Human

Health and
Disease
MIND MAP
By: Dr. Anand Mani
UN ACADEMY SUBSCRIPTION
I
→ ANAND
2
 Father of Medicine →
Hippocrates
HEALTH

• As per ‘Good humor’ hypothesis arrived at by

reflective thought and asserted by Hippocrates
along with Indian Ayurveda System.

Health is a state of body and mind where there was

a balance of certain ‘humors’ e.g., persons with black
bile belonged to hot personality and had fevers.
✓✓ ✓

• William Harvey (discovered blood circulation

experimentally) disproved this ‘good humor’
hypothesis of health by demonstrating normal body
temperature in persons with black bile using
thermometer.
View of biologists in later years:

• Mind influences our immune system

through neural and endocrine
systems, and that our immune or
system maintains our health i.e.,
state of complete physical, mental
and social and psychological well
being.

• Health is not simply ‘absence of

disease’ or ‘physical fitness’.
 it
• Factors affecting health:
is long inetat
Mental state, genetic disorders, infections and lifestyle (habits, rest and exercise) ;
-
Autoimmune
-

Productivity, longevity
Increase
• Healthy Bring economic prosperity
conditions
Decrease Infant and maternal mortality
 DISEASE
• It is state of the body when functioning of one or more organ/systems is adversely
affected, characterized by various signs and symptoms.
#

Noncommunicable
Types of diseases

Parameters
• Transmission
Two Non- infectious Emm
Infectious → Communicable
× ü
from one
persons to
another
• Example Cancer
-
AIDS
-

•
Bacterial
•
Viral
oprotoloan
•
Fungal
• Pathogens: are disease causing organisms *
- _

it
• Most parasites are pathogens living in (or on) the
host multiple and interfere with normal vital
-

activities resulting in morphological and functional

-

damage.

• Gut pathogens can survive harsh pH & resists

digestive enzymes.
 Magus →
Ratjwa*_M
CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES ON THE BASIS OF TRANSMISSION
Mode of Bacterial Viral Protozoan Helminthic
transmission

:
Air (droplet/ Pneumonia, Common cold, – –
aerosol) or diphtheria Smallpox
Object born
(pens, knobs etc.)
Direct contact Tetanus Smallpox – –
Contaminated Typhoid, Polio Amoebiasis Ascariasis
food and water dysentery
Insect Plague Chikungunya, Malaria Filariasis
vector/vector Dengue ANOPHELES
born AEDES CULEX

a Body fluids Syphilis AIDS Trichomoniasis –

Ø Vector: Transmits disease from one organism to another e.g., female Aedes
mosquito is the vector for dengue and chikungunya, while, Anopheles spreads
malaria.
MEASURES FOR PREVENTING SPREADS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Parameters Measures
Personal Hygiene • Keeping the body clean

:
• Consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables,
fruits etc.
• Decontamination of drinking water
Public Hygiene • Proper disposal of waste and excreta.
• Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs,
pools, cesspools and tanks.
• Decontamination of drinking water.
Avoid close contact • Contact with infected persons and belongings should be

:
avoided.
Control vectors and their • Avoid stagnation of water in and around residential areas.
breeding places • Regular cleaning of house old coolers
• Use of mosquito nets
• no
Introducing larvicidal fishes like Gambusia in ponds that
feed on mosquito larvae
-

• Spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas and

swamps
• Doors and windows should be provided with wire mesh.
Ø Balanced diet, yoga and regular exercise, personal hygiene,
awareness about diseases and vaccination are very important to
maintain good health.
*
Small Pox S Polio
Ø Use of vaccines and immunization programmes have enabled us to
itcompletely eradicate a deadly disease like smallpox. Large
number of infectious diseases like polio, diphtheria, pneumonia and
tetanus have been controlled to a large extent by the use of vaccines.

Ø Biotechnology is at the verge of making available newer and safer

vaccines. Chains
flaming use of penicillin
-

I
.

