FORM TWOENGLI

SHNOTES
LI
STENI
NGANDSPEAKI
NGFORFORM TWO

PRONUNCI
ATI
ON

STRESS
Notall
syl
labl
esi
nawordaregivenequal
emphasi
s.Byt
hesamet
oken,
notal
lwor
dsi
na
sent
encearesai
dwi
thequall
ength.

Therel
ati
veemphasi
sthatmaybegivent
ocer
tai
nsy
ll
abl
esi
nawor
d,orcer
tai
nwor
dsi
na
sent
enceiswhatweref
ertoasst
ress.

Yousayasy
ll
abl
eorawor
disst
ressedwheni
tissai
dlouderorl
ongert
hant
her
est
.

St
ressi
sst
udi
edi
ntwol
evel
s:

(
a)Wor
dlev
el;
and

(
b)Sent
encel
evel
.

St
ressatt
heWor
dLev
el

Apar
tofacer
tai
nwor
dwhensai
dlouderorl
ongert
heni
tisst
ressed.

Rul
esofWor
dSt
ress

1.Fort
wo-
syl
l
abl
enounsandadj
ect
ives,
str
esst
hef
ir
st,
forexampl
e

Cl
oudycar
ton t
abl
e

2.Forver
bswi
tht
wosy
ll
abl
esandpr
eposi
ti
ons,
emphasi
zet
hesecondsy
ll
abl
e,f
or
example

3.Wor
dswi
tht
hreesy
ll
abl
es.

(
a)Thoseendi
ngi
n–er
,-l
y,emphasi
sputont
hef
ir
stsy
ll
abl
e,f
orexampl
e,

(
b)St
resst
hef
ir
st,
fort
hoseendi
ngi
nconsonant
sandi
n–y
,forexampl
e,

(
c)St
resst
hel
astsy
ll
abl
eift
hewor
dendsi
n–ee,
-ese,
-eer
,-i
que,
-et
te,
forexampl
e,

(
d)Lookatt
heoneswi
tht
hesuf
fi
xesbel
ow,
wher
est
ressi
spl
acedont
hesecond,

-
ary
:li
brar
y

Ci
al:
judi
cial
,commer
cial

-
cian:
musi
cian,
cli
nici
an
 -
tal
:capi
tal
,reci
tal

Str
essisimport
antinst
udy
ingt
heheteronyms.Apair
,orgr
oupofwordsi
srefer
redtoas
het
eronym whenthosewor
dsarespel
ledthesamewaybuthavedi
ff
erentpr
onunciat
ionand
meaning.Wehavetwomaincat
egori
esofheterony
ms:

(
a)Noun-v
erbpai
rs;
and

(
b)Ver
b-and-
adj
ect
ivepai
rs.

West
resst
hef
ir
stsy
ll
abl
eifnounandt
hesecondi
fver
b.

Exampl
esofnoun-
and-
ver
bpai
rsar
eincl
udedi
nthet
abl
ebel
ow:

Noun Ver
b Noun Ver
b

Abuse Gr
aduat
e

Recor
d Cement

Conv
ert Wi
nd

Abuse Si
n

Cont
est Pr
oduce

Dupl
i
cat
e Excuse

Pol
i
sh I
nsul
t

Rebel Per
mit

I
nsent
ences;

(
a)Manyf
act
ori
espr
oducet
hepr
oducewei
mpor
t.

(
b)Al
l
anbecameaconv
ertaf
terdeci
dingt
oconv
ertt
ochr
ist
iani
ty.

Sent
enceSt
ress

Sent
encest
ressi
saccentoncer
tai
nwor
dswi
thi
nasent
ence.

Mostsent
enceshav
etwobasi
cwor
dty
pes:

(
a)Cont
entwor
dswhi
char
ethekeywor
dscar
ryi
ngt
hesenseormeani
ng-message.

(
b)St
ruct
urewor
dswhi
chj
ustmaket
hesent
encegr
ammat
ical
l
ycor
rect
.Theygi
vet
he
 sent
encei
tsst
ruct
ure.

Lookatt
hesent
encebel
ow:

Buymi
l
kfeel
i
ngt
ir
ed.

Thought
hesentenceisi
ncomplete,
youwi l
lprobablyunder
standthemessagei
nit
.Thef
our
wordsar
ethecontentwor
ds.Verbs,nouns,adject
ives,
arecontentwor
ds.

Youcanaddwor
dst
othesent
encet
ohav
esomet
hingl
i
ke:

Wi
l
lyoubuymemi
l
ksi
nceIam f
eel
i
ngt
ir
ed?

Thewords:
wil
l
,you,me,si
nce,
I,ar
ejustmeantt
omakethesent
encecor
rectgr
ammat
ical
l
y.
Theycanal
sobestr
essedtobri
ngtheint
endedmeani
ng.

Nowl
et’
sst
udyt
hesent
encebel
ow:

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
.

Eachwor
dint
hesent
encecanbest
ressedt
obr
ingt
hemeani
ngasi
l
lust
rat
edi
nthet
abl
e.

Sent
ence Meani
ng

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Shedoesn’
tthi
nkt
hat
,butsomeoneel
sedoes.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. I
tisnott
ruet
hatJoant
hinkst
hat
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joandoesn’
tthi
nkt
hat
,sheknowst
hat
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. NotAki
nyi
,butsomeoneel
se.Pr
obabl
y
Nj
ugunaorAdhiambo.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAki
nyi
didsomet
hingt
othegr
een
ski
rt
,maybewashedit
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAki
nyi
stol
esomeoneel
se’
sgr
een
ski
rt
,butnotmi
ne.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Shet
hinksAkiny
ist
olemyr
edski
rtwhi
chi
s
al
somissing.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAkinyi
stol
emygr
eenshi
rt
.She
mispr
onouncedtheword.

Exer
cise1
1.Thewordsthatfol
l
owcanbenounsorverbsdependi
ngont
hest
ressedsy
ll
abl
e.Useeach
asbot
ht hever
bandnouni
nasinglesent
ence.

(
a)Cement

(
b)Addr
ess

(
c)Per
mit

(
d)Cont
ent

2.Under
li
net
hepar
toft
hewor
dinbol
dfacey
ouwi
l
lst
ressi
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.

(
a)Theboyhasbeenaskedt
ode.
ser
tthede.
ser
t.

(
b)Myhandsomees.
cor
twi
l
les.
cor
tmet
othedance.

(
c)Af
terupdat
ingmyr
e.sume,
Iwi
l
lre.
sumemyj
obsear
ch.

(
d)Theyhav
etocon.
test
int
heannual
Mat
hcon.
test
.

(
e)I
fyoucon.
vi
ctme,
Iwi
l
lremai
nacon.
vi
ctf
or5y
ear
s.

Exer
cise2

Eachwor
dint
hesentencesbel
owcanbest
ressedt
obr
ingt
hemeani
ng.Whatwi
l
lbet
he
meani
ngwheneachwordisstr
essed?

(
a)Il
ovey
oursi
ster
’shandwr
it
ing.

(
b)Youcamel
atet
oday
.
I
NTONATI
ON
 I
tist
her
iseandf
all
ofv
oicei
nspeaki
ng.

 I
ntonat
ioni
scr
uci
alf
orcommuni
cat
ion.

 I
nEngl
i
sht
her
ear
ebasi
cal
l
ytwoki
ndsofi
ntonat
ion:
risi
ngandf
all
i
ng.

 Wecanusearrowst
oshowtheint
anotion–whet
herr
isi
ngorf
all
i
ng.↘ r
epr
esent
sfal
l
ing
i
ntonat
ionwhi
l
e↗ repr
esent
stheri
singone.

Fal
l
ingI
ntonat
ion

 Fal
l
ingi
ntonat
ioni
swhenwel
owerourv
oiceatt
heendofasent
ence.

 Thi
susual
l
yhappensi
n:

(
a)St
atement
s,f
orexampl
e,

 Il
i
ke↘ bananas.

 I
tisni
cewor
kingwi
th↘y
ou.

 Shet
rav
ell
edt
o↘ El
dor
et.

(
b)W/
HQuest
ions

 Whati
syour↘name?

 Wher
edoy
ou↘l
i
ve?

 Howol
dar
e↘ y
ou?

 Whoi
sthi
syoung↘ man?

(
c)Commands

 Getout↘now.

 Gi
vemet
he↘money
.

 Cl
osey
our↘books.

(
d)Excl
amat
orysent
encese.
g.

 Whatawonder
ful
↘pr
esent
!

 How↘ni
ceofy
ou

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage5
 Ri
singi
ntonat
ion

 Whenwel
owerourv
oice.

 Usedi
n:

 Gener
alQuest
ionse.
g.

Doy
ouv
isi
tthem↗ of
ten?

Hav
eyouseen↗her
?

Ar
eyour
eadyt
o↗st
art
?

Coul
dyougi
vemea↗ pen,
please?

 Al
ter
nat
ivequest
ionse.
g.

Doy
ouwant↗cof
feeor↘t
ea?

