A Comparative Study on Termite Mortality Using Aloe Vera and Garlic Solutions

A Comparative Study between the Effectiveness of Aloe Vera Solution and Garlic
Solution as an Insecticide to the Mortality Rate of Termites
COC-B1-G12-01-STEM
GROUP 2
Largo, Alizzen Khrislyn E. Salindato, Shaina Alexa
Legaspi, Marie Yvonne Y. Sanchez, Clanch Kyle L.
Lumacang, Rhea Mae G. Tobias, Danica Irene S.
Nagac, Hannah Juvy F. Villegas, Louraine V.
Pedrosa, Meril Roshel N. Yamson, Radze Reyman R.
Revelo, Kean Daniel B. Yonting, Monique M.
Rockwell, Ivy Jane S.
March 2022
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The study would have not been possible without the support and guidance of the
following people:
Ms. Winjel C. Egos, LPT., the researchers’ STM 009 adviser, for the incomparable
guidance and boundless patience to proofread the research paper and helping the
researchers in every step they take in making the paper.
Mr. Ian Rey E. Lungay, the researchers’ APP 007 adviser, for making efforts in
discussing the parts of the research paper and guiding the researchers throughout the
making of the paper.
Panelist, for the corrections and advices that helps the researchers in improving the
research paper.
The family of Louraine Villegas, for welcoming the researchers in their house as they
conducted the experiment in their neighborhood.
Researchers’ Leader, for the endless efforts and for being diligent in guiding the
researchers in ensuring that the study would be successful.
Researchers, for their contributions and participations as they overcome difficulties in
the process of making the paper.
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Friends, for their unconditional support and for giving words of encouragement to
motivate the researchers.
Parents, for their undying love and wholehearted support for the researchers’ financial
needs.
Above all, thank you, God, for blessing the researchers with the strength, knowledge, and
perseverance, as well as all of the people named above.
To everyone who played a big role in the process of making this research paper,
we want to extend our appreciation because without all of you, we would not made it.
Thank you for the endless cooperation and dedication.
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ABSTRACT
The research A Comparative Study between the Effectiveness of Aloe Vera
Solution and Garlic Solution as an Insecticide to the Mortality Rate of Termites aims to
compare the effectiveness of aloe vera solution and garlic solution to the mortality rate
and the time interval of the mortality of termites. Though termites contribute to the
ecosystem and soil turnover for crops, plentitude termites can be considered pests in
wooden houses and furniture. The research utilizes a quantitative approach through
experimental research design to determine the objectives. The experiment used the three
solute concentrations per solution: both aloe vera solution (Set A) and garlic solution (Set
B) have 25%, 50%, and 75% solute concentration. Every percent of solute concentration
subjects to three trials per day. At the end of the experiment, the results showed that
garlic solution is more effective than aloe vera solution in both the mortality rate and time
interval of the mortality rate of termites with a -1.03 and 1.00 t-test result difference at an
alpha level of 0.50, respectively.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM
Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 3
Conceptual Framework 3
Objectives 4
Null Hypothesis 4
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Delimitations 5
Definition of Terms 6
iv
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Local Related Literature 8
Foreign Related Literature 10
Local Related Studies 13
Foreign Related Studies 15
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
Research Design 17
Research Setting 18
Duration and Frequency of the Study 19
Preparatory 19
Instrument and Procedure 21
CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS,
AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 35
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION,
AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary 45
Findings 46
Conclusion 49
v
Recommendation 49
REFERENCES xii
APPENDIX A: OBSERVATION xviii
APPENDIX B: DOCUMENTATION xxi
APPENDIX C: CURRICULUM VITAE xxiv
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Schematic diagram on the independent
variables and dependent variable of the study 3
Figure 2. Zone 7, Patag, Cagayan de Oro Satellite Map 18
Figure 3. T-table for Determining the Difference in the Mortality Rate 31
Figure 4. T-table for Determining the Difference in the Time Interval
of the Mortality Rate 34
Figure 5. Day 1 observation table xviii
Figure 6. Day 2 observation table, Trial 1 xix
Figure 7. Day 2 observation table, Trial 2 and 3 xix
Figure 8. Day 3 observation table, Trial 1 and 2 xx
Figure 9. Day 3, Trial 3, and Days 4 and 5 observation table xx
Figure 10. Garlic solution in spray bottles xxi
Figure 11. Aloe vera solution in spray bottles xxi
Figure 12. Gathering of termites, day 1 (left) and day 2 (right) xxii
Figure 13. Gathering of termites, day 3 xxii
Figure 14. Gathered termites ready to be sprayed with garlic solution xxiii
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.0. Gantt chart of the schedule of activities 19
Table 2.1A. Determination of the mean of dead termites
using aloe vera solution 23
Table 2.1B. Determination of time interval of termite mortality
using aloe vera solution 23
Table 2.1C. Mean determination of termites killed using aloe
vera solution with 25% concentration of solute 24
Table 2.1D. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality
using aloe vera solution with 25% concentration of solute 24
Table 2.1E. Mean determination of termites killed using aloe vera
solution with 50% concentration of solute 24
Table 2.1F. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality
Table 2.1G. Mean determination of termites killed using aloe vera
Table 2.1H. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality
Table 3.2A. Determination of the mean of dead termites using
garlic extract solution 26
viii
Table 3.2B. Determination of time interval of termite mortality using
Table 3.2C. Mean determination of termites killed using garlic
Table 3.2D. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality
using garlic solution with 25% concentration of solute 27
Table 3.2E. Mean determination of termites killed using garlic
Table 3.2F. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality
Table 3.2G. Mean determination of termites killed using garlic
Table 3.2H. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality
Table 4.1. Paired T-test Table for Determining the Difference
in the Mortality Rate 29
Table 4.2. Step 1 in the paired T-test table for Determining the
Difference in the Mortality Rate 29
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Table 5.1. Paired T-test Table for Determining the Difference in the
Time Interval of the Mortality Rate 32
Difference in the Time Interval of the Mortality Rate 32
Table 5.3. Step 2 in the paired T-test table for Determining the Difference
in the Time Interval of the Mortality Rate 32
Table 5.4. Step 3 in the paired T-test table for Determining the Difference
in the Time Interval of the Mortality Rate 33
Difference in the Time Interval of the Mortality Rate 33
Table 6.1. Determination of the mean of dead termites using aloe vera solution 35
Table 6.2. Determination of the mean of dead termites using garlic
extract solution 36
Table 7.1. Determination of time interval of termite mortality using
aloe vera solution 38
x
Table 7.2. Determination of time interval of termite mortality using
Table 8. The paired T-test table for the dead termites 40
Table 9. The paired T-test table for the time interval of termite death 42
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Pests and insects are present almost everywhere, and people fear them for several
reasons. Some of them have painful stings and bites and contaminate foods. On the other
hand, termites do not agitate the capacity of humans on what they can do but rather what
they can do to their properties. Termites live in and need soil to survive, whereas others
prefer to live in dry wood over ground level. They dwell in dividers, washrooms,
furniture, logs, and other wood sources found in or close to the home.
To get rid of termites, we usually use insecticides. Insecticides are of chemical
and biological origins commonly used in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, gardens,
homes, and offices. They can also be used to control vectors involved in spreading human
and animal diseases such as mosquitoes and ticks. Insecticides constitute many chemical
classes and exert toxicity in insects and nontarget mammalian (including humans) and
avian species through different mechanisms of action (Ramesh C. Gupta, Dejan
Milatovic, in Biomarkers in Toxicology, 2014).
Human exposure to insecticides raises genuine open wellbeing concerns around
the world because wide-ranging heterogeneous chemicals constitute most commercial
insecticides, these chemicals target the nervous system and disturb neurometabolic and/or
neurotransmission. Although the intense impacts of insecticide harming humans are
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being well-recorded, the constant and long-term effects stay troublesome to explore
(Bentham Science Publisher, 2017).
Organic Insecticides can help homeowners in controlling the infestation of
termites. Organic insecticides are more eco-friendly and are safer for the safety of the
people. The solutions to make organic pesticides usually are found at home.
According to Plata-Rueda et al. (2017), the primary compounds of the garlic oil
are dimethyl trisulfide (19.86%), diallyl disulfide (18.62%), diallyl sulfide (12.67%),
diallyl tetrasulfide (11.34%), and 3-vinyl-[4 H]-1,2-dithiin (10.11%), followed by diallyl
trisulfide (5.74%), allyl trisulfide (4.41%), 1,4-dimethyl tetrasulfide (4.06%), allyl
disulfide (3.95%), methyl allyl disulfide (3.87%), and methyl allyl trisulfide (3.76%).
Sometimes described as a wonder plant, aloe vera is a short-stemmed shrub. Aloe
is a genus that contains more than 500 species of succulent plants. The leaves of Aloe
vera are succulent, erect, and form a dense rosette. Many uses are produced out of the gel
obtained from the plant’s leaves. Aloe vera has been the subject of much scientific study
over the last few years, regarding several claimed therapeutic properties (Tim
Newman,2017).
Making organic insecticides can be used in getting rid of the termites without
risking our health, which concludes that in this solution there's no chemical used. This
research is comparative research about the effectiveness of Aloe Vera and Garlic Solution.
At the end of this study, we will know which organic solution is more effective to use in
eliminating termites.
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Theoretical Framework
Based on Francis Chaboussou's Trophobiosis Theory (1995), pests feed on
healthy plants, pesticides weaken plants, and weakened plants are more prone to pests
and diseases. The theory justifies that the use of commercial pesticides causes pest attack
and disease vulnerability on plants. In connection, Kalia (2011) said that the concept of
synthetic insecticides such as organophosphates are as helpful as functional tools in
modern crop management but pose significant threats to the environment and the people.
Chaubey (2017) stated in his study that essential oils from organic products are
sustainable alternatives in insect pest management because organic products are available
in nature, and essential oil can be effective in tracking and fumigating toxicity and
effective in repelling insects. Subramaniam (2012) supports Chaubey (2017) as stated in
his study that aloe vera has natural compounds that have insecticidal properties.
Conceptual Framework
The variables are distinguished according to the comparative between the
effectiveness of aloe vera solution and garlic solution as an insecticide to the mortality
rate of termites.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram on the independent variables and dependent variable of the
study
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
 Mortality rate of termites
 Aloe vera solution
 Time interval of the termite
 Garlic solution
mortality
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Objectives
General Objectives
This study aims to compare the effectiveness of aloe vera and garlic solution
insecticides to the mortality rate of termites.
Specific Objectives
1. To determine the mortality of termites under the following solution:
a. Garlic solution
b. Aloe vera solution
2. To determine the time interval of the mortality of termites under the following
solution:
a. Garlic solution
3. To find the significant difference between the effect of aloe vera solution and
garlic solution in terminating termites.
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the effect of aloe vera solution and garlic
solution in the mortality rate of termites and there is no significant difference in the time
interval of the termite death.
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Significance of the Study
This study aims to compare the effectiveness of aloe vera and garlic solution
insecticides to the mortality rate of termites, and will have a substantial impact on the
following individuals and for the environment, as described below:
Students - They will learn how to prevent termites from ruining the community's crops