Ø Discovery of antibiotics and various drugs have enabled us to glory *

effectively treat infections.
 *
BACTERIAL DISEASES Widal test

Disease Pathogen
ifSalmonella
Organ affected I Common symptoms
• Typhoid Small intestine • Sustained high fever (390- ce
typhi and other organs 40°C)
•
by migrating
through blood •
Stomach pain • Weakness
Constipation • Headache
Te
Diagnostic • Loss of appetite ce
test: Widal • In severe cases, intestinal un
test perforation and death may
te
occur.
•
w Pneumonia Streptococcus Alveoli of lungs • Problem in respiration due to
pneumoniae. fluid filled alveoli
. Haemophilus • Fever, chills cough, headache
-
- - -

influenzae • In severe cases, lips and

fingernails turn gray to
bluish.
=
-
due to
Hypoxia .

Typhoid Mary (Mary Mallon), a cook by profession was a typhoid carrier who spread typhoid for
-

several years through the food she prepared.

VIRAL DISEASES

Disease Pathogen Organ affected Symptoms

←• co •

E-
Common Rhinovirus Nose and Nasal congestion and discharge
cold respiratory • Sore throat
passage • Hoarseness, cough
UPPER • Headache, tiredness

Common cold does not infect lungs and its symptoms usually lasts for 3-7 days.s symptoms usually
lasts for 3-7 days
Anti Histamine

Decongestant
✓
HELMINTHIC DISEASES
Disease Pathogen Organ/structure Symptoms
affected
• Ascariasis Ascaris itIntestine • Internal bleeding,

÷
(Roundworm) fever, muscular pain,
anaemia, blockage of
intestinal passage
← it
• Elephantiasis Wuchereria Lymphatic • Chronic
/Filariasis bancrofti /W. vessels inflammation of
-
malayi – organs in which they
(Filarial worm) live for many years
resulting in gross
deformities e.g., limbs,
genital organs etc.
it

51¥
 FUNGAL DISEASE
Disease Pathogen Body Symptoms
parts
affected

I
•
• Ringworm Microsporum, Skin, • Dry, scaly lesions •

Trichophyton,
Epidermophyton ☐ nails,
scalp
• Intense itching

Ø Heat and moisture makes the fungi thrive in skin folds

-
=
such as in groin and between toes
Ø Acquired from soil or belongings of infected individuals
such as towels, combs, clothes etc.it
PROTOZOAN DISEASES
Disease Pathogen Area Symptoms
affected
• Amoebiasis/
Amoebic
dysentery
Left
Entamoeba
histolytica
Large
Intestine
•
•
•
Constipation
Abdominal pain
Cramps no
Is
• Stool with excess mucous
-

and blood clots

=
or
• Malaria Plasmodium RBCs • Chills
• P, vivax -
Most Connon • High fever recurring every 3-
=

• P, malariae 4 days
=
• P, falciparum • If not treated, can prove to
•
P , ovale be fatal

RonaldRo
Ø House flies act as mechanical carrier for amoebiasis
Ø P. falciparum causes malignant malaria (Most serious form)
Sir
( TREATMENT)
Quinone *
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

Sporocoili →
Salivary gland of
- Mosquito
Merozoites liver
-

-
-
Fertilization -
Gut of Mosquito
-

game to formation → RBC

-
=

Rupturing of RBCs releases the toxic substance, hemozoin responsible for

symptoms of disease
 →
Mosquito Bite
Human →

Sporozoites
ft Hills
a
Merozoites
.

h →

Scx-it
fever

Asinualreproduckosn
(
p
↳ RBC
I

-ÑMihuptun ←

( Hacmoioin) /
Blooded
q
Asaualreprodud-ionmh.co
%d%¥ ④
- 4n-mEIEf@BCF0.r
nation
'

.
 Slims disease *
MACROPHAGE →HNfaeto@
AIDS/ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
☒ → Human
immunodeficiency virus't
• 1st reported- 1981, Killed-Approximately 25 million people in last 25 years or so.
• It is deficiency of immune system, acquired during the lifetime of an individual
• Syndrome means ‘group of symptoms’
• -
Non congenital, fatal infectious disease
• Causative agent –HIV/Human Immunodeficiency virus

Enveloped virus enclosing RNA genome

Life Cycle Mode of Transmission High Risk Individuals

Entry of virus in body Sexual contact - Multiple sexual partners -

Placenta - Mother to foetus -
Blood transfusion
Infected needles I Repeated blood transfusion, ✓
Drug addicts (intravenous)