Doeshespeak↗ Ki
swahi
l
ior↘Engl
i
sh?

 Bef
oret
agquest
ionse.
g.

Thi
sisabeaut
if
ul↘pl
ace,
↗isn’
tit
?

Sheknows↘ hi
m,↗ doesn’
tshe?

 Enumer
ati
nge.
g.

↗One,
↗two,
↗thr
ee,
↗four
,↘f
ive.

Shebought↗br
ead,
↗cheese,
↗or
anges,
and↘appl
es.

Exer
cise

Usi
nganar
row,
det
ermi
newhet
herr
isi
ngorf
all
i
ngi
ntonat
ioni
susedi
nthesent
ences.

(
a)Thi
smusi
csoundsgood.

(
b)Il
ovewat
chi
nghor
rormov
ies.

(
c)Mysi
ster
’snamei
sAmi
na.

(
d)Bl
uei
smyf
avour
it
ecol
our
.

(
e)I
sthatt
vgood?

(
f)Doy
oul
i
ket
hatmov
ie?

(
g)Ar
eyouhungr
y?

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage6
 (
h)Getmemyshoes.

(
i)St
udyy
ourl
essonsnow.

(
j)Ar
eyoui
nsane?

(
k)Howmanymor
ehour
sbef
orey
ouar
edonewi
thy
ourwor
k?

(
l)Whi
chnov
eli
sthebestf
ory
ou?

(
m)Hei
sal
i
ttl
ebi
tner
vous,
isn’
the?

(
n)Youshoul
dli
stent
oyourpar
ent
s’adv
ice.

(
o)Di
dyouf
ini
shy
ourhomewor
k?

(
p)Wat
eri
sgoodf
ort
hebody
.

(
q)Thi
sisgood!

(
r)Whatacr
azyshow.

PUNS/
WORDPLAY
 Apuni saform ofwor
dplaythatsuggest
ssever
almeani
ngs,byei
therexpl
oit
ingt
he
mult
ipl
emeani ngsofaword,orsubsti
tut
ingawordf
oranot
hersimil
arsoundi
ngword,
the
r
esultofwhichishumorous.

 Apuni
sal
soknownaspar
onomasi
a.

 Ther
ear
etwomai
nty
pesofpuns:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage7
 (
a)Homophoni
cpuns

Thi
siswher
eawordi
ssubsti
tutedf
oranot
hersi
mil
arsoundi
ngwor
dorwor
dpr
onounced
al
mostint
hesameway.Forexample,

Fi
sher
menar
ereelmen.

Expl
anat
ion:
Ther
eisat
wistont
hewor
d‘r
eel
’whi
chi
sor
igi
nal
l
ysupposedt
obespel
t‘r
eal
’
.

Cany
ounowexpl
aint
hepuni
nthef
oll
owi
nghomophoni
cpuns?

1.Whatdoseamonst
erseatf
orl
unch?Fi
shandshi
ps.

2.Iam onaseaf
ooddi
et.Ev
eryt
imeIseef
ood,
Ieati
t.

3.Di
dyouaboutt
heI
tal
i
anchefwi
tht
ermi
nal
il
lness?Hepastaway
.

4.Beaut
yisi
ntheey
eoft
hebeerhol
der
.

5.Whatt
eadohockeypl
ayer
sdr
ink?Penal
tt
ea

6.Whatdoghost
sser
vef
ordesser
t?Iscr
eam.

7.Whatdi
dthet
reesy
atot
heaut
umn?Leafmeal
one.

8.Whatdi
dtheboycatsayt
othegi
rlcatonv
alent
ine’
sday
?You’
repur
r-
fectf
orme.

9.WhatdaydoesanEast
eregghat
ethemost
?Fr
y-day
s.

10.Whydi
dthesci
ent
isti
nst
all
aknockeronhi
sdoor
?Hewant
edt
owi
ntheNo-
bel
lpr
ize!

(
b)Homogr
aphi
cpuns

Homographicpuni
sfor
medbyusingawor
dthathasmul
ti
plemeani
ngs.Youmi
ghtnott
ell
whatexact
lywhatt
hespeakermeans.

Forexampl
e;

Rosei
sthef
lowerofmyl
i
fe.

Expl
anat
ion:
Thewor
d‘Rose’
isaf
emal
ename.i
tcoul
dbet
heper
sont
hespeakerl
oves.

I
tisal
soat
ypeoff
lower
.

Theot
herexampl
esar
e;

1.Mymat
hteachercal
l
edmeav
erage.Howmean!

2.Whatdopr
isoner
suset
ocal
leachot
her
?Cel
lphones.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage8
 3.Nomat
terhowmuchy
oupusht
heenv
elope,
it’
l
lremai
nst
ati
oner
y.

4.Hav
eyouev
ert
ri
edt
oeatacl
ock?I
t’
sver
yti
meconsumi
ng.

5.Awai
sti
sat
err
ibl
ethi
ngt
omi
nd.

6.Iam r
eadi
ngabookaboutant
i-
grav
ity
.It
’si
mpossi
blet
oputdown.

7.Whatpar
toff
oot
bal
lgr
oundi
snev
ert
hesame?Thechangi
ngr
oom.

8.Iwantt
otel
lyouachemi
str
yjokebutIknowIwi
l
lnotgetar
eact
ion.

9.Whydi
dthebeegetmar
ri
ed?Becausehef
oundhi
shoney
.

10.Di
dyouhearaboutt
heguywhogothi
tint
heheadwi
thacanofsoda?Hewasl
uckyi
t
wasasof
tdri
nk.

Feat
uresofPuns

Punsar
echar
act
eri
zedby
;

1.Theyar
eshor
t.

2.Theyar
ehumor
ous.

Funct
ionsofPuns

Theyser
vef
unct
ionssuchas:

(
a)Teachi
ngpr
onunci
ati
on.Forexampl
e,homophones.

(
b)Enhanci
ngcr
eat
ivi
ty.Onehast
othi
nki
nor
dert
ofor
mthei
rpuns.

(
c)Ent
ert
aini
ng.Whensai
donewonder
swhatt
hespeakeri
ntends,
theaudi
encewi
l
llaugh.

Exer
cise

Expl
aint
hepuni
n:

(
a)Iusedt
obeabankerbutIl
osti
nter
est
.

(
b)Abi
cycl
ecan’
tst
andoni
tsownbecausei
tist
wo-
ti
red.

(
c)Idon’
ttr
ustt
hesest
air
sbecauset
heyar
eal
way
supt
osomet
hing.

(
d)Sant
a’shel
per
sar
eknownassubor
dinat
ecl
auses.

(
e)Themanwhodr
ankbat
ter
yaci
dgotchar
ged.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage9
TONGUETWI
STERS
 Aphraseorasent
encewhichishar
dtospeakf
astbecauseofal
l
iter
ati
onorasequenceof
near
lysi
mil
arsoundsi
sthetonguetwi
ster
.

 I
tiswort
hnoti
ngthatther
eisusual
l
ytheuseofmnemoni
cfeat
ure(
sounddev
icesorsound
pat
ter
ns)int
hetonguetwist
ers.

 Letusr
eadt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
onguet
wist
ersf
ast
.

 Shesel
l
sseashel
l
sont
heseashor
e.

 Anynoi
seannoy
sanoy
sterbutnoi
synoi
seannoy
sanoy
stermor
e.

 Ki
ndl
yki
tt
enskni
tt
ingmi
tt
enskeepkazooi
ngi
ntheki
ng’
ski
tchen.

SoundPat
ter
nsi
nTongueTwi
ster
s

1.Readt
het
onguet
wist
erbel
owf
ast
.

Shesawaf
ishont
heseashor
eandIam sur
ethef
ishshesawont
heseashor
ewasasaw-
fi
sh.

I
nt hewor ds:she,shoreandsure,t
hereistherepeti
ti
onoftheconsonantsound/ᶴ
/att
he
beginningoft hewor ds.Thi
sisall
it
erati
on.
All
iter
ationi stherepeti
ti
onoftheini
tial
consonantsoundinthenearbywor ds.
Cany oui dentif
yanyot heri
nst
anceofal l
it
erat
ionintheabovetonguetwist
er?
2.Readt hisothertonguetwi
sterandtakenoteofthehighli
ghtedl
ett
ers.

Askunksatonast
umpandt
hankt
hest
umpst
unk,
butt
hest
umpt
hankt
heskunkst
unk.

Thesoundpat
ter
nher
eisconsonance.

Consonanceistherepet
it
ionoftheinnerconsonantsoundi
nthenear
bywor
ds.Ani
nner
soundisthatwhichcomesafterthefi
rst
.

Ther
eisanot
heri
nst
anceofconsonance.Cany
oui
l
lust
rat
eit
?

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage10
3.Repet
it
ion

 I
nmosttonguetwister
s,t
hereisrepet
it
ionofwor
dsorphr
ases.I
n(1)abov
e,t
hewor
ds
‘
saw’
,‘
fi
sh’
,etc.havebeenrepeat
ed.

