NO.

102/1

Student Personal
Marker Code Identification Number (SPIN)

South Pacific Form Seven Certificate

BIOLOGY
2010
QUESTION and ANSWER BOOKLET
Write your Student Personal Identification Number (SPIN) on the top right hand
corner of this page and on the fold-out flap on the last page.

Answer ALL QUESTIONS. Write your answers in the appropriate spaces provided in
this booklet. If you need more space for answers, ask the Supervisor for extra paper.
Write your SPIN on all extra sheets used and clearly number the questions. Attach the
extra sheets at the appropriate places in this booklet.

Marks Suggested
Time

Question 1 Migration 13 marks 16 mins

Question 2 Plant responses 10 marks 12 mins
Question 3 Plant Hormone 7 marks 8 mins
Question 4 Territories and Social Hierarchy 15 marks 18 mins
Question 5 DNA Replication and Transcription 14 marks 17 mins
Question 6 Mutations 13 marks 16 mins
Question 7 Sex Linkage 12 marks 14 mins
Question 8 Inheritance Patterns 13 marks 16 mins
Question 9 Crossing Over 7 marks 8 mins
Question 10 Population Genetics 7 marks 8 mins
Question 11 Evolution 16 marks 19 mins
Question 12 Transgenesis 13 marks 16 mins
Question 13 PCR and DNA Profiling 10 marks 12 mins
--------------- ------------
150 marks 180 mins
======== =======
Check that this booklet contains pages 2-24 in the correct order and that none of these
pages are blank. Pages 25 and 26 have been left blank deliberately.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE
EXAMINATION.

TOTAL MARKS
150
 2

QUESTION ONE MIGRATION (13 marks)

Hummingbirds around a feeder Migratory pathway for rufous hummingbird

The rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) inhabits the west coast of North America. The rufous
is a long distance migrator breeding as far north as Alaska and overwintering as far south as
Mexico. Birds flying the 3500km distance may stop at least 4 times to refuel. The hummingbirds
are omnivorous, eating a diet of nectar and insects. Research has shown that individual birds
return to the same garden and flower patch each year.

(a) Give the term used to describe the behaviour of ‘returning to the same flower patch‘.

(1 mark)

(b) Give three methods that the hummingbirds may use to navigate between Alaska and Mexico.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(3 marks)

(c) Give two reasons why the hummingbirds migrate to Alaska each spring in order to breed.

(i)

(ii)
(2 marks)
 3

(d) Give two reasons why the hummingbirds migrate to Mexico each autumn to spend winter
there.

(i)

(ii)
(2 marks)

(e) Explain why the birds need to stop to refuel during migration.

(2 marks)

(f) On arrival in Alaska in spring, the male rufous hummingbird performs an aerial courtship
display to females. Write a short paragraph explaining the purpose of these courtship
displays.

(3 marks)

Q1 13
 4

QUESTION TWO PLANT RESPONSES (10 marks)

Sunflowers are grown in many parts of the

world. They have this name because the
flowers track the sun from east to west
across the sky each day. This response
could be described either as a
photonastic or as a phototropic
response.

(a) Define the term ‘tropic response’.

(2 marks)

(b) Define the term ‘nastic response’.

(2 marks)

(c) Write a short paragraph explaining why the response of the sunflowers could be considered
both a photonastic and a phototropic response.

(4 marks)

(d) State what you would expect to happen to this response on a cloudy day. Give a reason for
your answer.

(2 marks)

Q2 10
 5

QUESTION THREE PLANT HORMONE (7 marks)

The photograph alongside shows a vine (or

liane) growing up another plant in the forests
of Rarotonga.

(a) Name the response shown by the vine.

(1 mark)

(b) Write a short paragraph explaining in detail how the bending of the vine is caused.

(3 marks)

(c) Explain two benefits to the vine from this growth habit.

(i)

(ii)

(2 marks)

(d) Explain why the relationship between the vine and the other plant could be described as a
commensal relationship.