Entry into body cells (Macrophages, helper T-cells)

→ ATTACKS THE HELPER Tallest
 Retrovirus
→ 2 copy of ssRNA
→
Reverse transcriptase
→ INTE Graslit

- IN TE GRA SE

it
ee it

c-
 Sequence of events:
• Infected cells, (Macrophages) can survive while viruses are being replicated
and released hence called HIV factory ←
• HIV enters into macrophages and T-helper cells (TH) simultaneously
• There is progressive decrease in number of helper T-cells. it

• Initial symptoms: Bouts of fever, diarrhoea, weight loss

- - -

• Later the immuno-deficient patient is prone to infections especially

Mycobacterium, viruses, fungi, Toxoplasma etc.
- -
-

There is always a time-lag between infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms.

This may vary from a few months to many years (usually 5-10 years) ie
-

→ HAART
Diagnostic Test Via western
Treatment HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTI
-
RETROVIRAL FLERAPY
µ
• ELISA (Enzyme Linked Blotting * • Anti-retroviral drugs, can only prolong
Immuno-sorbent Assay) life but cannot prevent death
 NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL ORGANISATION

PREVENTION

• Different agencies like NGOs, NACO,

-
• Making blood banks safe from HIV or
=

WHO started number of programmes • Use of only disposable needles and ←

to educate/make people aware of AIDS
(Don’t die of ignorance) and some of
the measures preventing spreading of
HIV infection.
syringes in public and private
hospitals and clinics
• Free distribution of condoms, it
advocating safe sex
• Controlling drugs abuse it
 +0%01--00^109 me
→ Contact inhibition #
CANCER ① Tumor
suprcssor gone f
• A dreaded non-infectious disease; major cause of earth all over the globe.
-
Disrupt
↳

Parameters Normal cells Cancerous Timah

↳alignmtwMM
cells/Neoplastic cells L
←Cell growth and Highly controlled and
=
Uncontrolled & non- Benign
I
_-=
=

Metastasized
differentiation regulated regulated
=

Contact inhibition Present, virtue of which Lost, so these cells

contact with other cells keep on dividing and
inhibits their growth form mass of cells
called
Tumours/Neoplasm
 Types of Tumor

is
•
Parameters Benign Malignant tumor/cancer

Location Confined to original place Grow rapidly and spread to

other parts

Damage Little damage Invade and damage other

cells starving normal cells
by competing for vital
nutrients

Metastasis No Yes, Cells sloughed from

such tumors reach distant
sites through blood and
start new tumor called
Metastasis (Most feared
property)
 Cause: Normal cell Cancerous cell
Neoplastic transformation
Proto/cellular oncogene (c-onc) hmm
Oncogene
Causative agents called carcinogens

-
Tobacco
•
• Ionizing radiations-X-rays, g-rays • Non-ionizing radiations-UV rays • Physical agents

=
- -

• Chemical agents-in tobacco smoke • Biological agents-Oncogenic viruses (carry viral oncogenes)

• Diagnosis/Detection: Early detection allows the disease to be treated successfully in many cases.
no
•
✗ RAY
•
CT
•
MRI
•
BIOPSY
Technique Basis Detect

=
Biopsy Histopathological studies Changes in tissue
Blood and bone marrow test Cell counts Leukemias
Radiography X-rays Internal organ cancers
Computed tomography (CT) X-rays Internal organ cancers (3D
image)
Magnetic resonance Strong magnetic fields Accurately detect pathological
Imaging (MRI) and non-ionising and physiological changes in
radiations living tissue

:
Molecular techniques Identification of genes
responsible for
susceptibility to certain
cancers

Antibodies based Against cancer specific Certain cancers

antigens
 or
Ø Tumor cells have ability to avoid detection and destruction by immune system.
-

Ø Approaches for treatment:

• Surgery Immunotherapy: a-Interferons (Biological response modifiers) activate immune

system and helps in destroying the tumor.

µØ Radiotherapy: Tumor cells irradiated lethally It 40

aØ Chemotherapy: Side effects like hair loss, anemia

viniblastin
 IMMUNITY
• The ability of the host to fight the disease causing organisms, conferred by the
immune system is called immunity.