 Nowpi
ckoutt
hewor
dsandphr
asesr
epeat
edi
ntheset
onguet
wist
ers.

(
a)I
fyoutel
lTom t
otel
lat
onguet
wist
er,
hist
onguewi
l
lbet
wist
edast
onguet
wist
er
t
wist
stongues.

(
b)Thesi
xthsi
ckShei
k’
ssi
xthsheep’
ssi
ck.

4.Assonance

Let
’sl
ookat
:

Howmuchwoodcoul
dawoodchopperchop,
ifawoodchoppercoul
dchopwood?

Ther
eisr
epet
it
ionoft
he/
u:/i
nthewor
ds;
wood,
coul
d.Thi
sisassonance.

Assonancei
sther
epet
it
ionofv
owel
soundsi
nthenear
bywor
ds.

Feat
uresofTongueTwi
ster
s

At
onguet
wist
erwi
l
lhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:

(
1)i
tisshor
tandbr
ief
.

(
2)I
tisal
l
iter
ati
ve.

Funct
ionsofTongueTwi
ster
s

1.Theyent
ert
ain.Whenoneconf
usest
hepr
onunci
ati
onofsounds,
theaudi
encewi
l
llaugh.

2.Theyt
eachpr
onunci
ati
on.Wecan,
forexampl
e,l
ear
nthepr
onunci
ati
onoft
hesounds/
f/
and/v
/,/
s/and/ᶴ
/etc.

3.Enhancecr
eat
ivi
ty.

Exer
cise1

Wi
thi
l
lust
rat
ions,
ident
if
ythesoundpat
ter
nsi
n:

(
a)I
t’
snott
hecought
hatcar
ri
esy
ouof
f,i
t’
sthecof
fi
ntheycar
ryy
ouof
fin!

(
b)I
ftwowi
tcheswer
ewat
chi
ngt
wowat
ches,
whi
chwi
tchwoul
dwat
chwhi
chwat
ch?

(
c)I
fabl
ackbugbl
eedsbl
ackbl
ood,
whatcol
ourofbl
ooddoesabl
uebugbl
eed?

(
d)Iwi
sht
owashmyI
ri
shwat
ch.

Exer
cise2

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage11
Readt
hei
tem bel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionsaf
teri
t:

Wesur
elyshal
lseet
hesunshi
nesoon.

(
a)I
dent
if
ythegenr
e.

(
b)Whi
cht
wosoundshast
hei
tem beenusedt
oteach?

RHYME
 Rhymi
ngwor
dsar
ethewor
dst
hatsoundt
hesameatt
heends.Exampl
esofr
hymi
ngwor
ds
ar
e:

 Whenapoem hasr
hymi
ngwor
dsatt
heendofi
tsl
i
nes,
thesear
ecal
l
ed‘
endr
hymes’
.Look
att
heset
woli
nes:

Thatkeepmel ockedupt i
ght
All
ofthet hi
ngst hatmakemef eelnotr
ight
Thewor ds‘t
ight’and‘r
ight’
rhy
me.
 Bycontrast,
internalr
hyme/mi ddlerhyme,i
sar
hymet
hatoccur
sei
therwhen:

 Twoormor
erhy
mingwor
dsoccurwi
thi
nthesamel
i
ne;

 Twoormor
erhy
mingwor
dsappeari
nthemi
ddl
eoft
wosepar
atel
i
nes,
orsomet
imes
more;

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage12
  Awor
datt
heendofal
i
ner
hymeswi
thoneormor
eint
hemi
ddl
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
ne.

 Readt
hepoem bel
owandt
hent
ryt
oident
if
ythei
nst
ancesofr
hymei
nit
.

My
sti
cTr
avel

My
sti
ctr
avel
time

Tooendl
essi
slandsi
nyourmi
nd

Ti
nyl
i
ght
smaj
est
icandf
ree

Opent
heski
essoarme

Tr
avel
yourmi
ndsunseenr
oad

Tomy
ster
iousl
andssecr
etsunt
old

Themount
ainsv
all
eyl
ayqui
et

Asashowercar
ri
esaway

Thewar
mthofanev
eni
ngbr
eeze

Bui
l
tfr
om wi
thi
naday

Heatdancesshadowsont
hel
akesf
ier
ybay

Const
ruct
ingt
empl
eswher
egodscoul
dpl
ay

Todayi
sthef
inestpi
ece

Fort
ranqui
lempt
iness

Suggest
ionsoff
luentsensat
ions

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage13
 Congr
egat
edi
l
lusi
onsofmast
urbat
ions

Sy
mpat
hiz
ether
ichnessoft
het
rut
h

Ener
gizet
heexpect
edt
hought
sofy
out
h

Readi
ngt
hepoem al
oud,
wecanpoi
ntoutsev
eral
rhy
mingcoupl
ets.Theyi
ncl
udeamongot
her
s:

 Fr
eeandme

 Awayandday

 Sensat
ionsandmast
urbat
ions

 Tr
uthandy
out
h

I
nter
nal
Rhy
mei
nSepar
ateLi
nes

Her
eisar
etwoexampl
esofpai
rsofl
i
neswi
thmi
ddl
erhy
mesi
nsepar
atel
i
nes.

Iseearedboatt
hathasaredfl
ag
Justl
i
kemyr edcoatandmyli
tt
ler
edpai
l

Thewor
ds‘
boat
’and‘
coat
’rhy
me.

I
’dli
ketojumpi
ntot
heocean
Butdon’
tdumpmeinst
ead.

Ther
hymi
ngwor
dsar
e‘j
ump’
and‘
dump’
.

Nowreadt
hest
anzabel
owf
rom t
hepoem ‘
TheRav
en’
andi
dent
if
yal
lthepai
rsofr
hymi
ng
wor
ds.

Onceuponami dni
ghtdreary,whilei
Pondered,weakandwear y
Overmanyaquai ntandcur i
ousv olumeof
Forgot
tenlore.
WhileInodded,nearl
ynapping,suddenly
Therecameat apping
Asifsomeonegent lyr
apping,rappingat
Mychamberdoor
’
’Ti
ssomev i
sit
or,
’’
Imut t
ered,’
’tappingat

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage14
Mychamberdoor
;
Onl
ythi
s,andnot
hingmor
e.’
’
Rhy
meScheme

 Thi
sisawayofdescr
ibi
ngt
hepat
ter
noft
heendr
hymesi
napoem.

 Thepoi
ntsbel
owwi
l
lhel
pyoui
nreadi
ngandnot
ati
ngt
her
hymescheme.

 Eachnewsoundatt
heendofal
i
nei
sgi
venal
ett
er.

 Thel
ett
ersst
artwi
th‘
a’,
then‘
b’
,andsoon.

 Ifanendsoundr
epeat
stheendsoundofanear
li
erl
i
ne,
itget
sthesamel
ett
erast
hat
earl
ierl
i
ne.

 Herearefourdi
ff
erentst
anzas,
eachwi
thadi
ff
erentr
hymescheme,
thatcanhel
pyou
under
standrhymescheme.

1.Fr
om Voi
cesi
nMyHead,
byI
vorDav
ies

Suddenl
yav
oiceappear
s

Iheari
tinmymi
nd

Wi
thi
nmyheadnoti
nmyear
s

Notoft
henor
mal
kind

Ther
hymeschemei
s:abab

I
tisr
egul
arr
hymeschemeasi
tiseasyt
opr
edi
ctwhent
hesoundwi
l
lnextappear
.

2.Fr
om Fal
l
ingRai
ndr
ops’
Pray
erf
ort
heBr
oken.

Ipr
ayf
ort
hecr
ying

Fort
hehur
tandt
hedy
ing

Fort
hosebur
nedandscr
eami
ng

Foreachhel
percr
ying

Ther
hymeschemei
saaaaa

Thi
stooi
sregul
ar.

3.Fr
om t
hepoem byRober
tBr
oadbent
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage15
 Ear
lyorl
ate,

Pat
ient…can’
twai
t

Lostory
ourf
ound

Thewor
ldgoesar
ound

Ther
hymeschemeher
eisaabb.Thi
sisaRegul
arscheme

4.Fr
om HappyHol
i
day
sbyJohnLumber
.

Chr
ist
masEv
e

Ohhowsupr
eme!

WhenSant
acomes

Ev
eryni
ght
!

Then,
nextday
,

Ij
ustcan’
twai
t,

Whent
het
reei
sal
lal
i
ght
.

Ther
hymeschemei
sabcdedd.Thi
sisi
rr
egul
ar.

Theirr
egul
arr
hymeschemeoccur
swheny
oucan’
tpr
edi
ctwhent
heendsoundwi
l
lbe
repeat
ed.

WhyRhy
me?

(
a)Rhy
mecr
eat
esr
hyt
hm i
nthepoem.

(
b)I
tal
somakesr
eadi
ngorr
eci
ti
ngt
hepoem i
nter
est
ing.

