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Material Feasibility Report IZZUL FADLI (19FTE1016
Material Feasibility Report IZZUL FADLI (19FTE1016
PROJECT-BASED LEARNING
Material Feasibility Report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………...1
INTRODUCTION OF REPORT……………………………………………………………2
o AIM……………………………………………………………………………………2
o OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………………..2
BRICKS……………………………………………………………………………………….3
o DEFINITION OF BRICK…………………………………………………………….3
o PROPERTIES OF BRICKS………………………………………………………...3
o PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRICKS……………………………………..3
o MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BRICKS…………………………………3
o EFFECTIVENESS OF BRICKS…………………………………………………...5
FOUNDATION……………………………………………………………………………….7
o DEFINITION OF FOUNDATION…………………………………………………..7
o CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUNDATION………………………………………...7
o CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATION………………………………………….8-9
o THE IMPORTANCE OF FOUNDATIONS……………………………………….10
o DEFECTS ON FOUNDATION……………………………………………………11
CONCRETE………………………………………………………………………………...12
o DEFINITION OF CONCRETE……………………………………………………13
o PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE………………………………………………….13
FLOORING…………………………………………………………………………………18
o FLOORING DEFINITION…………………………………………………………18
o FLOORING PROPERTIES………………………………………………….....…18
o FLOORING EFFECTIVENESS…………………………………………………..18
o CONSTRUCTING FLOORS……………………………………………….....19-20
o DEFECT FLOORING……………………………………………………………..21
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………..22
REFERENCE……………………………………………………………………………….23
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 AIM
The aim set forth for this report is intended to demonstrate an understanding of the
application of appropriate materials in assembly, construction systems and the
application of the relevant codes and standards in architecture
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The learning objectives set for this project are to demonstrate further understanding
of Material and Architectural Technology. Advance understanding of bricks and block
with the type of bonding, foundation and soil specification, concrete, and flooring.
Establish an understanding of the application of the relevant codes and standards
2.0 BRICKS
A brick is building material used to make walls, and other elements in masonry
construction. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes
which vary with region and time, and are produced in bulk quantities.
Brick Standard shape is truly rectangular sharp and true right-angled corners. The
surface of the bricks is regular and even. Special purpose bricks may be either cut or
manufacture in various other shapes. Bricks uniform and bright. The most common
colour falls under the class red.
Compressive and flexure strength are most important properties of bricks because
so strength is required to take transverse loads
Ideal brick should provide suitable insulation of heat and sound conductivity of
bricks. Bricks should be designed in such a way that they are light strong and give
adequate insulation.
2.3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BRICK
The process of making clay brick is generally uniform, although manufacturers tailor
their production to fit their particular raw materials. In general, the manufacturing
process consists of essentially of six stages:
Fig.1
2.4 EFFECTIVENESS OF BRICKS
Brick plays a very significant role in the structure of a building. Bricks are used as a
different stone for construction purposes. The main uses of construction brick are
given below:
The building of walls of any size
Manufacture of floors
Construction of arches and cornice
Assembly of brick retaining wall
Brick has been utilized its qualities to produce new contemporary retroactive
architecture buildings which include using bricks in unique arrangements.
Pic. 1
Pic. 2
Pic.3
2.5 DEFECT IN BRICKS MASONRY
RANDOM CRACKS
Pic. 4
An annual inspection of your brick structure is a must and should take into account
every aesthetic as well as the functional factor of the brick. One way to do this is to
spray the surface, using the pressure of the water to check for any weak spots in the
mortar, which could lead to leaks and many other issues.
Use expansion joints where needed. Long walls, especially wall that experience a
wide range of temperatures, expand and contract as they heat and cool. Expansion
joints allow for relief of pressure when a section of the wall has expanded as far as
space allows.
Diagram. 1
Understand that there are many reasons a masonry wall may crack. Some, you
cannot control.
3.0 FOUNDATION
Foundations (substructure) is the lower portion the building, usually located below
ground level, which transmits the load of the superstructure to the subsoil a
foundation is.
Diagram. 2
Fig. 2
SITE LAYOUT
• Define the boundaries.
• Layout building perimeter, establish building corners & building perimeter.