Types

Parameters co
Innate Leo
Acquired
Observed from Time of birth it After birth a

Exposure to infection Not required Required

Defence Non specific Specific
Memory record
× ü

Ø Memory based immunity evolved in higher vertebrates

-

Acquired inmnily *
 PMNL -

Polymorphonuclear bungles .

µ
INNATE IMMUNITY
" " ""
" ^^"

(Ñ
• This immunity is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of the foreign agents.
Types of Barrier Structures involved/Barrier Basic function
Physical • Skin • Prevent entry of

⇐
• Mucus coating of the microbes
epithelium lining the • Trap microbes entering
respiratory, gastrointestinal our body
and urogenital tracts
it Physiological • Saliva in the mouth • Acid in • Prevent microbial
= =
stomach growth
• Tears from eyes
=_

E-
Cellular • Neutrophils/PMNL •Monocytes • Phagocytose microbes
• Macrophages
• Natural killer cells (type of
lymphocytes) • Destroy microbes
→
Performs *
←Cytokine • Interferons Produced by virus infected
→ Prevents cells that protect non-
↳ Second line of defence#
Viral injection'*infected cells from further
infection
 Primary hjmphoid organ -
Boni Murrow ; thymus
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY secondary lymphoid organ spleen* -

• The human immune system consists of lymphoid organs, tissues, cells and soluble
molecules like antibodies. This response is carried out by two special types of lymphocytes
present in our blood i.e., B and T-lymphocytes.
0
Thymus ☐
Bone marrow
Primary lymphoid
organs Matured lymphocytes
migrate
0
T-cells 0
B-cells

✓Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, 2°

De
-

MALT, Peyer’s patches

- INTESTINAL TONSILS
-

C)
50% of
(g)
Help
☐ T-cells mediated B-cells produce
TOTAL response antibodies/Army of
proteins in blood

d)
it
• Cell-mediated • Humoral immune
MALT -
Mucosa Associate immune response/Antibody mediated
response/CMI immune response
lymphoid Tissue
Ø Lymphoid Organs
• Origin and for maturation of lymphocytes
• Lymphocytes become antigen sensitive
• Thymus and bone marrow provide micro-environments for
development and maturation of lymphocytes
• Secondary lymphoid organs provide sites for interaction of
lymphocytes with antigen which proliferate to become effector
cells.
 :*
IMMUNE RESPONSE

• Type ☐
Primary →
IgM @
Secondary/Anamnestic
• Exposure to First time Subsequent times

☒
pathogens
°
High
• Intensity 0
Low

Based on
Ø These response are
carried out by B and Memory of first encounter
T lymphocytes.

Ig M -

largest Antibody
Most Abundant
tg G- Smallest Antibody * -
 H①
so • Each antibody has 4 peptide chains
gµpiAB • ☐
(H L )
2 2
-

•
• Long heavy chains ✓ (uncross 't
placenta

÷,gY
• 2 short light chains
constant
• Called immunoglobulins (lg)
• Types – lgA, lgM, lgE, lgG
d
L
L

(
Protect Body Activation of
surface
Allergic lymphocytes
Ø T-lymphocytes are responsible for graft rejection. Tissue
yea ,µg
and blood group matching are essential before
undertaking any graft/transplant and even after this
patient has to take immunosuppressants throughout life. largest
Ø If the pathogens succeed in gaining entry to our body.
Specific antibodies and T-cells serve to kill these
pathogens.
tgA→Cobstrwm@ Milk
 LYMPHOID STRUCTURES/ORGANS
Structure Typical
←Bone marrow • Main lymphoid organ where all blood cells are produced including
lymphocytes.
Thymus • Lobed organ located near the heart and beneath the
breastbone. Quite large at the time of birth, keeps reducing in size
with age and by the time puberty is attained it is reduced to a very
small size.
itSpleen Large bean shaped organ, mainly contains lymphocytes and
phagocytes
• Acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood borne micro-
organisms
C_-
• Large reservoir of erythrocytes,
Graveyard of RBC
Lymph nodes • Small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic
system • Serve to trap the microbes/antigens which happen to get
into the lymph and tissue fluid. Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes
are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes present there
and cause the immune response.
itMALT • Mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue is located within the lining of
major tracts like respiratory, digestive and urinogenital tracts
• Constitutes about 50% of lymphoid tissue in human body.
cul
MEDInmunity
formation of killer Tatts
Helper Twu → Helps in