and wooden structures. As society's students, they can help in spreading information and
raise consciousness.
Environment - This research will have a significant impact on environmental
improvement. There will be no negative consequences on the environment, and the crops
will be free from termites and their tendency to destroy the plants.
People - This study will have a favorable impact on people's health. They will now be
able to keep termites from ruining their walls by utilizing natural insecticides that are
both good for their health and readily available in their home.
Other researchers - The information gathered will aid other researchers in solving their
own research problems. It will be an additional piece of information.
Scope and Delimitations
The general intent of this study is to compare the effectiveness of insecticides
made from aloe vera solution and insecticides made from garlic solution. Conducting this
study is to be done through experimentation of the solution. This study will transpire in
the second semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. The experiment will happen at one
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of our teammate's houses in #60, Zone 7, Patag, Cagayan de Oro City. Experimenting at
our teammates' residence is because they discovered a termite colony near their home that
can give accurate answers and significantly show the effectiveness and difference in the
effectiveness of aloe vera and garlic solution as an insecticide. This experiment's result
will help in making chemical-free insecticides.
The delimitation of this research is disregarding the process of harvesting the
termites, garlic, and aloe vera because it will only focus on making the insecticide and
finding their efficacy difference on the termites' mortality and time interval of their
mortality. The research will not mind the classification and gender of the termite. Thus,
as long as it is a termite, it can be an acceptable subject for the experiment. In addition,
the insecticide will only use the cloves of the garlic and the gel and leaf of the aloe vera.
Definition of Terms
Aloe vera - a short-stemmed shrub in the genus of flowering succulents Aloe. Also
known as Aloe barbadensis, aloe vera is known for its healing benefits and thick, gel-
filled leaves.
Garlic – also known as Allium Sativum is a widely used cooking spice belonging to the
genus of Allium. Aside from being used in foods, garlic is also beneficial for its health
properties.
Insecticide - chemicals used to kill and prevent insects to control them from destroying
crops and other materials. They are classified according to their structure and action.
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Mortality Rate - the ratio between the death and individual in a specific population
during a particular range of time, usually by a specific cause.
Organic insecticide - a relatively safe pesticide that uses only organic materials to kill
bugs and insects.
Termites - subterranean termites are termites that live and feed on woods. There are two
types of termites commonly found at home: workers and swarmers. Worker termites can
be seen when the wood they live or feed breaks open and swarmers are the reproductive
cast of the termite colony.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
RELATED LITERATURE
Local
Insecticides are one of the very costly commodities for agriculture, contributing to
around 40% of manufacturing costs. That as said, the offset effects of inorganic
pesticides on the environment, humans, and livestock have recently prompted various
countries throughout the world to restrict their use and search out new environmental-
friendly and less hazardous pesticides. Botanical insecticides are becoming more popular
than chemical pesticides. It promotes well-balanced and self-regulatory agricultural
systems. Botanical insecticides are extracted from plants from different families, making
them safer for environmental use, human use, animals, and less expensive for farmers. A
study conducted by the researchers of the University of the Philippines in the Visayas,
West Visayas State University, and Panay State University collaborated on a plan to
develop pest management product concepts based on aspects of nature. The items will be
commercially produced and offered to farmers at a reasonable cost. The project's
potential plants had been chosen depending on availability, high biocompatibility, and
reactance. Plants were also chosen based on known active components and whether they
could be extracted as soluble in water. (Pinoy Bisnes, 2017).
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According to Topbest, pesticides frequently contain compounds that are
dangerous and that health of your family. These products, on the other hand, are crucial
in the Philippines for controlling termite and cockroach infestations. Still, it would be
great if pesticides synthetic chemists and manufactures could come up with a way to keep
hazardous bugs out of your house without harming your family. Don't be alarmed if
certain items aren't readily available. A reliable pest control company is always available.
These experts know how to get rid of harmful insects and rodents in the most effective
and safe way possible. However, there are some eco-friendly insecticides you can use to
keep those pesky pests at bay for the time being. Garlic spray is an example of a natural
pesticide that can be made at home. Its intense stench will make your home an
unappealing environment for insects to stay and lay their eggs, such as mosquitoes. You
did not have to worry about the pungent odor floating through the air after you've sprayed
it because it won't linger much. Spider mites, aphids, whiteflies, lace bugs, as well as
other pests are deterred from entering your home with this natural repellant. The hot
pepper is good into using both inside and outside your home, even if you have indoor
plants. The powerful plant neem, which originated in India, has been used as a treatments
for skin conditions. Neem oil spray can disrupt an insect's life span by making them start
losing their interest in food but after a few days.
In 2016, Irader wrote for DOST-PCAARRD that six plants with botanical
pesticide or biopesticide capabilities have been discovered by Central Luzon State
University (CLSU) researchers, which could be used instead of commercial pesticides.
Six biopesticides have been produced from plants collected in Region 3-Nueva Ecija,
Bataan, and Aurora by a team of researchers directed by Dr. Paz-Alberto of the Institute
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of Climate Change and Environmental Management (ICCEM). Before they may be
promoted to farmers, these biopesticides must be further researched, field tested, and
patented. Plant samples were taken from selected areas in the woodlands. These samples
were first evaluated to see if they had biopesticide potential before being processed into
liquid biopesticide. In Region 10, researchers are testing indigenous plants as biopesticide
sources for vegetables like lettuce, cabbage, tomato, and sugarcane. As of now, 11
pesticidal plant species have been collected and are being tested to see which ones can be
used as biopesticides. The biopesticides originally produced under the Philippine Council
of Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development of the
Department of Science and Technology's Biodiversity Industry Strategic S&T Program
(ISP) (DOST-PCAARRD). It helps to identify biodiversity concerns by assessing and
conserving key bio diversity for ecosystem services, as well as developing biodiversity-
based products including biopesticides, nutraceuticals, food, and innovative products.
Foreign
According to the article by Addisu S., et al., titled "Efficacy of Botanical Extracts
against Termites, Macrotermes spp., (Isoptera: Termitidae) under Laboratory Conditions"
(2014), stated that people frequently use chemicals to control insects, particularly
termites, which has negative consequences for the environment and non-target organisms.
As a result, they conducted an experiment on Macrotermes spp., also known as termites,
to identify effective botanicals and optimum concentrations. Natural insecticides have
several advantages over synthetic insecticides, and they may be more cost-effective in the
long run. Natural insecticides break down quickly, leaving less residue in the soil and
posing fewer risks to humans and animals. Furthermore, they are less expensive and
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easier to obtain in developing countries. In connection, the experiment, "A Comparative
Study between the Effectiveness of Aloe Vera and Garlic Solution as an Insecticide to the
Mortality Rate of Termites" will look at the effectiveness of natural insecticides such as
aloe vera and garlic solution and compare the two insecticides to see their differences and
similarities. This method will aid researchers in doing extensive research into the impacts
of Aloe Vera and Galic Solution on humans and the environment. To determine the
efficacy of Garlic Solution and Aloe Vera as insecticides to termites, the researchers will
first examine both natural materials and their effects on insects.
According to the article from the "International Journal of Green Pharmacy titled
Garlic: A potential source of pharmaceuticals and pesticides: A review by R.K.
Upadhyay (2016)", states that garlic, also known as Allium sativum, is a good source of
anti-invasive, preservative, immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, apoptotic,
cardioprotective, and antidiabetic agents, and has insecticidal effects against lepidopteran,
coleopteran, dipteran, and homopteran insect pests. As a result, its components can be
used to build pesticides that aren't as toxic as traditional insecticides for managing
significant fruit and vegetable pests. Garlic herbal remedies can help prevent non-target
pesticide exposure and insect resistance development. A different article titled "Effect of
Different Plant Extracts on Termite Species (Heterotermis indicola)" by N. Ahmed et al.
determined that the effects of the garlic solution on the termites have 100 percent of death
after 48 hours. N. Ahmed et al. concluded in their study that among all the plant essential
oils they have tested, garlic oil has the most potent anti-termite acidity.
Aloe vera (L.) Burm is a significant traditional Indian plant with a diverse range
of biological activity (Mallavadhani et al., 2016). As stated in the article titled "Aloe vera
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can work magic as termite repellent, bio-fertilizer" by Mohan L. (2016), aloe vera has
various health advantages and includes preventing signs of aging, hydrating skin,
promoting hair development, boosting immunity, and lowering cancer risk. However,
aside from the health benefit it can offer, aloe vera can be used as a termite deterrent if
people plant it around their homes. Aloe vera and water can remove termites. Aloe vera
could be employed as a bio-pesticide and a bio-absorbent of pollutants, according to
CUHP's Dr. Deepak Pant. "We recommend an Aloe Vera raw material that may be used
as a foliar spray with aloe bio-fertilizer and promotes plant growth. It can prevent crop
attacks by birds, flying foxes (bats), and insects (pests)," he stated.
According to Upadhyay and Singh (2012), the lectins or lectin-like compounds
(ASAL) in garlic may interfere with numerous phases of the insect life cycle. This
component is also found in Aloe Vera as the study of W. R. Benavides, W. Winters, and
D. Winters stated that immunodiffusion and hemagglutination assays revealed high levels
of lectin-like substances in fractions of fresh leaf extracts and commercially "stabilized"
Aloe vera gel. Lectins also work as plant defenses against insects, viruses, fungus,
bacteria, and mites, according to the study by Peumans and Van Damme in 1995, Saha et
al. in 2007, Roy et al. in 2008, and Chakraborti et al. in 2009. These garlic components
are poisonous to many insects and can be a powerful deterrent to feeding and egg laying
activity, according to Michiels et al. (2010). Lectins damages the sensory receptors,
midgut receptor proteins, intracellular proteins, and other vital proteins in the insect's
digestive tract as they bind together.
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RELATED STUDIES
Local
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) is a perennial plant often used in Asian
cuisine. It's a common ingredient in teas, soups, and curries. In the Philippines,
lemongrass is known as "tanglad" and is widely used to flavor Filipino dishes. According
to a study conducted by the Department of Plant Production Technology and Faculty of
Agricultural Technology in Bangkok, Thailand, lemongrass does contain organic insect
repellents. Lemongrass, peppermint, eucalyptus, citronella, and garlic cloves oil extracts
have presented to repel dengue and malaria mosquitos. However, the effect of oil extract
repellants does not endure as long as those of synthetic drugs, necessitating further
research to increase formulation and performance. According to the Environmental
Protection Agency, exposure to certain toxic pesticides is harmful to one's health. So
utilizing organic bug repellent is the best alternative to using high-toxic pesticides; all
you need is garlic cloves and lemongrass extract to make organic pest repellent.
Garlic oil contains an insect repellant constituent that can kill larvae, pupae, and
even adult insects. In fact, according to the study of Plata-Rueda et al., a total of 14
compounds from the garlic oil were obtained, identified ten compounds and four