(
c)Thepoem i
sal
somadeeasyt
omemor
ize.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage16
Exer
cise1

Descr
ibet
her
hymeschemeoft
hepoem bel
owbyRober
tBr
oadbent
.

OneDayataTi
me

Happyorsad
Gooddaysorbad
Cher
ryordown
Theworl
dgoesaround

Giv
euport r
y
Outgoingorshy
Asmileorafrown,
Thewor l
dgoesaround

Earl
yorlat
e,
Pati
ent…can’
twait,
Lostoryourf
ound,
Theworldgoesaround

Angry
,serene
Outspoken,unsent
Tenseorunwound,
Theworldgoesar ound

Al
l f
uturedays,
Arehiddeninhaze,
Don’tworry
,justl
earn,
Toletthewor l
dtur
n.

Exer
cise2

Theincomplet
epoem bel
owhast
her
hy aabccbddebf
mescheme: e.Compl
etei
twi
th
appr
opriat
ewor ds.

Deathdidnott akePari
ssil
ently
Rumbl edthegravescreaming______
_____
______
____
__
Nochi l
dslepteasythat_____
_____
_____
______
__
Twent yminutesofterr
orwaking
Weeonesf r
om sleepincoldsweats______
______
____
___
___
___
_
Steal
ingtheirpeaceful
bir
thri
ght.

I
ndeli
blei
mpri
ntsof__
_____
_ __
____
____
___
_
I
ngrai
nediny
oungpsychesf or
ever;
Postt
raumat
icstr
esssyndrome.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage17
Theymayage, buttheywil
lnot____
___
___
___
___
___
_
Thebloodydeaththatevi
lbegets
Shadowslurkindreaming’
sgloam.
(ByCati
eLindsey)

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage18
SONGS

(
a)LULLABI
ES

 t
heyar
esungbyananny
,si
bli
ng,
aunt
y,et
c.i
nor
dert
o:

1.Sendt
hebabyt
osl
eep.
2.Cal
mthecr
yingbaby
.
3.Gi
vepr
omi
set
othecr
yingbaby
.Thepr
omi
secanbet
hatoneoft
hepar
ent
sis
comi
ngback.

 Theyar
enor
mal
l
ysungsof
tl
ysoast
olul
lthebaby
.
 I
fyouhav
etocl
ap,
orhum,
orwhi
stl
etot
her
hyt
hm,
doi
tsof
tl
yandsl
owl
y.
 I
nthecasewher
eachi
l
dcr
ies,
rockt
hebabyasy
ousi
ng.
 Youcanal
sogent
lyt
apt
hebackoft
hebaby
.
 Theyar
enor
mal
l
yshor
t.
 Theyar
eal
sor
epet
it
ive.
 Readt
hesongbel
owandt
henat
temptt
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Sl
eepbabysl
eep

Sl
eepbabysl
eep

Yourf
athert
endst
hesheep

Yourmot
hershakest
hedr
eaml
andt
ree.

i
. I
dent
if
ytwof
eat
uresofl
ull
abi
esi
ntheabov
esong.

i
i
. Gi
vet
hemai
nreasonf
orsi
ngi
ngt
heabov
esong.

i
i
i. Howwoul
dyoudot
hef
oll
owi
ngasy
ousi
ngt
hesong:

a)Cl
apt
other
hyt
hm oft
hesong.

b)Rockt
hebabyasy
ousi
ng.

(
b)CHI
LDRENSONGS

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage19
  Theyar
esungbychi
l
drendur
ingt
hei
rpl
ayt
ime.
 Al
sor
efer
redt
oaspl
aysongs.

Feat
uresofChi
l
drenSongs

1.Repet
it
ioni
sused.Awor
d,sent
ence,
andev
enawhol
est
anzacanber
epeat
ed.
2.Theyar
eof
tenshor
t.

Funct
ionsofChi
l
dren’
sSongs

1.Theyhel
pindev
elopi
ngchi
l
dren’
slanguageski
l
lsast
heyl
i
stent
ofami
l
iarwor
dsi
nthe
songs.
2.Hel
pdev
elopchi
l
dren’
sli
stenski
l
ls,
thusconcent
rat
e.
3.Encour
agecr
eat
ivi
tyi
nchi
l
dren.Att
imesy
ouf
indchi
l
drenaddi
ngwor
dst
hatwer
enot
i
nit
ial
l
yment
ionedi
ntheor
igi
nal
ver
sionsoft
hesongs.
4.Somet
eachi
ngcount
ingofnumber
s.

 Nowr
eadt
hesongbel
ow.Youcanpr
act
icesi
ngi
ngi
t.

I
nandoutt
hebamboof
orest

I
nandoutt
hebamboof
orest

I
nandoutt
hebamboof
orest

Youar
emypar
tner
.

Beatabeatonmyshoul
der

Beatabeatonmyshoul
der

Beatabeatonmyshoul
der

Youar
emypar
tner
.

(
c)Teasi
ngSongs

 Sungt
omakef
unofsomeone.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage20
 (
d)Rel
i
giousSongs

 Sungandper
for
meddur
ingr
eli
giousoccasi
ons.
 Sungmost
lyatpl
acesconsi
der
edhol
ygr
ounds.
 Sungsof
tl
yandsl
owl
y.

(
e)Lov
ePoet
ry/
Songs

 Theyar
ebasedonr
omance.
 Sungbyonet
othel
ovedone.
 Theyar
esungsof
tl
yandsl
owl
yast
heyshoul
dpr
esentr
omant
icel
ement
s.
 Theyar
esungt
o:

1.Ex
pressr
omance.
2.Mendt
hedamagedr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenl
over
s.

(
f)Cr
adl
eSongs/
Poet
ry

 Per
for
medt
omar
kthebi
rt
hofachi
l
d.
 I
nmostcases,
achi
l
diswi
shedasuccessf
ull
i
fei
nfut
ure.
 Most
lyper
for
medbywomenandgi
rl
s.
 Dur
ingt
hist
ime,
achi
l
dorchi
l
d’smot
heri
spr
esent
edwi
thgi
ft
s.

(
g)WarPoet
ry

 Per
for
medbywar
ri
orsdur
ingwar
.
 Sungl
oudl
ytoshowbr
aver
y.
 Dur
ingt
hesi
ngi
ng,
weaponsar
ehel
dint
hehandsoft
heper
for
mer
s.

(
h)Hunt
ingSongs

 Hunt
ersper
for
m hunt
ingsongs.
 Sungont
hewayt
oandf
rom hunt
ingt
ri
p.
 Hunt
ingt
ool
scar
ri
edi
nthepr
ocess.
 Justl
i
kewarsongs,
theyar
esungl
oudl
y.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage21
  Theyar
eont
hewayt
ohuntt
oencour
aget
hemsel
vesont
hepossi
bil
i
tyofki
l
li
ngf
att
er
andenoughani
mal
s.
 Al
sot
opasst
imeont
hei
rway
.

(
i)Sat
ir
ical
Songs

 One’
sfol
l
yiscr
it
ici
zedi
nthi
ssong.
 Theyar
emeantt
ohel
pthewi
ckedi
nsomear
east
ochange.

(
j)Epi
cs/
Her
oicPoet
ry

 Theyar
eel
abor
ateandt
alkaboutt
hel
i
vesofher
oesknownt
othecommuni
ty.
 Theher
oicdeedsoft
heher
oesar
ement
ioned.

(
k)Di
rges

 Al
sor
efer
redt
oasf
uner
alsongsorf
uner
alpoems.
 Theyar
esungaf
terl
ear
ningaboutt
hedeat
hofsomeone.
 Canal
sobesungdur
ingt
hef
uner
alcer
emony
.
 Shoul
dal
sobesungsof
tl
ytoshowt
hesadnesst
hatr
esul
tfr
om l
osi
ngsomeone’
s
bel
ovedone.
 I
nsomecases,
weaponsar
ehel
ddur
ingt
heper
for
mance.
 Ther
eist
heuseofapost
rophe.Thi
sisst
yleofaddr
essi
nganobj
ectoradeat
hasi
f
i
tisal
i
veandcanr
espond.
 Whi
l
ewomensi
ng,
menchant
.

(
l)Panegy
rics

 I
nit
sspeci
ali
zedf
orm panegy
rici
sat
ypeofsongandonemeantt
opr
aise
someone.
 Thepr
aisesongcanbesungbysomeoneel
seorsungbyonef
orsel
fpr
aises.
Somet
imest
hesear
esel
f-
prai
ses
 For
mal
i
zedpr
aisesar
edi
rect
edpubl
i
clyt
oki
ngs,
chi
efs,
andl
eader
s,composed
andr
eci
tedbymember
sofaki
ng’
sof
fi
cial
ent
our
age.
 Onecanbepr
aisedi
ncaseof
:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage22
 i
. per
sonal
achi
evementi
nwar;
or
i
i
. Achi
evementi
nhunt
ing.

 Lookatt
hepanegy
rici
nthenextpage.