Killer Taels → Kills / Attacks pathogen

T cells → Rcmmnbws previous encounter

Memory

1- cells → Supremos the function of

suppressor Falls *
Killer
 f(tp.r-ani.am
☒
Binding_

]
C EPITOPE

Of
1%1%537 Paratore

Apart of Antigen that binds with antibody is

called epitope
.
 VACCINATION AND IMMUNISATION
Types of immunity

←
Antibodies ☐
Active ☐
Passive
Produced within the host body Ready-made/preformed
antibodies are directly given
Time taken for itLonger Shorter or
full/effective response
Memory cells ü û

8 F-
Examples • Natural Antibody production • Mother Placentia Foetus
infection in host
• Mother Colostrum infant
• Vaccination (lgA)
Deliberate injection of living/dead
microbes/proteins
 Immunization
(Principe: Property of ‘Memory’ of immune system)

0
Active 0
Passive

Preparation of antigenic proteins of ←

Direct preformed antibodies/antitoxin

=
pathogen/inactivated/weakened is injected such as antitoxin against
pathogen introduced into body snake bites

Ø The antibodies produced in the host body against antigens would neutralize the
pathogenic agents during actual infection.

⇐
Ø The vaccine also generate memory B-cells and memory T-cells that
recognize the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the
invaders with a missive production of antibodies.
Ø Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the large scale production of
antigenic polypeptides of pathogen in bacteria/yeast, hence greater availability
for immunization. e.g., hepatitis B vaccine produced from yeast.

DNA vaccines -
Trial stage *
CoD →
Antibody → 2 month it

✓aa,m@,µ→,wpuµog@→AÑb°d
2¥mg@i
*
→ Could - less fatal

Antibody
*

2nd
→
→ , ,
During Vaccination
IF ANTIBODY IS Made to produce by our
body
due to introduction of
Pathogenic
)
Active

→ Readymade Antibody
( Passaic)
 Anaphylactic Shock -
Bpd →
Epinephrine#
ALLERGIES Vasodilation

Exaggerated response of immune system to certain antigens present in the environment.

Allergens - Substances to which exaggerated immune, response is
produced e.g., pollens, mites in dust, animal danger, etc.

e-
Antibodies - lgE type
Symptoms - Sneezing, watery eyes, running nose, difficulty in breathing
Chemical - Histamine and serotonin from mast cells
-
released
Diagnosis - Patient is exposed to or injected with very small doses of
possible allergens, and reactions studied.
Treatment - Anti-histamine antihistamine, adrenaline and steroids
quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy.

Haytham
Effects of modern-day life style
Ø Protected environment provided early in life has resulted in lowering of
immunity and person is more sensitive to allergens
Ø More and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and
asthma due to more sensitivity to the environment.
 AUTOIMMUNITY
• Memory based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates can distinguish foreign
=
molecules as well as foreign organisms (pathogens) from self-cells.
It lost this ability
Results - Self destruction/body attack self cells
Reason - Genetic/unknow
Example c-
- Rheumatoid arthritis

Myasthenia gravis
Multiplesclevosis
 DRUG ABUSE
• Chemical when taken for a purpose other than medicinal use or in amounts/frequency impairs
one’s physical, physiological or psychological functions and constitutes drug abuse.
• Source –Majority from flowering plants and some from fungi.
• Commonly abused drugs are:

Drug Receptors Source Intake Examples Action and anything

specific
Opioids CNS, GIT Latex of poppy Snorting, injection • Morphine • Effective sedative and

I
plant, Papaver painkiller
=
somniferum • Useful in patients
• Heroin/Smack undergone surgery
← (Diacetylmorphine) • Depressant and slows
down body functions
Depressants • Odourless, white, bitter
crystalline compound

