REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

As earlier mentioned, this study is made in attempt to the efforts of the government
toward the utilization of 5 R’s of Responsible Waste Management: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,
Repair and Rot and in helping the community on controlling mosquito-borne diseases using a
natural safe product-based mosquito repellant. To prove efficiency of Neem (Azadirachta Indica)
leaves, Coconut husk (Cocos Nucifera) and Corn Cob (Zea Mays) as alternative natural mosquito
repellant incense, several previous studies are gathered and arranged as follows:

A. Neem Tree

Studies conducted by Zaheer et al., (2017) from India have shown very high efficacy of
Neem-based preparations which confer protection against nuisance biting mosquitoes. ) Their
study showed neem seed extract has potentially toxic ability that affect Total Haemocyte Count
(THC) and Differential Haemocytes Count (DHC) in insect’s blood cells, of the housefly. A
significant variation in haemolymph density was observed just after application, 30 minutes and
60 minutes post treatment in term of THC and DHC in comparison with novastar. The study
strappingly acclaim use of neem seed extract as insecticide as compare to artificial insecticides.

Another study by Benelli, G. et al (2017) proved the potentiality of neem cake as ideal and
affordable source of mosquitocidal compounds in anopheline and aedine control programmes .
Overall he proposed the employ of neem-based products as an advantageous alternative to build
newer and safer arthropod control tools.

B. Coconut Husk

One type of nature materials waste that has the potential to be used as an insecticides is
coconut husk waste. In a study conducted by Anom, D. and Mamangkey, J. (2016) the
utilization of coconut coir waste in the insecticide industry is the right solution for strategic an
insecticide needed by consumers in an effort to control pests.

As cited by Ng'ang'a, P. (2019), smoke from burning different kinds of vegetation or wood
such as coconut husk is often used as a cheap personal protection measure against mosquitos
during the evening. To test the efficacy of smoke, a comparative field trial was conducted in the
Wosera District, Papua New Guinea. Repellency of smoke from burning contribute to a
reduction of mosquito transmitted diseases.

As published by “A Note On The Environmental Benefits Of Coconut Husk” (2016),

coconut husk, because it is extremely environmental friendly, is a natural mosquito repellent. In
villages and several rural areas in India, coconut husks are burnt at homes just before bed time to
shoo mosquitoes and other insects away. Because coconut husk does not give off undesirable
smoke or fumes, it is completely safe and harmless. Considering the rise of Mosquito-borne
diseases in India, it is advisable to burn coconut husks to fight against diseases caused by
Mosquitoes.

C. Corn cob
In an article, Illinois Corn Cob a Weapon Against Insect Pests, Lampman, R. and
Novak, R. (2019) stated that corn cob granules can be formulated with small dosages of
chemical and microbial insecticides, insect behavior-modifying chemicals (attractants and
feeding stimulants), and a variety of insect pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and
microsporidia). Granules can provide a variety of desirable characteristics, including a high
degree of target specificity, short- or long-term persistence, delayed release of active ingredients,
and a substantial reduction in the amount of insecticide used in the environment. Hence it can be
concluded that this natural product has components which can be used against pests or insects.

SYNTHESIS:

The optimal goal to come up with an alternative anti-mosquito product is a must for the present
epidemic the country is facing. Previous studies proved that the effectiveness of natural products
namely; the neem tree, the coconut husks, and the corn cob are undisputable. Hence the
researcher acknowledged these studies that recommend the use of these natural products against
mosquito transmitted diseases. As such, this literature believes that these three, having
recognized their mosquito control components, can now be used altogether for an anti-mosquito
repellant product.
References:

Awan, M. Z. , Qadir, A. , Anjum, Z. (2017). 'Cytotoxic Effect of Neem Seed Extract

(Azadirachta indica) in Comparison with Artificial Insecticide Novastar on Haemocytes (THC
and DHC) of Musca domestica'. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology,
International Science Index, Biological and Ecological Engineering, 11(6), 157.

Benelli, Giovanni & Canale, Angelo & Toniolo, Chiara & Higuchi, Akon & Murugan,
Kadarkarai & Pavela, Roman & Nicoletti, Marcello. (2016). Neem ( Azadirachta indica ):
towards the ideal insecticide?. Natural Product Research. 31. 1-18.
10.1080/14786419.2016.1214834.

Anom, I.D., & Mamangkey, J.J. (2016). Utilization of Coconut Fiber Waste as Insecticides
against Epilachna sparsa.

Vemkde, R.; Meer, M. and Alpers M. (1994) Smoke As A Form Of Personal Protection Against
Mosquitos, A Field Study In Papua New Guinea; 'Wageningen Agricultural University,
Department of Entomology, The Netherlands; 2Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical
Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea

“A Note On The Environmental Benefits Of Coconut Husk” (2016)

(http://www.tidalimpex.com/blog/a-note-on-the-environmental-benefits-of-coconut-husk/ ) ,

Lampman, R, and Novak, R. (2019); Illinois Corn Cob a Weapon Against Insect Pests ; INHS
Medical Entomology Program; Robert Metcalf, INHS and University of Illinois.
https://www.inhs.illinois.edu/resources/inhsreports/jan-feb98/novak/?
fbclid=IwAR2tQAm6JrBXRuRETA08SaT-nUfZpVXhZXWBN-zVbFRiVMtj80wLSHQp48I