Ogunki
l
lsont
her
ightanddest
roy
sont
her
ight
.
Ogunki
l
lsont
hel
eftanddest
roy
sont
hel
eft
.
Ogunki
l
lssuddenl
yint
hehouseandsuddenl
yint
hef
iel
d.
Ogunki
l
lst
hechi
l
dwi
tht
hei
ronwi
thwhi
chi
tpl
ays.

Ogunki
l
lsi
nsi
l
ence.
Ogunki
l
lst
het
hiefandt
heowneroft
hest
olengoods.
Ogun-
kil
l
stheowneroft
hesl
ave—andt
hesl
aver
unsaway
.
Ogunki
l
lst
heowneroft
hir
ty’
i
wof
a’[
pawns]
—andhi
smoney
,weal
thandchi
l
dren
di
sappear
.
Ogunki
l
lst
heowneroft
hehouseandpai
ntst
hehear
thwi
thhi
sbl
ood.
Oguni
sthedeat
hwhopur
suesachi
l
dunt
ili
trunsi
ntot
hebush.
Oguni
stheneedl
ethatpr
icksatbot
hends.
Ogunhaswat
erbuthewashesi
nbl
ood.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage23
ETI
QUETTE

TELEPHONEETI
QUETTE
Tel
ephoneeti
quet
tear
ether
ulest
hatdemonst
rat
ethepr
operandpol
i
tewayt
ousey
our
phone/
tel
ephone.

I
tst
art
sfr
om howy
oupr
epar
eforphonecal
l
stowheny
ouendt
hecal
l
.

Pr
epar
ati
onf
orPhoneCal
l

Thef
oll
owi
ngshoul
dbedonebef
orepl
aci
ngacal
l
:

 Ensureyouhav
eenoughtime.I
twi
l
lnotaugerwel
ltosuddenl
yendt
heconv
ersat
ion
becauseofi
nsuff
ici
entai
rt
ime.

 Got
oapl
acewher
ether
eissi
l
ence.Toomuchnoi
sewi
l
ldi
str
acty
ourat
tent
ion.

 Thi
nkthr
oughexact
lywhatyouwanttosay
.Wr i
teitdowni
fpossibl
esoyoudon’
tfor
get
whatt
osayoraskandlookasthoughyoudidn’
thaveanyt
hingt
osay .

Ti
pst
oDi
spl
ayWhenMaki
ngaCal
l

Whetheratwor
k,athome,
orony
ourmobi
l
ephone,
remembert
odi
spl
ayt
het
ipsbel
owatal
l
t
imes:

1.I
dent
if
yyour
sel
fatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hecal
l
.

2.Speakcl
ear
lyandsl
owl
yespeci
all
ywhenl
eav
ingt
hemessage.

3.Speakwi
thal
owt
oneofv
oice.Besur
etoknowhowl
oudy
oumaybe.

4.Al
way
sendwi
thapl
easant
ry,
forexampl
e,
’Hav
eani
ceday
.’

5.Lett
hecal
l
erhangupf
ir
st.

6.Stayawayfrom ot
her
swhi
l
etal
ki
ngont
hephone.Theydon’
tneedt
oheary
ourpr
ivat
e
conver
sati
on.

Whatt
oAv
oid

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage24
 1.Avoidbei
ngdi
str
act
edbyot
heract
ivi
ti
eswhi
l
espeaki
ng.Someoft
heseact
ivi
ti
es
i
nclude:

 Rust
li
ngpaper
s

 Chewi
ng

 Dr
ivi
ng

 Speaki
ngwi
thsomeone

 Shoppi
ng

 Wor
kingont
hecomput
er

2.Av
oidal
l
owi
ngi
nter
rupt
ionst
ooccurdur
ingt
heconv
ersat
ion.

3.Donotengagei
nanar
gumentwi
tht
hecal
l
er.

4.Tal
ki
ngt
ool
oudl
y.

Notatt
hesePl
aces

Thefol
lowi
ngareplacesy
oushoul
dnotmakeacal
l
.Youshoul
dev
enhav
eyourcel
lphonei
na
si
lentmodeorswi
tchitof
fal
toget
her
.

 Bat
hrooms

 Hospi
tal
s

 Wai
ti
ngr
ooms

 Meet
ings

 Museums

 Pl
acesofwor
shi
p

 Lect
ures

 Li
veper
for
mances

 Funer
als

 Weddi
ngs

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage25
Tel
ephoneConv
ersat
ions

Hereweshal
lfocusonmaj
orl
ybusinesst
elephoneconversat
ions.I
tshoul
dbenotedthatther
e
ar
epatt
ernst
hatarefol
l
owed;butnotal
lwil
lfol
lowthi
srigidpatt
ern.Thesi
xpat
ternsi
nclude:

1.Thephonei
sanswer
edbysomeonewhoasksi
fhe/
shecanhel
p.

2.Thecal
l
ermakesar
equestei
thert
obeconnect
edt
osomeoneorf
ori
nfor
mat
ion.

3.Thecal
l
erisconnect
ed,
giv
eni
nfor
mat
ionort
oldt
hatt
hatper
soni
snotpr
esentatt
he
moment.

4.Thecal
l
eri
saskedt
oleav
eamessagei
ftheper
sonwhoi
srequest
edf
ori
snoti
n.

5.Thecal
l
erl
eav
esamessageorasksot
herquest
ions.

6.Thephonecal
lfi
nishes.

Exer
cise1

Readt
het
elephoneconv
ersat
ionbel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Paul
i
ne:
(af
ormt
wost
udent
,Waj
anj
aSchool
)ri
ngr
ing…r
ingr
ing…

Secr
etar
y:Hel
l
o,Waj
anj
aSchool
,thi
sisMsEst
herspeaki
ng.HowmayIbeofhel
ptoy
ou?

Paul
ine:
Yes,
thi
sisPaul
i
neKar
anj
aaf
ormt
wost
udentcal
l
ing.MayIspeakt
othepr
inci
pal
,
pl
ease?

Secr
etar
y:Iam af
rai
dMsKal
umai
snoti
ntheof
fi
ceatt
hemoment
.Woul
dyoul
i
ket
oleav
ea
message?

Pauli
ne:Iwouldreal
lywant
,thanks.Whenshecomesback, tel
lherIwantedtoaskforoneday
permissi
on.Mybr ot
heri
ssickandIwouldli
ketorequestherthatIrepor
tonedayafterthe
openi
ngday .I
tisIwhowill
bel ef
twithmysibl
i
ngsast hebrothergoestothehospi
tal.Thati
s
al
l.

Secr
etar
y:Sor
ryf
ort
hat
,Iwi
shhi
m qui
ckr
ecov
ery
.Iwoul
dgi
vehert
hemessageassoon.

Paul
i
ne:
Iwoul
dbegr
atef
ulmadam.Thanksagai
n.

Paul
i
ne:
Wel
comePaul
i
ne.Justensur
eyour
epor
tasst
atedher
e.

Secr
etar
y:Okhav
eani
cedaymadam.

Paul
i
ne:
Yout
oohav
eaper
fectday
.Goodby
e

(
a)Wi
thexampl
es,
out
li
net
hepat
ter
nsoft
elephoneconv
ersat
ioni
nabov
e.

(
b)Ident
if
yev
idencesoft
elephoneet
iquet
tet
ipsdi
spl
ayedbyPaul
i
nei
ntheconv
ersat
ion
above.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage26
Exer
cise2

Yoursi
bli
ngi
sverysick.Youar
epl
anni
ngt
omakeadoct
oraphonecal
ltocomet
oyourhome
toprov
idemedi
cati
on.

(
a)St
ateanyt
hreepr
epar
ati
onsy
ouwoul
dputi
npl
acebef
oremaki
ngt
hisi
mpor
tantcal
l
.

(
b)Gi
vef
ourbadhabi
tsy
ouwoul
dav
oidwhenmaki
ngt
hiscal
l
.

Exer
cise3

Joanhasjustcall
edtheparenttoaskt
hem t
opaytheschoolf
ee.Unfor
tunat
ely
,thepar
enti
s
nothappywiththewayshehasmadet hecal
l.I
dent
if
yanyfourtel
ephoneeti
quett
eti
ps
shecoul
dhavefailedt
odisplay.

MASTERYOFCONTENT

I
NTERVI
EWS
Haveyoueveratt
endedtheformalmeeti
ngswhereyouareaskedquesti
onsandareexpected
tor
espondtothem?Mor ethanonceyouwil
lbeinvi
tedt
oat t
endint
ervi
ews.Youcanalsoinvi
te
someonetoint
ervi
ew.Forthi
sreason,y
oushoul
dsomei nter
viewti
ps.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage27
Thetwoparti
cipant
sinani
nter
viewar
ethei
nter
viewer(
att
imesapanel
ofi
nter
viewer
s),
and
thei
nter
viewee.