Chemical structure of Morphine

 Excessive Dosage : -

Hallucination *

Drug Receptors Source Intake Examples Action and anything

specific
Cannabinoids Principally Inflorescence, Inhalation, oral • Charas • Effects on
=
-

I =
=
-

in brain flower tops, leaves

-
Ingestion • Hashish cardiovascular system
-

and resin of • Ganja of the body

CNS
cannabis plant, • Marijuana • These days
cus Cannabis sativa cannabinoids are
formatting also being
←
Let
abused by some
sportspersons.
Drug Receptors Source Intake Examples Action and anything
specific
Stimulants CNS Coca plant Snorting
-
• Cocaine/ coka • Interferes with
=
Erythroxylon coca alkaloid transport of
COCAINE -

(Native of South • Commonly neurotransmitter

America) called @
dopamine
(coke/crack) • Potent stimulating
action on CNS,
producing sense of
-

euphoria and
-

increased energy
•
, Excessive dosage
causes
hallucinations.
 LSD →
Fruiting Body of fungus : -

Uauiupt
Drug Receptors Source Intake Examples Action and
anything specific
Hallucinogens Atropa • Have been used
belladonna, for hundredsE- of
Datura years in folk-
medicine,
religious
Sedatives

¥ -
ceremonies and
rituals all over
the globe.
Other drugs Synthetic Barbiturates, • Help patients
Benzodiazepines, cope with
Flowering branch of
Amphetamines mental illness
Datura
like depression
insomnia.

Depressant
DRUG AND SPORTSPERSON
Why to use?
✓
• Increase muscle strength & bulk

To
• Promote aggressiveness
• Enhance, athletic performance

Commonly abused drugs

• Narcotic analgesics
• Diuretics
•

:
Anabolic steroids
• Certain hormones

Common side effects

• Increased aggressiveness
•
•
Mood swings
Depression
=
✓
• Stunted growth because of premature closure of growth centers of long bones
• Severe facial and body acne
-
Typical side effects
Male

• Breast enlargement -
•
•
Decreased sperm production
Reduction in size of testicles=
• Acne, premature baldness, enlargement of prostate gland
•

÷
Potential for liver and kidney dysfunction

Female

• Masculinization (features like males)

• Abnormal menstrual cycles
• Enlargement of clitoris
• Excessive hair growth on face & body
• Deepening of voice

Ø These side effects may be permanent with prolonged use.

TOBACCO/SMOKING-PAVES THE WAY TO HARD DRUGS
• Intake • Smoked
• Chewed
I → ORAL CANCER
• Snuff
• Chemical substances • Nicotine, an alkaloid
-
STIMULANT
- -
• Action of nicotine • Stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline
=
and non-adrenaline into blood circulation
=

Effects

÷
• Respiratory system • Increases carbon monoxide (CO) in blood and
reduces concentration of homebound oxygen,
causes oxygen deficiency in the body
• Circulatory system • Increase heart rate and blood pressure.
• Common diseases • Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Coronary heart disease
• Gastric ulcer
• Risk of cancers • Oral cavity
• Throat
• Lungs
• Urinary bladder
Ø Tobacco has been
used by humans
for more than 400
years

Ø Packets of
cigarettes, warns
against smoking
and says how it as
injurious to health.
 it

ADOLESCENCE AND DRUG/ALCOHOL ABUSE

• Adolescence means both “a period” and “a process” during which a child
mature in terms of his/her attitudes and beliefs for effective participation in
society.
• hmm
Adolescents is bridge linking childhood and adulthood. a

• It’s a period between 12-18 years of age, a vulnerable phase of mental

-

and psychological development of an individual. it

• It is accompanied by several biological and behavioral changes.