Fig. 3
EXCAVATION
•Excavate foundation along the line created and remainder of soil inside perimeter
Fig. 4
POUR FOOTINGS
•Construct formwork
•Pour concrete footings
•Smooth / finish surface
Fig. 5
POUR SLAB ON GRADE
•Install gravel base
•Install moisture barrier and welded wire fabric
•Pour concrete slab
•Finish slab surface
Fig. 6
POUR CONCRETE FOUNDATION WALLS
•Pour concrete foundation wall
•Install anchor bolts into semi-cured concrete
Fig. 7
Each building is constructed for a specific purpose behind with a specific provision of
foundation. Foundation serves the following purposes:
Reduction of load
intensity
Foundations distribute loads of the superstructure, to a larger area so that the intensity
of the
load at its base does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
Even distribution of
load
Foundations distribute the non – uniform loads of the superstructure evenly to the sub-
soil
Provision of level
surface
Foundation provides a leveled and hard surface over which the super-structure can be
built.
Lateral stability
It anchors the superstructure to the ground, thus imparting lateral stability to the
superstructure
Safety against
undermining
It provides structural safety against undermining due to burrowing animals and food
water.
Cracks in concrete are very common and are quite concerning and require the
evaluation of a structural engineer or a contractor specializing in foundation repair.
Substantial cracking can be the result of insufficient reinforcement, differential
settlement, and/or backfill issues.
Fig. 8
INSUFFICIENT SUPPORT
Foundations and footings without proper support will eventually settle and crack.
There are some options to correct this issue retroactively, such as helical piers.
Fig. 9
4.0 CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregate held together
by a hardened paste of cement and water.
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile
strength. The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low-stress levels but
starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. Concrete has a
very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All
concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension.
4.3 STAGES OF MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE
Fig. 10
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Curing: process in which the concrete keeps its moisture for a certain time to
complete the hydration process. This prevents plastic shrinkage of concrete
Fig. 14
Concrete has been utilized its qualities for architecture and design includes buildings
and product.
Pic. 5
SHRINKAGE CRACKS
Caused by evaporation of mix water in fresh concrete, the extent of which will
depend on:
– The amount of water in concrete increasing water in the mix increases cracking
– The weather conditions
– Lack of curing
Fig. 15
How to minimize fresh concrete cracks
5.0 FLOORING
A floor is a structure formed of beams, girders, and other members with proper
covering, which divides a building horizontally into stories
Floor withstand the loads that will be imposed upon them. Floor also prevent growth
of vegetable matter inside the building by provision of concrete over site and damp
penetrating the building floor can also be utilized to meet certain thermal insulation
standards by incorporating a layer of insulating material to reduce the heat loss into
ground below. floorings provide an acceptable surface finish which will meet the
needs of users with regard to appearance comfort safety cleanliness.
Diagram. 4
Diagram. 5
Diagram. 6
5.5 DEFECT FLOORING
Random crack in flooring continuously without making panels which occur due to
development on tensile stresses on account of shrinkage and thermal contraction of
concrete and occur mostly in the first dry spell. To avoid cracking cast flooring in
panels, do adequate curing in the initial period of hardening of concrete.
Fig. 16
CONCLUSION
These materials are vital and important for constructions especially in a developing
country like ours. In order to help improve the quality of a building the chosen of
materials are as important as any other things. We also understand that we should
reduce amount of errors in construction as it will cause defects. The knowledge and
critical information gained on these materials are very important in not just
architectural aspect but constructional aspect as well.
REFERENCE
https://civilengineeringbible.com/article.php?i=82#:~:text=These%20bricks%20are
%20in%20the,pillars%2C%20brick%20chimneys%2C%20etc.&text=These%20are
%20also%20known%20as,prepared%20from%20special%20homogeneous%20clay.
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/brick/69-characteristics-and-
qualities-of-good-bricks-for-construction
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/brick/37-brick-use-construction
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundation-in-construction-purpose-
functions/18963/
https://www.everything-about-concrete.com/
https://www.slideserve.com/juliana/concrete-defects-causes-and-remedies
https://www.slideshare.net/jswindel/floors-slideshare