unknown accounted for 97.54% of the total composition. The primary compounds of the
garlic oil were dimethyl trisulfide (19.86%), diallyl disulfide (18.62%), diallyl sulfide
(12.67%), diallyl tetrasulfide (11.34%), and 3-vinyl-[4 H]-1,2-dithiin (10.11%), followed
by diallyl trisulfide (5.74%), allyl trisulfide (4.41%), 1,4-dimethyl tetrasulfide (4.06%),
allyl disulfide (3.95%), methyl allyl disulfide (3.87%), and methyl allyl trisulfide
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(3.76%)". It is also said in their study that, "The CL50 and CL90 values of garlic
essential oil, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl sulfide induced symptoms of intoxication in
larvae and adults of T. Molitor, such as progressive paralysis, reduced food consumption,
and regurgitation. Necrosis was noticed in larvae, pupae, and adults on the area applied,
mainly in mouthparts, pronotum, legs, abdomen segments, and anus."
According to the study, "Insecticidal activity of garlic essential oil and their
constituents against the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio Molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae)" of Rueda A.P. et al. (2017), garlic is a bulbous flowering plant, most
commonly found in temperate in western Asia, and is often used in the world as a food
spice and even medicine such as used for cardio and also anti-microbial which presented
with considerable health beneficial attributes. According to this study, other studies show
garlic essential oil has insecticidal activity against insects and some grain storage insects.
The essential oil of garlic can be an alternative insecticide to control pests. The
hypothesized results have shown that garlic oil has insecticide properties. According to
the study "Effect of Aloe Vera Foliar Spray on Control of Insect Damage and Growth of
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Seedlings" of Wilson, V. (2020), the most commonly
used botanic chemicals are Neem, Aloe vera, Garlic, and Tabacco. This study chose aloe
vera as a bio-pesticide and fertilizer where it reports that it fights diseases and insects or
pests and causes fertilization to plants. Six antiseptic agents named lupeol, salicylic acid,
urea nitrogen, cinnamonic acid, phenols, and sulfur causes the properties of aloe vera.
According to this study, both the leaf and gel of Aloe Vera provide extraordinary
prevention to some diseases and causality such as anti-fungal, antioxidant, and other
properties. This study summarized the compositions of Aloe Vera leaf pulp and its gel.
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Foreign
According to Meles et al. (2012) in their journal titled "Insecticidal and Repellent
Properties of Selected Medicinal Plants Collected from Sofoho, Axum, Northeast Africa"
where they compare insecticidal and repellent plant extracts. Insect repellent is a material
that is applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces to repel insects. Insecticide, however,
is a substance that kills insects. Studying various insects by dropping a few drops of the
extract onto them using a dropper, the insecticidal and repellent action of plant extracts
was evaluated, done carefully using the proper processes, applications, and precautions.
Insecticidal properties are different from each other, even if the garlic, aloe vera, and
neem extracts were effective. Garlic's ability to kill insects was due to its pungent odor.
The journal concluded that aloe vera extract was more successful at repelling insects than
killing them. Its bitter taste is responsible for its repelling properties. Compared to other
plant extracts, garlic proved to be the most effective pesticide because it can be an
environmentally benign alternative to DDT.
The goal of the study "Evaluation of larvicidal action of natural extracts on
mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)" according to Susheela, Radha,
and Padmapriyanga (2016), was to look into the larvicidal ability of three natural extracts
against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti: aloe vera and onion, alcohol and cloves, and
marigold and garlic. The study performed insecticidal susceptibility tests following the
WHO guidelines and measured death following a 24-hour exposure period. The extract of
alcohol and cloves, which exhibited high efficiency on the Aedes mosquito larva, had
sky-high larval mortality. However, all of the tested extracts had moderate to good
larvicidal activity. The result of Susheela, Radha, and Padmapriyanga (2016) research
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revealed that the use of aloe vera, onion, and garlic as a mosquito larvicide has a strong
effect and that natural plant extracts can be manufactured at home and utilized at any
time that is convenient for the general public.
In connection to this research, Subramaniam et al. (2012) stated in their research
Mosquito larvicidal activity of Aloe vera (Family: Liliaceae) leaf extract and Bacillus
sphaericus, against Chikungunya vector, Aedes aegypti that aloe vera has insecticidal
properties to control the insect population. The solid material of aloe vera includes
vitamins, minerals, enzymes, sugars, anthraquinones or phenolic compounds, lignin,
tannic acids, polysaccharide, glycoproteins, saponins, sterols, amino acids, and salicylic.
These natural compounds are common ingredients in commercial insecticides.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers utilized Quantitative Approach through Experimental Research
Design to see which natural insecticide, aloe vera or garlic solution, is more successful at
preventing termites in this study. This is due to the fact that the study's focus is on
comparing and experimenting variables. Thus, the most effective approach is to use the
experimental research design to address all of the problems raised by the research topic.
Experimental research is a scientifically done study that employs two sets of
variables. The first set of variables will be the constant that will act as the basis to
calculate the differences in the second set of variables (Bhat A., 2020). The first set of
variables is the independent variable, Insecticides (Aloe Vera and Garlic Solution), and
the second set of variables is the dependent variable, Mortality Rate of Termites, whose
reactions will be observed based on how the insecticides affect them. The researchers will
compare the effects of Aloe Vera and Garlic Solution on termites by using comparative
method in order to determine which Biopesticide is more successful at eliminating them.
The change in the dependent variable will determine the experiment's success. As a result,
the researchers will be able to identify a significant cause and effect relationship.
The experimental research design enables the researchers to gather facts about the
research topic. Results will be taken and data will be made based on the experimentation
17
conducted. This will ensure accurate findings, allowing the researchers to find the
answers to their research problem.
Research Setting
The experiment will take place in the residence of one of our teammates at #60,
Zone 7, Patag Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental. The location is relevant for the
experimentation because it has damp areas which are commonly home to termites, and
there is a termite colony found in the place. It is also convenient for the researchers
because it is an open space, and the materials needed are available.
Figure 2. Zone 7, Patag, Cagayan de Oro Satellite Map
18
Duration and Frequency of the Study
The table below shows the study's planned activities from December 2021 to
March 2022. The data collection and implementation will take place only in February.
Conduction of the experiment will be in the morning after a rainstorm or rainshower
because rainwater causes water damage in homes or dead woods, which attracts termites
and other pests. The observation will last for three days, with three trials beginning at 9
a.m. and ending at 3 p.m., with a two-hour interval between each test. For better
outcomes, it will be daytime.
Table 1.0. Gantt chart of the schedule of activities.
Schedule of MONTHS
Activities December January February March
Title/ Topic of
the study
Reconnaissance
Literature
Review
Proposal Defense
Implementation /
Experimentation
Data Gathering
Final Paper
Final Defense
Preparatory
A. Preparing the Materials
In conducting the research, the materials that going to be prepared are five aloe
vera leaves, nine cloves of garlic, a measuring cup, an empty spray bottle, a plastic
19
container ( 17cm × 8cm top; 8.5 cmx14.3cm; with the height of 5.6cm), knife, tongs or
sticks, beaker, and cell-phone.
The tablespoon will serve as a measurement tool for the amount of water and
extracts for the solution. The garlic cloves, aloe vera leaves, and water are the main
ingredients of the insecticide. The empty spray bottle is for the extract solution container.
The container sees itself as a trap for the subjects, the termites. The final piece of
equipment required for this experiment is a cell phone or any camera capable of
recording and documenting the findings and impacts of each botanical insecticide. The
beaker and measuring cup is used to measure the liquid measurements of the solution. All
of these items can be discovered and obtained at home. These items are required and
necessary to complete the research study and achieve the best possible outcomes from the
experimentation since the overall objective of this testing is to know which is more
effective natural pesticides for termites.
B. Preparing Garlic Solution
First, set up the materials on the table. The materials are cloves of garlic, a
tablespoon or a measuring cup, beaker, water, and spray bottles. After setting up the
materials, using the pressing technique, crush the garlic cloves to get the garlic extract.
Using the tablespoon or measuring cup, put 44. 25 mL (25%) of garlic extract and 132.75
mL (75%) of water in an empty spray bottle for the trial 1 solution. Repeat the process for
trials 2 and 3. Trial 2 solution will have 88.5 mL (50%) garlic extract and 88.5 mL (50%)
water. Trial 3 solution will have 132.75 mL (75%) garlic extract and 44.25 mL (25%)
20
water. These solutions will be left for fermentation for at least three days before the
experiment.
C. Preparing Aloe Vera Solution
First, set up the materials on the table. The materials are aloe vera leaves, a
tablespoon or a measuring cup, a knife, water, and spray bottles. After setting up the
materials, slice the aloe vera in half and use the tablespoon to get the aloe vera gels.
Using the tablespoon or measuring cup, put 44.25 mL (25%) of aloe vera gel extract and
132.75 mL (75%) of water in an empty spray bottle for the trial 1 solution. Repeat the
process for trials 2 and 3. Trial 2 solution will have 88.5 mL (50%) aloe vera gel extract
and 88.5 mL (50%) water. Trial 3 solution will have 132.75 (75%) aloe vera gel extract
and 44.25 mL (25%) water. These solutions will be left for fermentation for at least three
days before the experiment.
D. Preparing the Termites
Collection of the termites will happen on the first day of experimenting. The
researchers will collect the termites in the rotten woods at Zone 7, Patag, Cagayan de Oro
City. Afterward, the container will hold the termites for the experiment. The container lid
has to have small holes to keep the termites alive during the collection process.
Instrument and Procedure
Experimentation is the primary method of data collection. It is determined that the
independent variables were aloe vera solution and garlic solution, while the dependent
21
variable is the effectiveness of the natural termite repellent and the time interval of the
termite mortality. The data will be recorded and analysed by the researcher in order to
determine the natural repellent's long-term effectiveness. A home experiment will be
conducted based on the data collection approach. The researchers adopted this method of
data collection because the termites can be viewed while being examined, and it provides
a consistent setup for all outcomes.
To gather necessary data for the experiment, researchers will go to the residence
of one of the researchers whose location is at Zone 7, Patag, Cagayan de Oro City. This is
due to the fact that the damp areas have rotten woods, which are home to termites.
Because of the current situation of the pandemic, only the neighboring researchers near
the location will be allowed to join the experimenting process.
According to the article “How Long Do Termites Live After Termite Treatment?”
by MightyMite Termite (2022), termites typically start dying off within a day or two.
Thus it is decided that there will be a two-day observation of the termites following the
treatment to determine if they are dead.
In getting the data of the experiment, the study will use an observation table as a
tool. The table will help the researchers collate data for data analysis and conclusion. The
table will have two parts, the determination of termites being killed by the solution and
the determination of time interval of the mortality of termites. The observation table is
showed below.
22
A. Mean Determination of Aloe Vera Solution
The table below shows the mean table of the determination of the dead termites
and the determination of the time interval of the termite mortality using aloe vera solution.
Days 4 and 5 are the Days 1 and 2 respectively of the post-experiment, thus it is already
on mean.
SET A. Aloe vera solution.
Table 2.1A. Determination of the mean of dead termites using aloe vera solution.
Amount of Mean of Dead Termites Total