• Curiosity, need for adventure an excitement, and experimentation, motivate
youngsters towards drug and alcohol use.
• First use may be out of curiosity but later used to escape from stress,
pressure to excel in academics, perception that it is cool.
• Television, movies, newspapers, internet, promote this perception.
• Unstable or unsupportive family structures and peer pressure also promote
drug and alcohol abuse.
ADDICTION AND DEPENDENCE

E-
Addiction
• Because of perceived benefits, drugs are frequently used repeatedly that
leads to psychological attachment to certain effects like euphoria
-
and
temporary feeling of well being
Dependence
It is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant
“withdrawal syndrome” if regular does of drugs/alcohol is abruptly discontinued.
Addiction drive people to take drug even when its use become self-destructive
• With repeated use of drug, tolerance level of receptors increases
• Receptors respond only to higher doses of drugs leading to greater intake.
Effects of drug/alcohol abuse
• Reckless behavior • Vandalism • Violence • Depression • Fatigue • Drop in
academic performance
• Warning signs:

• Unexplained absence from school/college • Poor personal hygiene, withdrawal,

isolation
• Aggressive and rebellious behavior • Loss of interest in hobbies
• Change in sleeping and eating habits • Fluctuations in weight and appetite
• Deteriorating relationships with family and friends
• High doses lead to coma and death due to respiratory failure, heart failure or
cerebral hemorrhage
• Chronic use of drugs/alcohol damage nervous system and liver (cirrhosis)
• Use of drugs during pregnancy adversely affect fetus.
Some far-reaching implications

• Abuser may turns to stealing

• Addict becomes the cause of mental and financial
distress to entire family and friends.

Withdrawal syndrome

If drug is abruptly discontinued, symptoms include:

• Anxiety • Nausea • Shakiness • Sweating
-
-
-
-

• In severe cases, can be life threatening, person needs

a medical supervision.
Prevention and control
“Prevention is better than cure”
• Avoid undue peer pressure on child related to studies, sports or other activities
• Education and counselling: Channelize energy of child into healthy pursuits like
sports, yoga, reading, music etc.
• Sort out problems by seeking help from parents and peers.
• Looking for danger signs: Alert parents, teachers and close friends need to look for

:
and identify the danger signs of substance (drug/alcohol) abuse and appropriate
measures would then be required to diagnose the malady and underlying cause.
• Proper remedial steps or treatment should be taken by seeking professional and
medical help in the form of highly qualified psychologists, psychiatrists and de-
addiction and rehabilitation programmes. This will totally relieve the individual from
these evils.

Ø Use of drugs even once can be “fore-runner to addiction” and pull the user into a
vicious circle leading to their regular use/abuse.
 Common Diseases in
Humans
1
50
 ☒
⑨
-

51
52
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 *
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 - =

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 ETE

gookin

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✓

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 ☐
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=

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 ==
=

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 = __

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-

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✓

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 -
HAtM001N__
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←
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 IT
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=

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E-

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 NOT IN Syllabus .

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=

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=
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 =

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✓

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 =

Mosquito
culex

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←

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 =

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f-
-

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=

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5-

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 Malmowing
→

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F-

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=

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 Immunity
2
 - -

✓ ☐

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←

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÷

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=

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✓

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✓

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✓

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✓

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 AIDS
3
if

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-

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÷
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=

✗ copy

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 Cancer
4
a

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Epithelioma
✗
✗

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=

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÷
Asbestosis

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-
→

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 Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
5
-

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✓

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 →
MORPHINE

-
CANNABIS

←
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✓ ⑨
-

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=
-

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Anxiety
Ant .

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Biniodialla

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 Rauwolfia
Vomitories
✗
✗

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✓

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_

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_

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-

155
NCERT EXEMPLAR
1. The term ‘Health’ is defined in many ways. The
most accurate definition of the term health would be
(a) Health is the state of body and mind in a balanced
condition.
(b) Health is the reflection of a smiling face.
=
(c) Health is a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being.
(d) Health is the symbol of economic prosperity.

157
2. The organisms which cause diseases in plants and
animals are called
-
(a) Pathogens
(b) Vectors
(c) Insects
(d) Worms

158
3. The chemical test that is used for diagnosis of typhoid
is
(a) ELISA Test
(b) ESR Test
(c) PCR Test
✓
(d) Widal Test

159
4. Diseases are broadly grouped into infectious and non-
infectious diseases. In the list given below, identify the
infectious diseases. i. Cancer ii. Influenza iii. Allergy iv.

;
-

Small pox .