Ti
psf
ort
heI
nter
viewees

JobI
nter
viewPr
epar
ati
ons

Ifyoureal
lywanttobeconsideredforapar
ti
cul
arj
obfoll
owi
nganint
ervi
ew,youhav
eto
adequatelypr
eparetosucceed.Thefol
lowi
ngaret
heprepar
ati
onst
heint
erv
ieweewoul
dputi
n
placebeforet
heinter
view:

(
a)Contacty
ourref
ereest
oal
ertt
hem t
haty
ouwi
l
lbei
nter
viewedandt
heyar
eli
kel
yto
recei
veacal
l.

(
b)Pr
epar
eyourdocument
s.Makesur
etheyar
eneatandwel
lar
ranged.

(
c)Knowt helocati
onwhereyouar
ehav
ingt
hei
nter
view.I
twi
l
lhel
pyouknowhowl
ongi
t
wil
ltakeyout oreacht
her
e.

(
d)Dosomer
esear
chaboutt
heor
gani
zat
ion.

(
e)Pr
epar
ewhatt
owearandhowt
ogr
oom.

(
f)Ant
ici
pat
epot
ent
ial
quest
ionsandpr
epar
eanswer
scor
rect
ly.

(
g)Ar
ri
veear
lyenoughf
ort
hei
nter
view.

(
h)Pr
eparequest
ionstoaskthei
nter
vieweratt
heend.I
twi
l
lshowhowmuchy
ouar
e
i
nter
estedi
nwor ki
ngther
e.

Dur
ingt
heI
nter
view;

(
a)Gr
eett
hei
nter
viewer
.

(
b)Knockont
hedoorandwai
tforr
esponsebef
orey
ouent
er.Shutt
hedoorbehi
ndy
ou
qui
etl
y.

(
c)Wai
tunt
ily
ouar
eof
fer
edt
heseatbef
oresi
tt
ing.

(
d)Si
torst
andupr
ightandl
ookal
ertt
hroughout
.

(
e)Makegoodey
econt
actwi
tht
hei
nter
viewert
oshowy
ouar
ehonest
.

(
f)Expl
ainyouranswer
swhenev
erpossi
bleandav
oidanswer
ingquest
ionswi
thy
es/
noas
answers.

(
g)Answerquest
ionshonest
ly.Don’
tev
erl
i
e!

CommonBl
under
syouMUSTAv
oid

Av
oidf
all
i
ngf
oul
oft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage28
 1.Tur
ningupl
atef
ort
hei
nter
view.

2.Dr
essi
ngandgr
oomi
ngi
nappr
opr
iat
ely
.

3.Gi
vi
ngsi
mpl
eyes/
noasanswer
s.

4.Speaki
ngnegat
ivel
yabouty
ourpr
evi
ousempl
oyer
.

5.Si
tt
ingbef
orei
nvi
ted.

6.Di
scussi
ngt
ime-
offormoney
.

AsanI
nter
viewer

Bef
oret
heI
nter
view:

1.Wr
it
edownquest
ionst
oask.

2.Cal
lthepr
ospect
iveempl
oyee’
sref
erees.

3.Pr
epar
ethepl
acef
ort
hei
nter
view.

4.Al
ertt
hei
nter
vieweeaboutt
hei
nter
view.Ment
iont
het
imeandpl
ace.

5.Ar
ri
veear
lyf
ort
hei
nter
view.

Dur
ingt
heI
nter
view:

1.Al
l
owt
hem enought
imet
orespondt
oquest
ions.

2.Encouraget
hem t
ospeakby
,forexampl
e,noddi
ngy
ourheadwhent
heyanswer
questi
ons.

3.Speakandaskquest
ionspol
i
tel
y.Bef
ri
endl
ybutf
ormal
asmuchasy
oucan.

4.Makeey
econt
actwi
tht
hei
nter
vieweet
oshowy
ouar
eli
steni
ngt
othem.

Exer
cise1

y
ouar
ethesecr
etar
yofjour
nali
sm Cl
ubatMaembeDodoMixedSchool.OnFridayy
ouwoul
d
l
i
ket
oint
erv
iewyourschoolDeput
yPri
nci
pal
onthei
ssueofStudent
s’Disci
pli
ne.

(
a)Wr
it
edownanyt
hreequest
ionsy
ouwoul
daskhi
m/her
.

(
b)Ot
hert
hanwr
it
ingdownquest
ionst
oask,
howel
sewoul
dyoupr
epar
epr
epar
efort
hisday
?

(
c)St
atef
ourt
hingsy
ouwoul
ddoasy
oui
nter
viewhi
m.

Exer
cise2

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage29
Readt
heconv
ersat
ionbel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionsaf
teri
t.

MsNaomi :Wel comet oourDoct or’

sof f
ice.
Mr.Josh:Ni cet obeher e.
MsNaomi :Iseef rom y ourresumet hatyouar eacar diologistwith10yearsofpractice.
Mr.Josh:That ’sright .
MsNaomi :Thisi nterv i
ewi sjusttogett oknowy oual itt
leandt hentherearefol
lowup
i
nter
views.Sowhatdoy oudoi ny ourfreetime?
Mr.Josh:Ilikegol f i
ngandswi mmi ng.Ialsoliketoreadnewspaper s.
MsNaomi :
Whydi dy ouwantt obeadoct or
?
Mr.Josh:Act uall
yIl ov ehelpingpeopl egetwel l
.Ithi
nkcar diologyhasmadegr eatstrides
r
ecentlyandIwoul dliket oshar emyf indingswi thothers.
MsNaomi :
Hav ey ouwr i
tteninanysci entifi
cjournalssof ar?
Mr.Josh:Noty et
.Buthopef ull
ysoon.
MsNaomi :
OK, we’dl iketolearnmor eabouty ou.Let ’
sgof orlunchwwithourcolleagues,if
t
hat’
sOK.
Mr.Josh:That ’
sf i
ne, Iam f ree.

(
) Whatt
wothi
ngsquali
fyMsNaomi asagoodi
nter
viewer?
(
b)I
dent
if
ytwoevi
dencesofi
nter
viewti
psdi
spl
ayedbyMr .Josh.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage30
READI
NGFORFORM TWO
READI
NGSKI
LLS

SCANNI
NGANDSKI
MMI
NG.
.

Readi
ng

 Therei
sal otofreadingyouwi
llengagein.Tocopewi
thi
tall
,you'
l
lneedt
odev
elop
somereadingtechniques.
 Herewe'l
ltal
kaboutscanning,
skimmi ngandreadi
ngf
orstudy.

Scanni
ng

 Wheny ouscanat ext

,yousearchforoneparti
cul
aritem (
orsetofitems)whileignori
ng
everyt
hingelse.
 Suppose, f
orexampl e,t
hatyou'r
ewr i
ti
nganassignmentonEf f
ectsofDrugAbuse, and
you'r
elookingthroughacopyofDr ugAddict’
sStory
,toseeifthereareanyrelev
antmat eri
al.
Youscant helistofcontent
stofindthepartwri
tenDr
t ugAbuse, t
henscant hemat er
ial
s
l
istedther
e.

Ski
mmi
ng

 Wher easyouscanforspecificinformat ion,youskim atexttogetageneralideaofwhat

i
nformat i
onitcont
ains.
 Inthiscasey oumightpickupt hecopyofDr ugAddi ct
’sStor
yinalibr
ary
, skimt hr
oughthe
contents,t
urntoacoupl eofarticlesthatinterestyouandskimt hr
oughthepar agr
aphsto
getasenseofwhatt heyaresay ing.
 Youwoul dn'tr
eadeverywor d,orev enl ookatev er
yparagraph.
 Youjustr eadenought ofi
ndoutwhet herthebook/ newspaperiswort
hreadi ng/buyi
ng.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage31
COMPREHENSI
ONSKI
LLS

SUMMARYANDNOTE-MAKI
NG.

SUMMARY

 Anexcellentsummaryi
sasummarywr
it
tentoshowthaty
ouhavereadand
under
stoodsomet hi
ng.
 Youwillgetassi
gnmentst
hatasky
out
oreadacert
ainmater
ial
andsummar i
zei
t.

Howt
opr
oduceasummar
y:

1.
Readt
hemat
eri
alt
obesummar
izedandbesur
eyouunder
standi
t.

2.
Out
li
net
hemaj
orpoi
nts.

3.
Wri
teaf
ir
stdr
aftoft
hesummar
ywi
thoutl
ooki
ngatt
hemat
eri
al.

4.
Alway
susepar
aphr
asewhenwr
it
ingasummar
y.

5.
Tar
gety
ourf
ir
stdr
aftf
orappr
oxi
mat
ely1/
4thel
engt
hoft
heor
igi
nal
.

6.
Neverputanyofy
ourownideas,opi
nions,
orinter
pretat
ionsi
ntot
hesummar
y.Thi
s
meansyouhavetobever
ycareful
ofyourwor dchoice.

7.Wr
it
einpr
ose–notpoi
ntf
orm.

NOTEMAKI
NG
Howt
oMakeNot
es

Thef
oll
owi
ngt
ipswi
l
lcomei
nhandywhenmaki
ngnot
es:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage32
 1.Readt
hemat
eri
alcar
eful
l
yandt
hor
oughl
y.