Mean
Concentration Mean
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
Set A1 25% 3.7 4.0 2.7 3.0 6.0 3.3
Set A2 50% 1.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 10.0 3.0 3.4
Set A3 75% 2.7 2.7 2.0 5.0 10.0 3.9
Table 2.1B. Determination of time interval of termite mortality using aloe vera solution.
Amount of Time Interval of Termite Death Total

Mean
Concentration Mean
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Set A1 25% 33.3 min. 38.0 min. 41.3 min. 37.5 min.
48.7
min.
23
SET A1. Aloe vera solution with 25% concentration of solute.
Table 2.1C. Mean determination of termites killed using aloe vera solution with 25%
concentration of solute.
No. of Dead Termites

No. of Termites
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 2 6 1
Trial 2 10 7 4 5
Trial 3 10 2 2 2
Mean (Σ) 10 3.7 4.0 2.7
Table 2.1D. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality using aloe vera
solution with 25% concentration of solute.
Time Interval of Termite Death

No. of Termites
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 40 min. 24 min. 60 min.
Mean (Σ) 10 33.3 min. 38.0 min. 41.3 min.
Table 2.1E. Mean determination of termites killed using aloe vera solution with 50%

No. of Termites
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 1 1 3
Trial 2 10 2 5 1
Trial 3 10 0 1 2
Mean (Σ) 10 1.0 2.3 2.0
24
Table 2.1F. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality using aloe vera

No. of Termites
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Mean (Σ) 10 73.3 min. 48.0 min. 53.3 min.
Table 2.1G. Mean determination of termites killed using aloe vera solution with 75%

No. of Termites
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 1 1 1
Trial 2 10 6 3 1
Trial 3 10 1 4 4
Mean (Σ) 10 2.7 2.7 2.0
Table 2.1H. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality using aloe vera

SET B3 No. of Termites
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Mean (Σ) 10 48.0 min. 53.3 min. 50.0 min.
25
B. Mean Determination of Garlic Solution
The table below shows the mean table of the determination of the dead termites
and the determination of the time interval of the termite mortality using garlic solution.
Days 4 and 5 are the Days 1 and 2 respectively of the post-experiment, thus it is already
on mean.
SET B. Garlic extract solution.
Table 3.2A. Determination of the mean of dead termites using garlic extract solution.

