SKELETAL MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Nurfitri Bustamam, SSi, MKes, MPdKed.

Learning objectives
1. Describe ultrastucture of skeletal muscle
2. Identify the components of neuromuscular junction &
summarize the events involved in the neural control of
skeletal muscle
3. Explain the key steps of contraction & relaxation of
skeletal muscle
4. Describe the mechanisms by which skeletal muscle
obtain the energy to power contraction
5. Describe factors which influenced in skeletal muscle
performance
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Muscle Type

(Silverthorn, 2010)
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 Jenis Otot Skelet Otot Polos O. Jantung

Lokasi Melekat pd Saluran reproduksi, Dinding

rangka cerna, napas & jantung
vaskuler
Pengendalian volunter involunter involunter

Kemampuan terkecil terbesar diantaranya

Kontraksi
Kecepatan tercepat terlambat diantaranya

Pacemaker - +/- +
Kontraksi Graded Unitary – syncitium Syncitium
Multi unit - graded

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Ultrastructure

(Silverthorn, 2010)
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* FIGURE 12-3

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 (Silverthorn, 2010)
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Neuromuscular
Junction

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Nurfitri B (Vander, 2007) 9
Nurfitri B Sherwood 2010 10
Nurfitri B 11
(Silverthorn, 2010)
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Figure. Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. The top panel shows an
action potential in the T tubule that causes a conformational change in the
voltage-sensing
(Guyton & Hall , 2011)
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Molecular Basis of Contraction &
Relaxation

(Silverthorn, 2010)
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(Silverthorn, 2010) Nurfitri B 18
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Nurfitri B (Silverthorn, 2010) 20
Sarcomere

(Silverthorn, 2010) 21B

Nurfitri
 Discharge Relase ACh at Binding ACh to
of motor motor end nicotinic
neuron plate receptors

Generation
action Generation end Increase Na-K
potential in plate potential conductance
muscle fibers

Release Ca2+ Binding Ca2+

Spread
from to troponin C,
depolarisation
sarcoplasmic uncovering
along T tubule
reticulum binding sites

Formation cross linkage

between actin & myosin,
Contraction Steps sliding movement
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Relaxation Steps

Ca2+ pumped back

Release of Ca2+
into sarcoplasmic
from troponin
reticulum

Cessation of
interaction between
actin & myosin

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Kontraksi Otot Rangka
 ‘mendayung’: attach-swivel-detach
 Attach: - troponin mengikat Ca2+
- miosin menjadi ‘charge’
- ATPase aktif
 Note fungsi ion Ca2+:
1. menarik tropomiosin ke lateral
2. membuat kepala miosin mjd “charge”
3. membuat ATPase mjd aktif
 Detach: kepala miosin ditempeli ATP
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Relaksasi

1. Tidak ada lagi rangsang saraf

2. Tersedia cukup ATP untuk melepaskan
ikatan aktin-miosin & memasukkan Ca2+ ke
retikulum endoplasmik.

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 Rigor mortis  stiffening of sceletal muscles
that begins several hours after death &
complete after 12 hours

 The stiffness of rigor mortis disappears about

48-60 hours after death as the muscle tissue
disintegrated

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 Muscle Cramp

 Many muscle cramps are caused by hyperexcitability of the

somatic motor neurons controlling the muscle.

 As the neuron responds repeatedly, the muscle fibers of its

motor unit go into a state of painful sustained contraction.

 Sometimes muscle cramps can be relieved by forcibly

stretching the muscle. Apparently, stretching sends sensory
information to the central nervous system that inhibits the
somatic motor neuron, relieving the cramp.

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 Muscle Cramp

 Involuntary tetanic contraction of skeletal muscles produces

muscle cramps.
 During cramping, action potentials fire at abnormally high
rates, a much greater rate than occurs during maximal
voluntary contraction.
 The specific cause of this high activity is uncertain, but it is
probably related to electrolyte imbalances in the
extracellular fluid surrounding both the muscle and nerve fi
bers.
 These imbalances may arise from overexercise or persistent
dehydration, and they can directly induce action potentials
in motor neurons and muscle fibers.
Vander’s Human 2008
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Nurfitri B (Silverthorn, 2010) 29
Sifat-sifat listrik otot rangka

 1 sel otot rangka taat hukum All or None

 1 berkas otot tdd byk serat otot & memiliki
ambang berlainan, sehingga makin besar
rangsang, makin besar jawaban (kontraksi yg
ditimbulkan sampai batas tertentu).

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 Summation of Contractions

o The contractile mechanism does not have a refractory period,

repeated stimulation before relaxation produces additional
activation of the contractile elements and a response that is
added to the contraction present  summation of
contractions: the tension developed during summation is
considerably greater than that during the single muscle
twitch

o With rapidly repeated stimulation before any relaxation

occurs, activation of the contractile mechanism occurs
repeatedly  the repeated individual responses fuse into one
continuous contraction.  complete tetanus (no relaxation
occurs between stimuli)

o Incomplete tetanus: periods of incomplete relaxation take

place between the summated stimuli.
Ganong, 2013
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 (Sherwood, 2010)
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 (Silverthorn, 2010)
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ATP Source

(Vander, 2007)
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(Silverthorn, 2010)
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Oxygen Debt

 Setelah kerja berat butuh O2 untuk:

 Asam laktat  piruvat
 Membentuk cadangan ATP
 Resintesis fosfokreatin

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Keadaan yg mempengaruhi fungsi otot
 Atrofi otot: sel otot mengecil + cad ATP,
fosfoprotein, cad glikogen
 disuse
 denervation
 Hipertofi otot
 Kelelahan (fatigue):
 Muscular: ATP & asam laktat
 Neuromuscular: sintesis ACh
 Central/psychological (will to win)

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(Silverthorn, 2010)
38
 Kekuatan otot menurun 30-40% pada usia 30-
80 tahun. The diminishing can be prevented by
regular exercise!!

Faktor yg mempengaruhi kekuatan kontraksi:

 suhu
 panjang awal
 pembebanan
 cara perangsangan (langsung/tdk langsung)

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Pengaruh Panjang Awal Otot

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Kontraksi Otot
 Isometrik: kontraksi yang tidak menyebabkan
pemendekan otot.
 Isotonik: kontraksi yang menyebabkan
pemendekan otot

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 (Silverthorn, 2010)
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(Silverthorn, 2010)

43
 Fiber Type

(Silverthorn, 2010)
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 (Vander, 2007)

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Muscle adaptation to Excercise

 Endurance training  decrease number of

fast-glycolytic fibers & increase number fast-
oxidative fibers
 Lifting weights will not improve the
endurance of a long-distance runner, &
jogging will not produce the increased
strength a weight lifter desires. Choose a type
of exercise!!

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