2.Under
li
net
hekeysent
encesasy
our
ead.Thi
swi
l
lhel
pinf
ormi
ngt
het
it
le.

3.Makear
oughnot
eoft
hemai
npoi
ntsi
nal
ogi
cal
sequence.

4.Wr
it
ethef
inal
not
es.

Youshoul
dhav
einmi
ndt
hatanot
e:

1.Shoul
dbeshor
tandt
othepoi
nt.

2.Cont
ainal
lthei
mpor
tantandr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ion.

3.Shoul
dhav
einf
ormat
ionsy
stemat
ical
l
ydi
vi
dedandsubdi
vi
ded.

4.Shoul
dhav
eashor
tti
tl
e.Av
oidl
ongsent
encesast
it
les.

5.Mustbewr
it
teni
npoi
ntsonl
y.

Not
esTempl
ate

TI
TLE…………………….

(
a)………………………………………….

(
b)…………………………………………

(
c)……………………………………….
.

(
d)……………………………………….
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage33
GRAMMARFORFORM TWO
PARTSOFSPEECH

NOUNS

(
a)COLLECTI
VENOUNS

 Acol
l
ect
ivenouni
sawor
dforagr
oupofspeci
fi
cthi
ngsorpeopl
eregar
dedasanent
it
y.

 Col
l
ect
ivenounsar
egr
oupedundert
hreecat
egor
ies:

i
. Cat
egor
yofpeopl
e

i
i
. Cat
egor
yofani
mal
s

i
i
i. Cat
egor
yoft
hings

1.Cat
egor
yofPeopl
e

Thecol
l
ect
iveusedher
ear
e:

 Anaudi
enceofl
i
stener
s

 Ababbl
eofbar
ber
s

 Abenchofbi
shops

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage34
  Abl
ushofboy
s

 Apr
omi
seofbar
men

 Aboar
dofdi
rect
ors

 Acl
assofst
udent
s

 Anar
myofsol
dier
s

 Abandofmusi
cians

 Abunchofcr
ooks

 Acastofact
ors/
play
ers(
alsoacompanyorcr
yof
)

 Achoi
rofsi
nger
s

 Acr
ewofsai
l
ors

 Acr
owdofpeopl
e/spect
ator
s

 Af
lockoft
our
ist
s

 Agangofl
abour
ers

 Agangoft
hiev
es

 Agor
ingofbut
cher
s

 Agr
oupofdancer
s

 Apackoft
hiev
es

 Apanel
ofexper
ts

 Ar
egi
mentofsol
dier
s

 Ast
affofempl
oyees

 At
aber
nacl
eofbaker
s

 At
eam ofpl
ayer
s

 At
houghtofbar
ons

 At
ri
beofnat
ives

 At
roopofboyscout
s

 At
roupeofar
ti
sts/
dancer
s

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage35
 2.Cat
egor
yofAni
mal
s

Thoseusedf
orani
mal
sincl
ude:

 Anar
myofant
s

 Acat
choff
ish

 Adr
oveofgoat
s/bul
l
ocks

 Af
all
ofl
ambs

 Af
li
ghtofbi
rds

 Af
lockofbi
rds

 Af
lockofsheep

 Ahaul
off
ish

 Aher
dofbuf
fal
oes/
cat
tl
e/deer
/el
ephant
s/goat
s

 Ahi
veofbees

 Ahostofspar
rows

 Akennel
ofdogs

 Aknotoff
rogs

 Al
i
tterofcubs

 Al
i
tterofki
tt
ens/
puppi
es

 Amur
derofcr
ows

 Apackofwol
ves

 Apackofhounds

 Aswar
m ofbees/
fli
es

 At
eam ofhor
ses

 At
eam ofducks/
hor
ses/
oxen

 At
ri
beofgoat
s

 At
roopofl
i
ons/
monkey
s

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage36
  Azooofwi
l
dani
mal
s

3.Cat
egor
yofThi
ngs

 Anal
bum ofaut
ogr
aphs/
phot
ogr
aphs/
stamps

 Anant
hol
ogyofpoems/
stor
ies

 Abasketoff
rui
ts

 Abowl
ofr
ice

 Abouquetoff
lower
s

 Abunchofkey
s

 Achestofdr
awer
s

 Acl
oudofdust

 Aconv
oyofl
orr
ies

 Af
leetofshi
ps/
lor
ri
es

 Af
orestoft
rees(
also;
stand,
clump,
grov
eof
)

 Agal
axyofst
ars

 Agr
oupofi
slands

 Ahedgeofbushes

 Al
i
brar
yofbooks

 Anestofr
umour
s

 Apackofcar
ds

 Apackofl
i
es

 Apai
rofshoes

 Ar
angeofmount
ains

 Ar
oul
eauofcoi
ns

 Ast
ackofwood

 Ast
ri
ngofpear
ls

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage37
  Awadofnot
es

Exer
cise1

Whatnamei
sgi
vent
oagr
oupof
:

1.Wr
it
ers 6.Gr
ammar
ians 11.Pr
eacher
s

2.Wi
dows 7.Shoemaker
s 12.Candi
dat
es

3.Wi
tches 8.Gi
rlgui
des 13.Mat
rons

4.Tai
l
ors 9.For
est
ers 14.Magi
str
ates

5.Judges 10.Pr
isoner
s 15.Lawy
ers

(
b)COMPOUNDNOUNS

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage38
 Acompoundnouni
sanount
hati
smadewi
tht
woormor
ewor
ds.

 Ther
ear
ethr
eef
ormsf
orcompoundnouns:

 Openorspace–spacebet
weenwor
ds,
forexampl
e,manser
vant

 Hy
phenat
ed–hy
phenbet
weenwor
ds,
forexampl
e,si
ster
-i
n-l
aw

 Cl
osedorsol
i
d–nei
therspacenorhy
phenbet
weenwor
ds,
forexampl
e,wi
tchcr
aft

CompoundNounsCombi
nat
ions

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethecompoundnouncombi
nat
ionswi
thexampl
es:

Noun+Noun

Football
Eyeli
d
Adjecti
ve+Noun

Greenhouse
Hotdogs
Verb+Noun

Washingmachi
ne
Di
nningtabl
e
Noun+Ver b

Hai
rcut
Rai
nfal
l
Ver
b+Pr eposi
ti
on

Check-
out

Noun+Pr
eposi
ti
onal
Phr
ase

Masterofceremoni
es
Si
ster-
in-l
aw
Pr
eposi t
ion+Noun

Under
dog

Noun+Adj
ect
ive

Spoonf
ul

Pl
ural
For
msofCompoundNouns

 I
ngener al
,wemakethepl
ural
oft
hecompoundnounbyaddi
ng–st
othemostsi
gni
fi
cant
one.Lookatthet
abl
e

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage39
 Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural

Headt
eacher Headt
eacher
s

Passer
by Passer
sby

Mot
her
-i
n-l
aw Mot
her
s-i
n-l
aw

Wal
l
paper Wal
l
paper
s

 Therear
evari
ati
onswit
hthoseendingi
n–ful,
li
kespoonf
ul.Youcaneit
hersayspoonsful
(newsty
le)
,spoonf
uls(
oldst
yle)
.Iti
sadvi
sabl
eyouremainconsi
stenti
nyourchoice.

CompoundNoun NewSt
yle Ol
dSt
yle

Spoonf
ul Spoonsf
ul Spoonf
uls

Bucket
ful Bucket
sful Bucket
ful
s

Cupf
ul Cupsf
ul Cupf
uls

Tr
uckf
ul Tr
ucksf
ul Tr
uckf
uls

Mout
hful Mout
hsf
ul Mout
hful
s

 Therear
ethosenounst
hathavenoobvi
oussigni
fi
cantwor
d.Theywi
l
lrequi
rey
out
o
consul
tthedi
cti
onar
ytofi
ndthei
rpl
ural
.Forexampl
e,

 Go-
bet
weens

 Good-
for
-not
hings

 Gr
own-
ups

 Hi
gher
-upset
c

 Forcompoundnounsmadeofnoun+noun,
thef
ir
stnouni
stakenasanadj
ect
ive,
anddoes
nottakean–s.exampl
es

 Appl
etr
ees

 Toot
hbr
ushes

 Busst
ops,
etc

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage40
Exer
cise

Usi
ngcompoundnouns,
shor
tent
heunder
li
nedphr
asesi
nthesent
encesbel
ow.

(
a)Shei
scl
eani
ngar
oom f
orst
ores.

(
b)Heboughtanewr
ulerf
ormeasur
ingupt
o30cm.

(
c)Junei
stheassi
stantcl
asssecr
etar
yforf
ormt
wo.

(
d)Wehadt
ost
opatt
hest
ati
onf
ort
hebuses.

(
e)Getmesi
zeofcabl
es.

(
f)Theyboughti
tast
her
ewasr
educt
ioni
ncost
.

(
g)St
udent
sar
egi
vent
wobr
eaksoft
went
ymi
nut
es.