Mean
Concentration Mean
Set A1 25% 3.7 4.0 2.3 2.0 10.0 3.7
Set A2 50% 8.3 6.7 7.7 9.0 10.0 7.0 4.8
Set A3 75% 3.7 2.3 1.7 3.0 10.0 3.6
Table 3.2B. Determination of time interval of termite mortality using garlic extract
solution.

Mean
Concentration Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Mean
Set B1 25% 29.3 min. 30.0 min. 70.0 min. 43.1 min.
35.8
min.
26
SET B1. Garlic solution with 25% concentration of solute.
Table 3.2C. Mean determination of termites killed using garlic solution with 25%

No. of Termites
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 2 2 2
Trial 2 10 4 6 5
Trial 3 10 5 4 0
Mean (Σ) 10 3.7 4.0 2.3
Table 3.2D. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality using garlic solution
with 25% concentration of solute.

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 40.0 min. 40.0 min. 60.0 min.
Trial 2 10 24.0 min. 20.0 min. 30.0 min.
Trial 3 10 24.0 min. 30.0 min. 120.0 min.
Mean (Σ) 10 29.3 min. 30.0 min. 70.0 min.
Table 3.2E. Mean determination of termites killed using garlic solution with 50%

No. of Termites
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 7 6 6
Trial 2 10 9 7 9
Trial 3 10 9 7 8
Mean (Σ) 10 8.3 6.7 7.7
27
Table 3.2F. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality using garlic solution

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 20.0 min. 20.0 min. 20.0 min.
Trial 2 10 15.0 min. 24.0 min. 17.1 min.
Trial 3 10 15.0 min. 30.0 min. 24.0 min.
Mean (Σ) 10 16.7 min. 24.7 min. 20.4 min.
Table 3.2G. Mean determination of termites killed using garlic solution with 75%

No. of Termites
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 1 4 2
Trial 2 10 3 2 1
Trial 3 10 7 1 2
Mean (Σ) 10 3.7 2.3 1.7
Table 3.2H. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality using garlic solution

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Trial 1 10 60.0 min. 30.0 min. 40.0 min.
Trial 2 10 40.0 min. 40.0 min. 60.0 min.
Trial 3 10 24.0 min. 60.0 min. 40.0 min.
Mean (Σ) 10 41.3 min. 43.3 min. 46.7 min.
28
C. T-test for Determining the Difference in the Mortality Rate
The table below shows the t-test table of the determination of the dead termites.
Table 4.1. Paired T-test Table for Determining the Difference in the Mortality Rate.
Set A (Aloe vera solution) Set B (Garlic solution)

Set 1 3.3 3.7
Set 2 3.0 7.0
Set 3 3.9 3.6
Table 4.2. Step 1 in the paired T-test table for Determining the Difference in the
Mortality Rate.
Set A (Aloe vera solution) Set B (Garlic solution) X-Y

Set 1 3.3 3.7 -0.4
Set 2 3.0 7.0 -4
Set 3 3.9 3.6 0.3
Subtract each Y score from each X score.
Mortality Rate.

Set 1 3.3 3.7 -0.4
Set 2 3.0 7.0 -4
Set 3 3.9 3.6 0.3
SUM -4.1
Add up all of the values from Step 1. Set this number aside for a moment.
29
Mortality Rate.
Set A (Aloe vera solution) Set B (Garlic solution) X-Y (X-Y)2

Set 1 3.3 3.7 -0.4 0.16
Set 2 3.0 7.0 -4 16
Set 3 3.9 3.6 0.3 0.09
SUM -4.1
Square the differences from Step 1.
Mortality Rate.

Set 1 3.3 3.7 -0.4 0.16
Set 2 3.0 7.0 -4 16
Set 3 3.9 3.6 0.3 0.09
SUM -4.1 16.25
Add up all of the squared differences from Step 3.
Step 5 in the paired T-test table. Use the following formula to calculate the t-score.
∑D
t
( ∑ D) ( )
√∑ D -( ) √
( - )( ) ( )( )
√ √
√ ( )( )
( )( )
30
√
ΣD: Sum of the differences (Sum of X-Y from Step 2).
ΣD : Sum of the squared differences (from Step 4).
(ΣD) : Sum of the differences (from Step ), squared.
Step 6: Subtract 1 from the sample size to get the degrees of freedom. We have 3 items,
so 3-1 = 2.
Figure 3. T-table for Determining the Difference in the Mortality Rate.
Step 7: Find the p-value in the t-table, using the degrees of freedom in Step 6. Using a
0.50 (50%) alpha level, with df=2, the p-value is 0.816.
Step 8: Compare your t-table value from Step 7 (-1.03) to your calculated t-value (0.816).
The calculated value is greater than the table value at an alpha level of 0.50. Since the p-
value is less than the alpha level: p<0.50, therefore we can reject the null hypothesis.
31
D. T-test for Determining the Difference in the Time Interval of the Mortality Rate
The table below shows the t-test table of the determination of the time interval of
the termite mortality.
Table 5.1. Paired T-test Table for Determining the Difference in the Time Interval of the
Mortality Rate.
Set A (Aloe vera solution) Set B (Garlic solution)

Set 1 37.5 43.1
Set 2 58.2 20.6
Set 3 50.4 43.8
Table 5.2. Step 1 in the paired T-test table for Determining the Difference in the Time
Interval of the Mortality Rate.

Set 1 37.5 43.1 -5.6
Set 2 58.2 20.6 37.6
Set 3 50.4 43.8 6.6
Subtract each Y score from each X score.

Set 1 37.5 43.1 -5.6
Set 2 58.2 20.6 37.6
Set 3 50.4 43.8 6.6
SUM 38.6
Add up all of the values from Step 1. Set this number aside for a moment.
32

Set 1 37.5 43.1 -5.6 31.36
Set 2 58.2 20.6 37.6 1413.76
Set 3 50.4 43.8 6.6 43.56
SUM 38.6
Square the differences from Step 1.

Set 1 37.5 43.1 -5.6 31.36
Set 2 58.2 20.6 37.6 1413.76
Set 3 50.4 43.8 6.6 43.56
SUM 38.6 1488.68
Add up all of the squared differences from Step 3.
Step 5 in the paired T-test table. Use the following formula to calculate the t-score.
∑D
t
( ∑ D) ( )
√∑ D -( ) √
( - )( ) ( )( )
√ √
√ ( )( )
( )( )
33
√
ΣD: Sum of the differences (Sum of X-Y from Step 2).
ΣD : Sum of the squared differences (from Step 4).
(ΣD) : Sum of the differences (from Step ), squared.
Step 6: Subtract 1 from the sample size to get the degrees of freedom. We have 3 items,
so 3-1 = 2.
Figure 4. T-table for Determining the Difference in the Time Interval of the Mortality
Rate.
Step 7: Find the p-value in the t-table, using the degrees of freedom in Step 6. Using a
0.50 (50%) alpha level, with df=2, the p-value is 0.816.
Step 8: Compare your t-table value from Step 7 (1.00) to your calculated t-value (0.816).
The calculated value is greater than the table value at an alpha level of 0.50. Since the p-
value is less than the alpha level: p<0.50, therefore we can reject the null hypothesis.
34
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter discusses on the data gathered of this study. The following are
included in this section: data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The discussion
follows the arrangement of the objectives, which were stated in Chapter 1.
A. To determine the mortality of termites under the following solution:
a. Garlic solution
This aims to determine the mortality of the termites under the two solutions. The
following table below shows the mean table of the determination of the dead termites for
the two solutions: Aloe Vera Solution (Set A) and Garlic Solution (Set B). Days 4 and 5
are the Days 1 and 2 respectively of the post-experiment, thus it is already on average.
SET A. Mortality of termites under the Aloe vera solution.
Table 6.1. Determination of the mean of dead termites using aloe vera solution.