(1 mark)

Q3 7
 6

QUESTION FOUR TERRITORIES AND SOCIAL HEIRARCHY (15 marks)

Pukekos are a type of swamp hen native to

New Zealand. Adult birds have a red beak, blue
feathers over the body with white under the tail.
Pukekos live in mixed groups; each group
maintains a territory. Within each group a
dominance heirarchy occurs.

(a) Define the term ‘territory’.

(2 marks)

(b) Give two advantages to the pukekos of being territorial.

(i)

(ii)

(2 marks)

(c) Explain what is meant by a ‘dominance hierarchy’.

(1 mark)

(d) Describe three factors that may cause a pukeko to have a high rank in the group.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(3 marks)
 7

(e) The drawing below shows an interaction between two pukekos.

Page 130 Year 13 Biology LWB. ESA Publications 2010

State which bird [left or right] is showing submissive behaviour and give a reason for your
choice.

(1 mark)

(f) Explain how submissive behaviour helps:

(i) the individual

(1 mark)

(ii) the group

(2 marks)

(g) Young pukekos do not have the red beak of the adults. Explain how this helps:

(i) the young birds

(1 mark)

(ii) the group

(2 marks)

Q4 15
 8

QUESTION FIVE DNA REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION (14 marks)

DNA is able to replicate itself to form two identical molecules.

(a) Give the purpose of DNA replication.

(1 mark)

(b) Give the function of the following chemicals in DNA replication:

Helicase

DNA polymerase

Ligase

Okazaki fragments

(4 marks)

(c) Give both the name and role of a sequence of three bases in DNA.

(1 mark)

(d) A small section of a DNA strand had the following sequence of bases:
AA T GCT CCA
Give the base sequence of the matching DNA strand.

(1 mark)

(e) Define transcription and say where it occurs.

(2 marks)

(f) A small section of a DNA strand had the following sequence of bases:
AA T GCT CCA
Give the base sequence following transcription.

(1 mark)
 9

(g) The first transcript made is the primary transcript and this is edited to produce the final
transcript used in protein synthesis. Describe the editing process that produces the final
transcript.

(4 marks)

Q5 14
 10

QUESTION SIX MUTATIONS (13 marks)

(a) Distinguish between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation.

(2 marks)

(b) Describe what happens in a chromosomal mutation with:

(i) translocation

(1 mark)

(ii) deletion

(1 mark)

(c) Explain which of these two types of mutation in b is likely to be the most harmful.

(2 marks)

(d) A sequence of DNA bases on a section of a strand of a molecule is :

TA C CAA TGT GAC TAA AGG
Two mutated forms of this DNA strand are given below:
1 TAC CAA TTG ACT AAA GGC
2 TAC CAA TGT GAC CAA AGG

Identify the type of mutation that has occurred in each strand:

1 (1 mark)

2 (1 mark)
 11

(e) Explain fully which of these two types of mutation is likely to be the most harmful.

(3 marks)

(f) A gene mutation occurred in the cell of a woman but resulted in no harm to her children. Give
two reasons why the mutation did not have a harmful effect in any of the children.

(i)

(ii)

(2 marks)

Q6 13
 12

QUESTION SEVEN SEX LINKAGE (12 marks)

Tortoiseshell coat colour in cats is a mixture of black and ginger; it is a sex-linked trait. The alleles
for black coat (B) and ginger coat (G) are co-dominant and are located on the X chromosome.

(a) Explain the meaning of ‘co-dominant’.

(2 marks)

(b) Complete the table below to show the phenotype of the cats (both sex and colour needed).

Genotype Phenotype
XBY
XGY
XGXG
XGXB
XBXB
(2 marks)

(c) A ginger male cat is crossed with a black female cat. Give the cross and work through a
Punnett Square to show the possible genotypes of the kittens.

Cross X

Draw your Punnett here.

