Structural Elements

and
Materials

CE & EM
 Classification – by action
? Tension - bar
? Compression - column
? Bending (1-D)- beam
? (2-D) - plate
? (3-D) - shell
? Torsion - shaft

CE & EM
 Terminology
? Tension - bar, strut, cable
? Compression – column, strut, pier
? Bending – beam, stringer, girder,
spar, joist, ....
? Torsion – drive shaft,

CE & EM
 Purpose of classification

? Analysis models – simplified

calculation of load effects.
? Failure modes – characteristic
modes for types of members (as
well as type of material.)

CE & EM
 Tension Members

P/A = stress = ? psi or ksi

= force per unit area
Same stress at all points
and at all cross sections.
(Any shape section.)
CE & EM
 Tension
Length L
P

stress = ?
P
Deformed Length L + ? L

Unit deformation = ? L/L = strain ?

CE & EM
 Tension

? Axial force
? Stress – force per unit area (psi)
- same at all points
- all material used equally
? Strain – elongation/unit length (in/in)
- all material deforms equally

CE & EM
 Tension

? Material used efficiently

? Drawbacks – connections, fracture
? Good for testing how material
behaves because all material has
the same stress and deformation.

CE & EM
 Tension Test

P ? Measure A in test section

? Gage length L
? At each P, record ? L
L ? Calculate P/A & ? L/L
? Plot ? vs ?
? Determine strength,
ductility, E, yield stress

CE & EM
 Stress – Strain Curve
? Linear Elastic
psi
Slope = E psi
= Young’s Modulus

? in/in
CE & EM
 Stress – Strain Curve (steel)
? Tensile Strength - psi
psi
Yield stress - psi fracture

Ductility – in/in or %

? in/in
CE & EM
 Stress – Strain Curve (steel)
? Tensile Strength
psi Higher strength steel
Yield stress

Ductility

? in/in
CE & EM
 Stress – Strain Curve (Steel)
? Elastic Inelastic
(slope E)
psi

? in/in
CE & EM
 Linear Elastic Materials

Stress – Strain relation

? =E?

CE & EM
 Failure Modes - Tension

Ductile or Brittle

Yield or Fracture

CE & EM
 Failure Modes - Tension

Steel –
? Ductile, but higher
strength steels have less
ductility.
? At fracture, failure is abrupt

CE & EM
 Failure Modes - Tension

? Cast iron – brittle

? Wood – brittle
? Aluminum – pure vs alloys
- ductile to brittle
? Concrete – very weak/brittle

CE & EM
 Compression Members

P/A = stress = ? psi or ksi

= force per unit area
Same stress at all points
and at all cross sections.
(Any shape section.)
CE & EM
 Compression
Length L
P
stress = ?
P
Deformed Length L- ?L

Unit deformation = ? L/L = strain ?

CE & EM
 Compression - Notes

? Axial force
? Stress – force per unit area (psi)
- same at all points
- all material used equally
? Strain – shortening/unit length (in/in)
- all material deforms equally

CE & EM
 Compression

? Material used efficiently.

? Connection easier than in
tension.
? Drawback - new mode of failure
- BUCKLING

CE & EM
 Compression Test

? Same measurements as for

A P tension test.
? Same presentation of data as
(? vs ?) curve for
L compression.
? Avoid buckling failure.
P ? Strength and properties may
differ from tension values.

CE & EM
 Linear Elastic Materials

? =E?

Generally, E is the same in T or C

CE & EM
 Failure Modes - Compression

Crushing (yield)
Buckling

(Ductile or Brittle)

CE & EM
 Steel in Compression

Properties are the same as in

tension
if buckling is prevented.
(But buckling usually controls.)

CE & EM
 Concrete
? Compressive Strength = fc’ psi
psi crushing
E = modulus = slope of secant

Ductility

? in/in
CE & EM
 Concrete
? /fc’ cracks join up and grow
1
0.9
0.75 cracks spreading into mortar
bond cracking
0.3
little cracking

? in/in
CE & EM
 Concrete
? Compression
fc’
Tension

less than 0.1fc’

ft’

? in/in
CE & EM