Mean
Concentration Mean
Set A1 25% 3.7 4.0 2.7 3.0 6.0 3.3
Set A2 50% 1.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 10.0 3.0 3.4
Set A3 75% 2.7 2.7 2.0 5.0 10.0 3.9
35
The table above shows the mortality rate of termites under the aloe vera solution.
There are three different percent of solute concentration in the aloe vera solution: 25%,
50%, and 75%. Every percent of solute concentration is subjected to three trials per day.
In the 3-day testing and 2-day post-experiment observations, the total number of dead
termites appears to be 3.3 in the 25% solute concentration, 3.0 in the 50% solute
concentration, and 3.9 in the 75% solute. The total mean of the three different percent of
solute concentration is 3.4. The results indicates that the most effective aloe vera solution
is Set A1 which has a 25% solute concentration out of the three different percent
concentrations.
SET B. Mortality of termites under the Garlic solution.
Table 6.2. Determination of the mean of dead termites using garlic extract solution.

Mean
Concentration Mean
Set B1 25% 3.7 4.0 2.3 2.0 10.0 3.7
Set B2 50% 8.3 6.7 7.7 9.0 10.0 7.0 4.8
Set B3 75% 3.7 2.3 1.7 3.0 10.0 3.6
The table above displays the mortality rate of termites under the garlic solution.
The garlic solution has three different percent of solute concentration: 25%, 50%, and
75%. There are 3 trials a day for every percent of solute concentration. It appears that in
the 3 days of test and 2 days observation, the total deaths of termites are 3.7 in 25%
solute concentration, 7.0 in 50% solute concentration, and 3.6 in 75% solute
concentration. The total mean of the three different percent of solute concentration is 4.8.
The result indicates that the most effective one out of all the three different percent of
36
concentration of solute is the Set B2 which has a 50% solute concentration of garlic
solution because it has more dead termites than the other two solutions.
The results indicates that there is a mortality in the termites for both solutions:
Aloe Vera solution and Garlic solution and their effects vary from each other. The data
results shows that the garlic solution is more effective in terminating the termites since it
has a higher total of deaths than the aloe vera solution. This result is supported by Meles
et al. (2012) in which they stated in their journal that aloe vera extract has an effect at
repelling insects compared to other plant extracts, however, garlic bulbs proved to be the
most effective pesticide because it can be an environmentally benign alternative to
chemical pesticides such as “Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane” or commonly known as
DDT. DDT is banned to some countries due on its negative environmental effects, such
as those on wildlife, and possible human health risks. Both garlic and aloe vera has the
presence of the substance called lectins. Lectins is the agent to shield plants from insects,
fungus, and termites. Aside from that, garlic also has this pungent odor and aloe vera
extract has natural aloin that can effectively kill the termites (Mohan, 2016). This
explains the effects both solutions have in the mortality of the termites. To conclude,
while it is evident that both solutions have an effect on termites, the Garlic solution is the
one that consistently displays and manifests substantial effects on the mortality of
termites.
37
B. To determine the time interval of the mortality of termites under the following
solution:
a. Garlic solution
This aims to determine the time interval of the mortality of termites under the two
solutions. The following table below shows the mean table of the determination of the
time interval of the termite mortality for the two solutions: Aloe Vera Solution (Set A)
and Garlic Solution (Set B).
Set A. Time Interval of the Mortality of Termites under Aloe vera solution.
Table 7.1. Determination of time interval of termite mortality using aloe vera solution.

Mean
Concentration Mean
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
48.7
min.
The table above presents the time intervals for the mortality of the termites and
the different percent of solute concentration in the aloe vera solution. According to the
data gathered, the time it takes to kill the termites for the aloe vera solution with 25%
concentration of solute is 37.5 minutes, while the 50% of solute concentration of aloe
vera solution takes 58.2 minutes, and the 75% of solute concentration of aloe vera
solution takes 50.4 minutes. The total mean for time interval for the mortality of termites
under the aloe vera solution is 48.7 minutes. This result indicates that the time interval for
38
termite mortality occurred in a shorter time of 37.5 minutes when the solution has a 25%
of solute concentration of aloe vera solution.
Set B. Time Interval of the Mortality of Termites under Garlic solution.
Table 7.2. Determination of time interval of termite mortality using garlic extract solution.

Mean
Concentration Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Mean
35.8
min.
The table above indicates the time intervals for the mortality of termite as well as
the various percent of solute concentrations in garlic solution. According to the data
recorded, termites are killed in 43.1 minutes by a 25% concentration of garlic solute, 20.6
minutes by a 50% concentration of garlic solute, and 43.8 minutes by a 75 percent
concentration of garlic solute. The overall time interval for the mortality of termites
utilizing the garlic solution is 35.8 minutes. This result demonstrates that the termites are
eliminated faster when the garlic solution has a 50% concentration of garlic solute.
There are time intervals recorded in the mortality of the termites for both
solutions: Aloe Vera solution and Garlic solution and they differ from one another. The
time it takes to kill the termites ranges from 20 to 59 minutes for every solute
concentration for both solutions. The Garlic solution had a total mean of 35.8 minutes,
whereas the Aloe Vera solution had a total mean of 48.7 minutes. This result was
explained by the study of Plata-Rueda A. et al. (2017) on why garlic solution eliminated
the termites faster than the aloe vera solution. They stated that Garlic essential oil was
toxic to insects specifically, larva, followed by pupa and adult. Its toxic compounds,
39
diallyl disulfide, was the most toxic than diallyl sulfide for pupa, larva, and adult
respectively and it is showing lethal effects at different time points. Garlic essential oil,
diallyl disulfide and diallyl sulfide induced symptoms of intoxication. They concluded
that garlic essential oil and their compounds caused lethal and sublethal effects on larva
and, therefore, have the potential for pest control. As a result, the poisonous substances in
the garlic solution have a considerable effect on the termites, and they are eliminated
much faster than with the aloe vera solution.
C. To find the significant difference between the effect of aloe vera solution and
garlic solution in terminating termites.
This aims to find the significant difference between the effect of the two solutions:
Aloe vera solution and Garlic solution in terminating termites. The following table below
shows the t-test table of the determination of the dead termites and the time interval of the
mortality of termites under the two solutions: Aloe Vera Solution (Set A) and Garlic
Solution (Set B).
C.1. T-test for Determining the Difference in the Mortality Rate
Table 8. The paired T-test table for the dead termites.

Set 1 3.3 3.7 -0.4 0.16
Set 2 3.0 7.0 -4 16
Set 3 3.9 3.6 0.3 0.09
SUM -4.1 16.25
40
∑D
t
( ∑ D) ( )
√∑ D -( ) √
( - )( ) ( )( )
√ √
√ ( )( )
( )( )
Using a 0.50 (50%) alpha level, with df=2 from n-1 where n=3, the p-value is
0.816. Comparing the calculated t-value -1.03 to the t-table value 0.816, the calculated
value is greater than the table value at an alpha level of 0.50. Since the p-value is less
than the alpha level: p<0.50, therefore we can reject the null hypothesis.
The table above presented the total mean of every solution: Aloe vera solution
(Set A) with 3.3, 3.0, and 3.9, and Garlic solution (Set B) with 3.7, 7.0, and 3.6,
respectively. The data was then computed to get the T-test of every solution using their
total mean. This process aims to see the significant difference between the two treatments
in terminating termites and to either accept or reject the null hypothesis. The results
indicate that the null hypothesis is rejected because the computed p value is less than the
alpha level. There is also a significant difference between the effects of the two solutions:
aloe vera solution and garlic solution, as evidenced in the steps in establishing the p-value
of the death of termites and is described above. Thus, this result led us to the conclusion
41
that the mortality of the termite in the garlic solution has proven to be more effective in
killing termites than in the aloe vera solution. This result also is similar with the findings
of Ahmed et al. (2006) in which they used three concentrations, that is, 5%, 10% and 20%
from a different solution including garlic, neem, and tobacco against termites under
laboratory conditions, and better results were recorded for all solutions, even though high
mortality by garlic and tobacco was reported. Additionally, this was also supported by
Teklay et al. (2012) in which they assessed the efficacy of certain plants including Aloe
vera and garlic against different insects and reported that Aloe vera extract is effective in
repelling rather than killing insects because of its bitter taste. This explains why there are
less dead termites in the aloe vera solution. They added that garlic bulbs extract had an
insecticidal effect referred to its content of salphone hydroxyl ion, which penetrates the
barrier of the insect blood brain acting as a poison to the insect (Douiri and Boughdad
2013), which then explains how effective the garlic solution is in killing the termites.
C.2. T-test for Determining the Difference in the Time Interval of the Mortality
Rate
Table 9. The paired T-test table for the time interval of termite death.