(1 mark)
 13

(d) Give the phenotypes of the:

(i) Female kittens

(ii) Male kittens

(1 mark)

The photograph alongside shows Max, a

very rare cat as he is a male tortoiseshell.

(e) Give the genotype of Max (1 mark)

(f) Give the name of the chromosomal condition that has caused Max’s genotype.

(1 mark)

(g) Explain in detail how this condition was caused.

(4 marks)

Q7 12
 14

QUESTION EIGHT INHERITANCE PATTERNS (13 marks)

Two genes control coat colour in mice. These genes are not linked.
The presence of the dominant allele (E) at the first gene allows the expression of the second gene.
When this dominant allele is not present (genotype ee), the second gene cannot be expressed and
the phenotype is albino.
The presence of the dominant allele (B) at the second gene produces an agouti coloured coat,
while its absence (genotype bb) produces a black coat.

(a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘not linked’.

(1 mark)

(b) State, with a reason, whether this inheritance pattern shows:

co-dominance OR polygenes OR collaboration OR complementary genes OR

supplementary genes

(2 marks)

(c) Give all the possible genotypes for a black mouse.

(1 mark)

(d) Give all the possible genotypes for an agouti mouse.

(2 marks)

(e) A breeder wants to establish a pure breeding population of agouti mice.

Give the genotype he needs to use for breeding and explain your choice.

(2 marks)
 15

(f) A cross was carried out between a mouse with genotype EeBb and a mouse with genotype
Eebb.

(i) Give the phenotypes of these mice.

EeBb Eebb (1 mark)

(ii) Draw up a Punnett Square to show the possible genotypes of their offspring.

Draw your Punnett here.

(2 marks)

(iii) Give the phenotypes of the offspring and their expected ratio.

(2 marks)

Q8 13
 16

QUESTION NINE CROSSING OVER (7 marks)

Meiosis halves the chromosome number from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) in forming the gametes.
During the process of meiosis, independent assortment and crossing over both occur.
The diagram below shows 4 chromosomes in a cell. The locus of 3 genes (A B D) are given.

(a) Crossing over occurs between A and D.

Draw labelled diagrams to show the crossing over and the outcome.

Draw your diagrams here.

(2 marks)

(b) Give the genotypes of the parental chromosomes.

(1 mark)

(c) Give the genotypes of the recombinant chromosomes.

(1 mark)
 17

(d) Write a paragraph explaining the importance of crossing over.

(3 marks)

Q9 7
 18

QUESTION TEN POPULATION GENETICS (7 marks)

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle (p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1) states that the frequency of alleles in a
population will remain constant from generation to generation provided certain conditions apply.
Dimpled cheeks is an inherited condition in humans and is caused by a dominant allele. People
without this allele have smooth cheeks. In a population of 200, 120 individuals had dimpled cheeks
and 80 had smooth cheeks.

Dimpled cheeks Smooth cheeks Total

120 80 200

Assuming that the Hardy-Weinberg Principle applies:

(a) Calculate the frequency of the allele for smooth cheeks (show all your working).

(2 marks)

(b) Calculate the percentage of people who are heterozygous (show all your working).

(2 marks)

(c) Calculate the number of people with dimpled cheeks who are homozygous (show all your
working).

(2 marks)

(d) In normal human populations, the allele frequencies are unlikely to remain constant for
generation after generation. Give one reason why the frequencies of alleles are unlikely to
remain constant.

(1 mark)

Q10 7
 19

QUESTION ELEVEN EVOLUTION (16 marks)

The Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA has

been formed over millions of years as the
Colorado River has eroded layers of
sedimentary rock. The distance between
the north rim and the south rim of the
canyon can be as wide as 16km.

