power plant with a high
height of fall and a less water stream.
The efficiency reaches about 90-95%.
Types of turbines
Pelton- turbine
32R Reverse Power usually not required

81> Overfrequency as an backup protection for over speed (limit of turbine 60Hz / 2sec)
Pump storage lake
Pelton- turbine
Types of turbines Francis- turbine
Francis-Turbine (1849)
The Francis-Turbine is also called the “Power horse of

water exploitation", the turbine can be used in an wide
range (see attached table). In the turbine, the water
flows through an stand firm but adjustable wheel. In
comparison to a Kaplan-Turbine the water streams
vertical onto the wheel axis.
The efficiency of an Francis-Turbine is approx. 90%.
The range of use are from 20m up to 700m, in an
power range up to 700MW.
Types of turbines
Francis- turbine
Types of turbines Kaplan-turbine
Kaplan-Turbine (1912)
The Kaplan-turbine is used where the

hydraulic pressure is low and the water flow
is extremely high and fluctuating, this
appears in all streams, rivers or small
creeks. The turbine/wheel looks like an ship
propeller which can turn/adjust the shovel
according the water flow of the river. The
water is forced through an adjustable guide-
apparatus which is parallel to the axis.
The efficiency of an Kaplan-Turbine reaches
80-95%. The turbine can be equipped with 3
or up to 8 blades with a power range up to
200 MW.
Types of turbines
Kaplan-turbine
81> Overfrequency as an backup protection for over speed (limit of turbine 70Hz / 15sec)
32R Reverse Power for vertical axis in two steps in one system (appr. 2% Pn of turbine limit)
Reverse Power for horizontal axis in two steps in one system (appr. 25% Pn of turbine limit)
Types of turbines
Kaplan-turbine
Types of turbines Straflo- Turbine
Straflo-Turbine
A development of the Kaplan-Turbine is called
STRAFLO-Turbine (engl. „straight flow“). Turbine and
generator are forming in the STRAFLO-Turbine one
unit. Turbine and generator are not connected via an
driving axis. The generator is mounted in the same
level as the turning wheel/shovel. The water flows
through the generator and rotor. The support of the
turning wheel are on both sides of the turning wheel.
The water flows through the rotor of the machine. The
diameter of the rotor can be up to 8 m. The power can
very up to 50 MW.
Types of turbines Pump storage
In some cases it is helpful that the

pump can be separated from the
turbine/generator (different operation
tasks).
In this picture pump and turbine are
fixed together.
Pelton and Francis turbines are applied
in this sort of plants
Types of turbines Pump storage
A generator becomes an motor

1 from or to pressure pit
2 distribution pipe
3 Valve
4 Francis-turbine
5 choke tab
6 from or to submerged tunnel
7 Motor-Generator
8 Pump
blue arrow Turbine

red arrow Pump
Types of turbines
Device in a pump storage powerplant

Pump storage
Types of turbines
Hydro power station with Francis turbine

Pump storage plant
Types of turbines Types of prime mower
Type Pelton turbine Francic turbine Kaplan turbine
Application area Pump Storage Pump Storage Hydro Power Plant
Fall height in m 200 - 2000 10 - 700 0 - 30

Flow 4 - 15 m3/s 4 - 55 m3/s 4 - 350 m3/s

Types of turbines
Application field of turbines
Types of turbines
Application field of turbines
Generator protection
GSX5e
Generator protection
REG216
Generator protection Selective Stator Earth fault
n Used for small machines or machines

running in parrallel on an common bus
n Earth fault Protection with with
measuring of U0 on an open delta v.t.
and I0 an cable-balance c.t.
n Protection with directional earth fault
T1
T2
T3
measuring principle
and transformer feeder