Set 1 37.5 43.1 -5.6 31.36
Set 2 58.2 20.6 37.6 1413.76
Set 3 50.4 43.8 6.6 43.56
SUM 38.6 1488.68
42
∑D
t
( ∑ D) ( )
√∑ D -( ) √
( - )( ) ( )( )
√ √
√ ( )( )
( )( )
Using a 0.50 (50%) alpha level, with df=2 from n-1 where n=3, the p-value is
0.816. Comparing the calculated value 1.00 to the t-table value 0.816, the calculated
value is greater than the table value at an alpha level of 0.50. Since the p-value is less
than the alpha level: p<0.50, therefore we can reject the null hypothesis.
As shown in the table, every solution has three sets of mean. Aloe vera solution
(Set A) has a total mean of 37.5, 58.2, and 50.4. While for the garlic solution (Set B), the
overall mean is 43.1, 20.6, and 43.8, respectively. With the mean provided, it is easier to
calculate the T-test. The purpose of this process is to see if there is a significant
difference of the time interval in the mortality of the termites and to know if we can reject
the null hypothesis. This was proven by the result indicated in the steps above. In
determining the p-value of the time interval of the solutions, the results shows that the
null hypothesis is rejected because the p value is less than the alpha level of 0.50.
Therefore, there is a significant difference between the time interval of the mortality of
43
termites of the aloe vera solution and the garlic solution. The effects that the solutions
demonstrated was because of the component called Lectins that both Garlic and Aloe
Vera have. Lectins serves as plant defenses against insects, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and
termites. This compound is toxic to many insects and can be a strong deterrent to feeding
and egg laying behavior (Michiels et al. 2010). They bind to and damage sensory
receptors, midgut receptor proteins, intracellular proteins, and other vital proteins within
the insects’ digestive tract. Furthermore, the results indicates that garlic solution works
better than the aloe vera solution because the 50% solute concentration of garlic solution
was recorded to be faster and more effective than the other percent concentrations as well
as the aloe vera solution. In connection, this result was supported by N. Ahmed et al.
(2006) with having the similar results in their experiment. They stated that that the effects
of the garlic solution on the termites have 100% of death after 48 hours and concluded in
their study that among all the plant essential oils they have tested, garlic oil has the most
potent anti-termite acidity, which is also proven by the gathered data.
44
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter discussed the summary, conclusions, and recommendations based on
the results of the study.
Summary
This research applies a quantitative approach and utilizes an experimental
research design to examine the effects of aloe vera and garlic solutions in terminating
termites. The aloe vera solution and the garlic solution are independent variables,
whereas the mortality rate and its time interval are dependent variables — what we will
measure in this study. The test subjects were subterranean wood termites, and they were
obtained in the research setting: #60, Zone 7, Patag Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis
Oriental.
The total number of wood termites collected from the site for the experiment was
five hundred forty (540), with two hundred seventy (270) in each solution. In the
experiment, the aloe vera and garlic solution were divided into three sets of 25%, 50%,
and 75% solute concentration, each with thirty (30) termites. Each insecticide solution
used ninety (90) termites every day, for a total of a hundred and eighty (180) termites per
day. The experiment lasted for five (5) days, with three (3) days of testing and two (2)
days of post-experiment data observation.
45
Data were obtained for analysis and interpretation to compare and determine the
efficiency of the aloe vera and garlic solutions. The results indicate a significant
difference between the aloe vera and garlic solutions which rejected the null hypothesis.
After calculating the mortality rates of the two solutions, the garlic solution appears to
have eliminated more termites than the aloe vera solution. As a result, the experiment
achieved the study's objectives, concluding the experiment.
Findings
1. Experimenters recorded the results during in-between experiment observation and
post-experiment observation for the mortality rate of the termites. The data
gathered after the five (5) days of experimentation were used as the basis to see
the effects of using aloe vera solution and garlic solution in terminating termites.
a. An observation data has been recorded after the experiment to determine
the mortality rate of termites under the aloe vera solution. The SET A1
with a 25% solute concentration of aloe vera showed consistency in its
effects on the termites until day four (4), and on day five (5), it didn’t get
to kill all the subjects. The SET A2 with 50% solute concentration showed
a record of more dead termites only in the post-experiment: days four (4)
and five (5), and the same goes in A3 with 75% solute concentration.
b. An observation data has been recorded after the experiment to determine
the mortality rate of termites under the garlic solution. The SET B1 with a
25% solute concentration of garlic shows that the rates of the dead
46
termites are already high in the first two (2) days of trial, the rate of killing
termites is decreasing on days three (3) and four (4), and skyrocketed with
a complete execution of ten (10) termites during day five (5). The SET B2
with 50% solute concentration shows a surprisingly high rate of dead
termites in the records from day one (1) to five (5) it is observed to have
the most result of killed termites compared to the other solute
concentration and aloe vera solution. The SET B3 with 75% solute
concentration is also consistent in killing the termites, although the
consistency decreased on days four (4) and five (5) and eventually became
high during day five (5). The overall results show that the garlic solution is
recognized as the most effective solution to kill termites following the 50%
solute concentration after three (3) days of fermentation.
2. The data for the time interval of the mortality of the termites using the aloe vera
and garlic solution was obtained after the experiment. The results indicate
different time intervals for all sets and trials a day. It was calculated by getting the
mean of every solution to see the overall effects.
a. Experimenters recorded the results to find the time interval for the
mortality of the termites under the aloe vera solution. In SET A1 with the
solute concentration of 25% of aloe vera, the result shows that it killed a
lot of termites in a total mean of 37.5 minutes. The SET A2 with the solute
concentration of 50% of aloe vera appears to have the longest time of 58.2
minutes in terminating the termites. SET A3 with a solute concentration of
75% has an average of 50.4 minutes in killing termites.
47
b. An observation data recorded the time interval for the mortality of the
termites under the garlic solution. In SET B1, with the solute
concentration of 25% of garlic, it takes a total mean of 43.1 minutes. In
SET B2, with the solute concentration of 50% of garlic, there is an
average mean of 20.6 minutes and has been recorded to be the shortest
time it takes to kill the termites. In SET B3 with the solute concentration
of 75% of garlic, it takes a total mean of 43.8 minutes in the mortality of
termites. The overall result indicates that the garlic solution is recognized
as the most effective solution to kill the termites in a short period with 50%
of solute concentration after three (3) days of fermentation.
3. The effect of garlic solution and aloe vera solution in terminating the termites
showed a significant difference between the solutions. The difference was
determined using the Paired T-test in the data gathered throughout the experiment.
a. There is a significant difference in the mortality rate of the termites
between the garlic solution and the aloe vera solution. The calculated
value (-1.03) is greater than the table value (0.816) at an alpha level of
0.50. The p-value is less than the alpha level: p<0.50. This shows that we
can reject the null hypothesis and confirm the significant difference in the
mortality rate of the termites.
b. There is a significant difference in the time interval of the termite
mortality between aloe vera solution and garlic solution. The calculated
value (1.00) is greater than the table value (0.816) at an alpha level of 0.50.
48
Since the p-value is less than the alpha level of 0.50, we reject the null
hypothesis.
Conclusion
In conclusion, garlic solution is more effective than the aloe vera solution in
reducing the mortality rate of termites. The results from the experiment showed a
significant difference in the insecticidal effect between garlic solution and aloe vera
solution in killing the termites. The garlic solution in Set B2 is the most effective,
wherein, SET B2 with the solute concentration of 50% of garlic has a total mean of 20.6
minutes and has been recorded to be the shortest time it takes to kill the termites.
Chaubey's (2017) Study of Insecticidal Properties of Garlic, Allium sativum (Alliaceae)
and Bel, Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) Essential Oils Against Sitophilus zeamais L.
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) supports the results of the experiment. In Chaubey's research,
garlic and bel oil caused lethality in grain weevil adults, which led to concluding that
garlic bulbs contain active compounds contributing to the garlic's insecticidal and
antiparasitic properties. In this study, the null hypothesis theorized that the garlic solution
and the aloe vera solution do not affect the mortality rate of termites, which is false.
Recommendation
In light of the conclusion of the study, the following are the recommendation of the
researchers:
49
People in the Community. The people in the community can use the research as a guide
in making their homemade insecticides to get rid of termites. Also, they can try using the
insecticide for other insects.
Insecticide-makers Community and the Environment. The insecticide makers
community can enhance the study to make natural insecticides and reduce using
chemicals as insecticides. This will also be beneficial to the environment because of less
chemical use.
Future researchers. The researchers recommend experimenting on another subject aside
from termites. Future researchers can use false powderpost beetles, acrobats ants, etc., as
a subject to see if garlic solution is more effective than aloe vera solution to kill this kind
of insects. As well as adding additives to the solution, the garlic solution used in the study
presented a foul odour. To avoid it, adding additives is recommended for future
researchers to avoid the foul smell of the solution.
50
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xvii
APPENDIX A
OBSERVATION
Figure 5. Day 1 observation table
xviii
Figure 6. Day 2 observation table, Trial 1
Figure 7. Day 2 observation table, Trial 2 and 3
xix
Figure 8. Day 3 observation table, Trial 1 and 2
Figure 9. Day 3, Trial 3, and Days 4 and 5 observation table
xx
APPENDIX B
DOCUMENTATION
Figure 10. Garlic solution in spray bottles
Figure 11. Aloe vera solution in spray bottles.
xxi
Figure 12. Gathering of termites, day 1 (left) and day 2 (right)
Figure 13. Gathering of termites, day 3
xxii
Figure 14. Gathered termites ready to be sprayed with garlic solution
xxiii
APPENDIX C
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Largo, Alizzen Khrislyn E.
Sex: Female
Address: B3, L4, Coca-cola Subdivision, Iponan, Cagayan de Oro
City, 9000, Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: November 11, 2003; Mandaue City, Cebu
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Cell Number: (+63) 967 457 3060
Citizenship: Filipino
Email Address: alienkh.largo@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: East City Central School Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: Misamis Oriental General Year Graduated: 2020
Comprehensive High School
Senior High School: PHINMA – Cagayan de Oro College Year Graduated: 2022
xxiv
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Legaspi, Marie Yvonne Y.
Sex: Female
Address: Zone 3 Barra Opol, Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: October 22, 2002; Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental
Cell Number: (+63) 935 191 4326
Email Address: marieyvonnelegaspi16@gmail.com
Elementary: Barra Elementary School Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: Opol National Secondary Technical Year Graduated: 2020
School
Senior High School: PHINMA – Cagayan de Oro Year Graduated: 2022
College
xxv
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Lumacang, Rhea Mae G.
Sex: Female
Address: Zone 8 Clara Poblacion, Opol, Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: June 28, 2003; Valencia City, Bukidnon
Cell Number: (+63) 916 688 5040
Email Address: lumacangrheamae1982@gmail.com
Elementary: Valencia City Central School Year Graduated: 2016
School
xxvi
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Nagac, Hannah Juvy F.
Sex: Female
Address: #010, Zone 1 Patag, Cagayan de Oro City
Date and Place of Birth: January 02, 2004; Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental
Cell Number: (+63) 967 877 8895
Email Address: hannahjuvynagac@gmail.com
Elementary: Camp Evangelista Elementary School Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: Bulua Annex, Patag National High Year Graduated: 2020
School
xxvii
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Pedrosa, Meril Roshel N.
Sex: Female
Address: Zone 7 Malasag Cugman Cagayan de Oro City
Date and Place of Birth: January 23, 2004; Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental
Cell Number: (+63) 905 473 2120
Email Address: merilroshelpedrosa234@gmail.com
Elementary: Malasag Elementary School Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: Cugman National High School Year Graduated: 2020
xxviii
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Revelo, Kean Daniel B.
Sex: Male
Address: B31, L3, Sampaguita St., Regency Plain Subdivision,
Phase 3, Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000, Misamis
Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: December 09, 2003; Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis
Oriental
Cell Number: (+63) 926 293 7086
Email Address: revelokean321@gmail.com
Elementary: Southern Philippines College Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: Misamis Oriental General Year Graduated: 2020
Comprehensive High School
xxix
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Rockwell, Ivy Jane S.
Sex: Female
Address: Barra Proper, Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000,
Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: July 12, 2003; Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental
Religion: Born Again
Cell Number: (+63) 965 559 5454
Email Address: ivyjanerockwell@gmail.com
Elementary: Macabalan Elementary School Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: Macabalan National High School Year Graduated: 2020
xxx
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Salindato, Shaina Alexa
Sex: Female
Address: B31, L1, Forest View Homes, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000,
Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: March 17, 2003; Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental
Religion: Baptist
Cell Number: (+63) 997 257 1769
Email Address: ssshainasalindato@gmail.com
Elementary: Millennium Christian Academy Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: Kong Hua School Year Completed: 2018
Junior High School: Corpus Christi School Year Graduated: 2020
xxxi
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Sanchez, Clanch Kyle L
Sex: Male
Address: District 4, San Jose, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: July 8, 2003; Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental
Cell Number: (+63) 960 683 2837
Email Address: kylesanchez0708@gmail.com
Elementary: Talisayan Central School Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: Saint Mary’s Academy of Talisayan Year Graduated: 2020
xxxii
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Tobias, Danica Irene S.
Sex: Female
Address: Zone 2 Poblacion, Opol, Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: May 6, 2004; Opol, Misamis Oriental
Cell Number: (+63) 997 455 1526
Email Address: danicairenet@gmail.com
Elementary: Opol Central School Year Graduated: 2016
School
Senior High School: PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College Year Graduated: 2022
xxxiii
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Villegas, Louraine V.
Sex: Female
Address: #60 Zone 7 Patag, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000,
Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: February 12, 2003, Tacloban City, Leyte
Cell Number: (+63) 905 413 3715
Email Address: leng2time133@gmail.com
Elementary: PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College Year Graduated: 2020
xxxiv
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Yamson, Radze Reyman R.
Sex: Male
Address: Purok 7, Tipolonan, Alubijid, Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: May 18, 2004; Lanao, Alubijid, Misamis Oriental
Cell Number: (+63) 935 200 2182
Email Address: radzeyamson2004@gmail.com
Elementary: Alubijid Central School Year Graduated: 2016
Junior High School: Alubijid National Comprehensive Year Graduated: 2020
High School
xxxv
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Yonting, Monique M.
Sex: Female
Address: Zone-5, Poblacion, Opol, Misamis Oriental
Date and Place of Birth: July 11, 2004 ; Cagayan De Oro City, Misamis Oriental
Cell Number: (+63) 936 829 0076
Email Address: moniqueyonting11@gmail.com
Elementary: Opol Central School Year Graduated: 2016
School
xxxvi