(a) i and ii
(b) ii and iii
(c) iii and iv
(d) ii and iv

160
5. The sporozoites that cause infection, when a female
=
-

Anopheles mosquito bites a person are formed

-
in
(a) Liver of per sort
(b) RBCs of mosquito
-
(c) Salivary glands of mosquito
(d) Intestine of mosquito

161
6. The disease chikungunya is transmitted by
(a) House flies
(b) Aedes mosquitoes
-
(c) Cockroach
(d) Female Anopheles

162
7. Many diseases can be diagnosed by observing the
symptoms in the patient. Which group of=
-

symptoms are
indicative of =
pneumonia?
(a) Difficulty in respiration, fever, chills, cough,
-
headache.
(b) Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, blood clots.
(c) Nasal congestion and discharge, cough, sore throat,
headache.
(d) High fever, weakness, stomach pain, loss of
appetite and constipation

163
8. The genes causing cancer are
-
(a) Structural genes
(b) Expressor genes
(c) Oncogenes
-
(d) Regulatory genes

164
9. In malignant tumours, the cells proliferate, grow
. -

rapidly and move to other parts of the body to form new

tumours. This stage of disease is called

=
(a) Metagenesis
(b) Metastasis
(c) Teratogenesis
(d) Mitosis

165
10. When an apparently healthy person is diagnosed as
=

→
unhealthy by a psychiatrist, the reason could be that
(a) The patient was not efficient at his work.
(b) The patient was not economically prosperous.
(c) The patient shows behavioural and social
maladjustment.
(d) He does not take interest in sports social
maladjustment.

166
11. Which of the following are the reason(s) for
Rheumatoid arthritis? Choose the correct option. i. The
ability to differentiate pathogens or foreign molecules
from self-cells increases. ii. Body attacks self-cells. iii.
More antibodies are produced - in the body. iv. The ability
to differentiate pathogens or foreign molecules from self-
cells is lost.
(a) I and ii
-
(b) ii and iv
(c) iii and iv
③
(d) I and iii

167
12. AIDS is caused by HIV. Among the following, which
one is not a mode of transmission of HIV?
(a) Transfusion of contaminated blood
(b) Sharing the infected needles
-
(c) Shaking hands with infected persons
(d) Sexual contact with infected persons

168
13. ‘Smack’ is a drug obtained from the
(a) Latex of Papaver somniferum
-
(b) Leaves of Cannabis sativa
(c) Flowers of Datura
(d) Fruits of Erythroxylum coca

169
14. The substance produced by a cell in viral infection
that can protect other cells from further infection is
(a) Serotonin
(b) Colostrum
_
(c) Interferon
(d) Histamine

170
15. Transplantation of tissues/organs to save certain
-

patients often fails due to the rejection of such

tissues/organs by the patient. Which type of immune
response is responsible for such rejections?
(a) Auto-immune response
(b) Humoral immune response
(c) Physiological immune response
(d) Cell-mediated immune response
-

171
16. Antibodies present in colostrum which protect the
-

new born from certain diseases is of

(a) Ig G type
(b) Ig A type
-
(c) Ig D type
(d) Ig E type

172
17. Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate the
secretion of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. The
component causing this could be
-
(a) Nicotine
(b) Tannic acid
(c) Curamin
(d) Catechin

173
18. The anti-venom against snake poison contains
-

(a) Antigens
(b) Antigen-antibody complexes
(c) Antibodies
=
(d) Enzymes

*
antibody
Readymade

174
19. Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?
=

(a) Spleen
(b) Tonsils
-
(c) Pancreas
(d) Thymus

175
20. Which of the following glands is large sized at birth
-

but reduces in size with ageing?

(a) Pineal
(b) Pituitary
-
(c) Thymus
(d) Thyroid

176
21. Hemozoin is a
(a) Precursor of haemoglobin.
(b) Toxin released from streptococcus infected cells.
x
(c) Toxin released from plasmodium infected cells.
(d) Toxin released from haemophilus infected cells.

177
22. One of the following is not the causal organism for
-

ringworm.

}
I
(a) Microsporum
(b) Trichophyton
(c) Epidermophyton
(d) Macrosporum

178
23. A person with sickle cell anaemia is
(a) More prone to malaria
(b) More prone to typhoid
-
(c) Less prone to malaria
(d) Less prone to typhoid

179
 Marathon Scsi
cnons
Sometime
Pattern

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