Zone of busbar
generator feeder
Zone of
G2
G3
G1
G4
n Very rare way of grounding because of

high earth fault current
I> n Differential protection covers this fault or

I0 measuring within the earth connection
G~
I>
Generator protection Generator starpoint
Stator groundfault protection acc. to injection principle
R S T
generator
voltage transformer
N12 N11
REs Us
Uis RPs
Injection voltage
Stator groundfault protection acc. to secondary injection principle
R S T
generator
voltage transformer
N1 N2 N'12 N'11
R'Es Us
grounding-
transformer
R'Ps Uis
Injection voltage
Generator protection Rotor
Rotor groundfault protection based on measurement bridge principle
C
rotor winding
shaft -
100 VAC
C1 C2 excitation system
R R
tuning capacitor
U>
Generator protection YWX111
Rotor groundfault protection using the principle of wheatstone bridge
R R
(Wheatstone – bridge)
C1
C2
C
C2 has to be tuned to the

capacity of the rotor

circuit
100% Stator- und Rotor- Earthfault protection
For generators in block configuration

RP RE n Applicable for stator- and rotor
groundfault protection
RE RP n Also useful for grounding
transformers on terminal side
n Continuous supervison of leakage
REX 011
WU30Z resistance, and calculation of
P8 resistance to earth.
95%-E/F Stator Rotor Ui n Continuous supervision of injection

110
[V]
unit and primary earthing

-110
A
Inj ecti on Test
D
[ms]
Coded 12.5H z i njec tion Signal
95% StEF 100% StEF100% RoEF
U DC CPU
110V REX 010 REG 216
100% Stator- and rotor- earthfault protection
with current- injection REX 010
Injection signal
V
t
Injection test
320ms 640ms
n I0 < 20A; recommended 5A

n Supply of the system by station battery
n Settings and measuring in kΩ

n with mode for self-calibration

n Injection of a coded current signal with pulse and periodic breaks
for evaluation and suppression of disturbance signals
n Injection frequency: 12,5Hz

Generator Protection by ABB

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Technology and Solutions

Protection and Substation Automation

5. Block diagram of a protection function

• Line differential protection

Generator q Generator protection

The purpose of a protection system is:

A protection system should protect against:

1. Abnormal service conditions

1. Availability à of the protection

3. Flexibility à Standard HW / SW modules

Damage costs = Riscs

With selfmonitoring (numerical relay) :

Up Time : Time in service in a healthy state - MTTF (Mean Time To Failure)

1. Reliability Quality of the system during the service time

2. Selectivity Evaluation (differential current I∆, unbalanced load I2)

No tripping when no fault happens

5. Avccuracy Evaluation of small fault currents

A generator protection system should provide:

1. Flexibility in the choice of protecton functions

5. Connection of incoming signals

With a generator protection system it should be possible

>20 MVA >20 MVA

- Number of generators in the power plant / in the network

Stator earthfault protection!!!!

1. Turbo generator (1-2 pairs of poles)

• Middle turning speed

• Coverage of middle and base load

• Coverage of base load

• The rotor winding is on the blades of the turbine

for small machines only because of shortcircuit

Resistor (primary) Resistance (secondary)

I0 = f(Re) 100% I0 = f(Re,U)

Grounding resistor calculated for approx. 10 Sec. and 5 – 15 A

Machines and blocktransformer with

In case of inquiries In case of inquiries

Earthing Transformer, Un/√3 / U2/3 On secondary side the transformer

ABB prefers the earthing methode with resistor because of

§ In case of an earthfault the VT and resitors are loaded between 0 and

phase-to-phase voltage and the resistors are shortly overloaded

§ Costs for earthing transformer and seconary resistor are high

Short-circuit Short-circuit Overload Overload Frequency

Ground-fault Ground-fault Überspannung NPS Reverse

Interturn Overfluxing Loss of field

Main protection Back-up protection

Main protection Back-up protection

Ground Fault 64S

Reverse power 32 Ground Fault 64R

Frequency 81 Negative phase sequence 46

Rotor overload 49R

87G YWX111 64R

87G YWX111 64R

Rotor overload (TRIP) 49R X X X

Reverse power (protection) 32 X X X

87G YWX111 64R Blockdifferential 87B

Transformer Diff. 87T

87G YWX111 64R Blockdifferential 87B

Transformer Diff. 87T

Overcurrent (Excitation) 50/51E X X X X

Stator Overload (Trip) 49S X

Negative Sequence (Trip) 46

87G YWX111 64R Aux. Trafo Diff. 87A

Trafo Groundfault 51N

87G YWX111 64R Aux. Trafo Diff. 87A

Trafo Groundfault 51N