A Comparative Study on Termite Mortality Using Aloe Vera and Garlic Solutions

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A Comparative Study on Termite Mortality Using Aloe Vera and Garlic Solutions

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A Comparative Study between the Effectiveness of Aloe Vera Solution and Garlic

Solution as an Insecticide to the Mortality Rate of Termites

Largo, Alizzen Khrislyn E. Salindato, Shaina Alexa

Legaspi, Marie Yvonne Y. Sanchez, Clanch Kyle L.

Lumacang, Rhea Mae G. Tobias, Danica Irene S.

Nagac, Hannah Juvy F. Villegas, Louraine V.

Pedrosa, Meril Roshel N. Yamson, Radze Reyman R.

Revelo, Kean Daniel B. Yonting, Monique M.

Rockwell, Ivy Jane S.

researchers in every step they take in making the paper.

making of the paper.

conducted the experiment in their neighborhood.

researchers in ensuring that the study would be successful.

Researchers, for their contributions and participations as they overcome difficulties in

the process of making the paper.

motivate the researchers.

perseverance, as well as all of the people named above.

Thank you for the endless cooperation and dedication.

The research A Comparative Study between the Effectiveness of Aloe Vera

alpha level of 0.50, respectively.

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM

Significance of the Study 5

Scope and Delimitations 5

Local Related Literature 8

Foreign Related Literature 10

Local Related Studies 13

Foreign Related Studies 15

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

Duration and Frequency of the Study 19

Instrument and Procedure 21

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS,

AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 35

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION,

APPENDIX A: OBSERVATION xviii

APPENDIX B: DOCUMENTATION xxi

APPENDIX C: CURRICULUM VITAE xxiv

Figure 1. Schematic diagram on the independent

variables and dependent variable of the study 3

Figure 2. Zone 7, Patag, Cagayan de Oro Satellite Map 18

Figure 3. T-table for Determining the Difference in the Mortality Rate 31

Figure 4. T-table for Determining the Difference in the Time Interval

of the Mortality Rate 34

Figure 5. Day 1 observation table xviii

Figure 6. Day 2 observation table, Trial 1 xix

Figure 7. Day 2 observation table, Trial 2 and 3 xix

Figure 8. Day 3 observation table, Trial 1 and 2 xx

Figure 9. Day 3, Trial 3, and Days 4 and 5 observation table xx

Figure 10. Garlic solution in spray bottles xxi

Figure 11. Aloe vera solution in spray bottles xxi

Figure 13. Gathering of termites, day 3 xxii

Table 1.0. Gantt chart of the schedule of activities 19

Table 2.1A. Determination of the mean of dead termites

using aloe vera solution 23

Table 2.1B. Determination of time interval of termite mortality

using aloe vera solution 23

Table 2.1C. Mean determination of termites killed using aloe

vera solution with 25% concentration of solute 24

Table 2.1D. Mean determination of time interval of termite mortality

using aloe vera solution with 25% concentration of solute 24

Table 2.1E. Mean determination of termites killed using aloe vera