The Abert squirrel (Sciurus aberti) lives in

the pine forests of the south rim of the
canyon. It has tasselled ears, a grey coat
with a reddish stripe down the back, and a
white belly.

www.nps.gov/band/naturescience/images

The Kaibab squirrel (Sciurus aberti

kaibabensis) lives in the pine forests of the
north rim of the canyon. It also has tasselled
ears, but it is black in colour except for its tail
which is white.

www.wikiwallpapers.com

The Kaibab and Abert squirrel have evolved from the same common ancestor and the Kaibab
squirrel is a subspecies of the Abert.
 20

(a) Write a short paragraph describing the evolutionary processes that have given rise to these
two subspecies of squirrel.

(2 marks)

(b) State, with a reason, whether the formation of these two subspecies of squirrel is an example
of on-going:

convergent evolution OR divergent evolution OR parallel evolution

(2 marks)

(c) State, with a reason, whether the formation of these two subspecies of squirrel is an example
of on-going:

sympatric speciation OR allopatric speciation OR instant speciation

(2 marks)

(d) Explain whether you would expect the two types of squirrel to be able to breed if brought
together.

(2 marks)

(e) Explain in detail how aspects of behaviour may contribute to speciation.

(3 marks)
 21

(f) Explain in detail how differences in chromosome number may contribute to speciation.

(3 marks)

(g) The Kaibab and Abert squirrels have very different colours. Explain how this difference in
colour may have occurred

(2 marks)

Q11 16
 22

QUESTION TWELVE TRANSGENESIS (13 marks)

Roses are a popular flower in many countries. The flowers occur naturally in shades from white to
dark red. After 12 years of research, scientists in Australia have produced blue rose flowers using
biotechnological techniques. Viola flowers are naturally blue because they have enzymes to
synthesise the blue pigment delphinidin. Scientists were able to extract the genes that code for the
enzymes that synthesise the delphinidin and transfer them to rose plants. Plants that incorporated
these genes into their genome produced blue flowers.

(a) Define the term ‘genome’.

(1 mark)

(b) Explain why the production of blue roses is an example of transgenesis.

(1 mark)

(c) DNA was isolated from viola plants and the needed genes removed. Explain in detail the
technique used to remove the wanted DNA.

(3 marks)

(d) The viola genes could be spliced into the plasmid of the bacterium Agrobacterium
tumefaciens which could be used as a vector in the process.

(i) Describe a ‘plasmid’.

(1 mark)

(ii) Explain in detail the technique used to splice the viola genes into the plasmid.

(3 marks)
 23

(e) Scientist may also have used the techniques protoplast fusion and / or ‘gene gun’ to place
the viola genes into the rose plants. Describe one of these techniques.

Name:

Description:

(2 marks)

(f) Describe a major problem with techniques such as those given in e.

(1 mark)

(g) Give a reason why scientists would want to produce blue roses.

(1 mark)

Q12 13
 24

QUESTION THIRTEEN PCR AND DNA PROFILING (10 marks)

Kiwis are an endangered flightless New Zealand bird. One of the biggest killers of kiwi are dogs.
Recently, a young kiwi was killed by a dog. The dead bird was sent to scientists in hope that DNA
could be extracted from the dog’s saliva on the feathers of the bird to create a DNA profile.

(a) The technique of PCR is likely to be used on any DNA found in the saliva.

(i) Give the purpose of PCR.

(1 mark)

(ii) Outline the role of temperature in PCR.

(2 marks)

(b) DNA produced from PCR will be subject to the technique of gel electrophoresis.

(i) Give the purpose of gel electrophoresis here.

(2 marks)

(ii) Explain how gel electrophoresis is able to achieve this purpose.

(3 marks)

(c) Explain how the resulting DNA profile may be used to identify the killer dog.

(2 marks)

Q13 10
 25

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 26

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27

Student Personal
Identification Number (SPIN)

BIOLOGY
2010
(for Markers only)

Question Examiner Mark Check Mark

1
13

2
10

3
7

4
15

5
14

6
13

7
12

8
13

9
7

10
7

11
16

12
13
13
10

TOTAL
150