(
h)Thesear
ethepl
ugswi
tht
hreepi
ns.

(
i)Themechani
chascar
ri
edt
womet
alboxesf
ort
het
ool
s.

(
j)Ar
eyout
hewi
feofmyson?

(
c)POSSESSI
VES
 Anouncanbeapossessi
vewheni
tcanal
sohav
e“ofa”or”
oft
he”pr
ecedi
ngi
t.For
exampl
e,

Thewat
chofagi
rl–agi
rl
’swat
ch.

Themi
l
koft
hecow–t
hecow’
smi
l
k.

Si
ngul
arPossessi
ves

 Asi
ngul
arnouni
susual
l
ymadepossessi
vebyaddi
ng‘
stot
heendoft
henoun.Forexampl
e,

Theman’
swheel
bar
rowi
slost
.

 Mostpr
opernounsar
emadepossessi
vesbyaddi
ng‘
stot
heendoft
hewor
d,f
orexampl
e,

Khal
wal
e’
sshi
rti
sdar
k.

 Asi
ngul
arnount
hatendsi
nscanbemadepossessi
vebyei
theraddi
ng‘
stot
heendoft
he

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage41
 wor
d,orbyonl
yaddi
ng‘
tot
heendoft
hewor
d.Exampl
e,

Mat
thews’
jobi
sgood.

Mat
thews’
sjobi
sgood.

Pl
ural
Possessi
ves

 Aplur
alnount
hatendsi
nscanbemadepossessi
vebyonl
yaddi
ng‘
tot
heendoft
hewor
d.
Example

Al
lthet
echni
cians’
finger
swer
ecut
.

 Apl
ural
nount hatendsi
notherl
ett
ersapar
tfr
om scanbemadepossessi
vebyaddi
ng‘
s
t
otheword.Forexample,

Thewomen’
steam wi
l
lpl
aynextweek.

Possessi
vePr
onouns

 Mostpossessi
vepr
onounsdonotuseanapost
rophet
oindi
cat
epossessi
on.Exampl
es

 Thati
sit
stai
l
.

 Hi
sist
henewone.

 Our
shasbeenr
ecei
ved.

 Somepossessi
vepr
onounsuse‘
s,f
orexampl
e,

Gr
ade“
A”i
sev
ery
one’
sdr
eam.

Thi
sissomeone’
swr
istwat
ch.

Not
e:“
it
’s”i
sacont
ract
ionf
or“
iti
s”andnotapossessi
ve.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage42
PRONOUNS
(
a)NUMBERANDPERSONI
NPRONOUNS

Pr
onounNumber

 Apr
onouncanbesi
ngul
arorpl
ural
.

 Si
ngul
arpr
onounsar
e:

 I
,me,
he,
him,
his,
she,
her
,it
,any
one,
thi
s,et
c

 Pl
ural
pronounsar
e:

 We,
us,
they
,them,
these,
all
,those,
etc

Pr
onounPer
son

 Pr
onounsar
edi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreegr
ammat
ical
per
sons.Thesedi
vi
sionsar
e:

 Fi
rstper
son

I
tref
erst
otheoneoronesspeaki
ng.

Thepr
onounsusedher
ear
eI,
me,
mine,
we,
us,
our
s

 Secondper
son

Theonespokent
o,ordi
rect
lyaddr
essed,
isr
efer
redt
oher
e.

Thepr
onounsi
nthesecondper
sonar
eyou,
your
s

 Thi
rdper
son

I
tref
erst
otheoneoronesspokenabout
.

Somepr
onounsusedi
nthesecondper
sonar
eit
,it
s,t
hey
,thei
rs,
them

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Shel
i
kesme.

i
i
. Fr
edboughthi
m anumbr
ell
a.

i
i
i. Your
sist
hesmal
l
est
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage43
 (
b)I
NDEFI
NITEPRONOUNS
 Ani
ndef
ini
tepr
onoundoesnotr
efert
oanyspeci
fi
cper
son,
thi
ngoramount
.

 Somecommoni
ndef
ini
tepr
onounsar
e:

 Al
l  Each  Nobody

 Anot
her  Ei
ther  None

 Any  Enough  One

 Any
body  Ev
ery
body  Sev
eral

 Any
one  Ev
ery
one  Some

 Any
thi
ng  Ev
ery
thi
ng  Somebody

 Any
wher
e  Few  Someone

 Bot
h  Many  Somewher
eet
c

 Mosti
ndefi
nit
epr
onounsareei
thersi
ngularorpl
ural
.Someoft
hem can,
howev
er,
beused
assi
ngul
arandpl
ural
dependi
ngont hecontext
.

 Asi
ngul
arpr
onount
akesasi
ngul
arv
erb.Exampl
es,

i
. Eacht
eacherhaswr
it
tenher
/hi
slessonnot
es.

i
i
. Ther
ear
etwocups.Onei
smi
ne.

 Byt
hesamet
oken,
apl
ural
pronount
akesapl
ural
ver
bforagr
eement
.Exampl
es,

i
. Manyhav
ebeenher
e.

i
i
. Bot
har
emyf
ri
ends.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage44
Meani
ngofSomeTy
pical
Indef
ini
tePr
onouns

Si
ngul
arI
ndef
ini
tePr
onouns

Pr
onoun Meani
ng Exampl
einaSent
ence

Anot
her Addi
ti
onal Thatcookwasst
ubbor
n.Cany
ou
hel
pmegetanother
?

Any
body
/any
one Nomat
terwhatper
son I
sther
eany
oneathome?

Any
thi
ng Nomat
terwhatt
hing I
sther
eany
thi
ngl
eftt
her
e?

Each Ev
eryoneoft
woormor
e Eachhast
opayf
ort
hedamage.

Ei
ther Oneoft
het
wo Ei
theri
sok.

Enough Asmuchasneeded Ther

eisenoughmoneyt
otakeus
thewhol
eweek.

Ev
ery
body
/ev
ery
one Al
lpeopl
e Si
nceevery
onehasarr
ivedhas
l
eft
,youcanlockt
hegate.

Ev
ery
thi
ng Al
lthi
ngs Ever
ythi
ngthatbel
ongst
othem
havebeensweptbyfl
ood.

Nei
ther Notoneandnott
heot
heroft
he Ial
waysadviseMuktarandAsi
ya
t
wo butnei
therl
i
stenst
ome.

Nobody
/no-
one Noper
son Ihavewrit
tentomanypeopl
ebut
no-onehasrepl
ied.

Not
hing Notany
thi
ng Not
hinghasbeenhear
dfr
om
t
hem si
nce.

One Anuni
dent
if
iedper
sonort
hing Onehasnotbeenf
ound.

Ot
her Adif
ferentonefr
om theonet
hat Oneofthetwinsisbr
ownwhi
l
e
hasbeenment i
oned t
heotherisdark.

Somebody
/someone Unknownorunspeci
fi
edper
son Someonei
smi
ssi
ng.

Somet
hing Anunspeci
fi
edt
hing Ihopeshei
scooki
ngsomet
hing.

Pl
ural
Indef
ini
tePr
onouns

 Bot
h

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage45
  Many

 Al
l

Exer
cise1

Compl
etet
hesent
encewi
tht
hemostappr
opr
iat
eindef
ini
tepr
onounf
rom t
hel
i
stgi
venbel
ow.

Ever
yone Not
hing Anybody
Somewhere Any
wher e Somethi
ng
Ever
ybody Any
thing

1.Wouldl i
ke_ ____
_________todrink?
2.Icouldn’tsee__________
_ _
_int hedark.
3.Does_ _______
_knowher ?
4.Don’taskwher eshehasgone.Dor othycango_____
__ _
__shef eel
sli
kegoi
ng.
5.Theweaponswer efound_ __________
_here.
6.Thereis_ ___
________towat ch.
7.Since___ _
________
_hasl eft,t
heshopcanbecl osed.
8.Wewi llgetyou_ _____
_______youar e.Youcan’
thi
def orlong.
9._ _
___
_ _
__ _
__hasappr ovedourpr oposal
.
10.Wewer etoldthatthereisagoodschool ___
___
_____
__nearher e.
Exerci
se2

Rewr
it
eeachsent
enceusi
ngt
hewor
dinbr
acket
s.

1.Hesai
dnot
hingusef
ul.(
any
thi
ng)

2.Ther
eisnoany
thi
ngl
eft
.(not
hing)

3.Canany
oneanswert
hisquest
ion?(
no-
one)

VERBS

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage46
(
a)AUXI
LIARYVERBS

 Auxil
iar
y(orHelpi
ng)ver
bsareusedtogetherwi
thamai
nver
btoshowt
hev
erb’
stenseort
o
for
m anegativ
eorquestion.
 Therearetwocategor
iesofauxi
l
iar
yverbs:

(
i)Pr
imar
yAuxi
l
iar
ies
(
ii
)Modal
auxi
l
iar
ies

(
a)Pr
imar
yAuxi
l
li
ari
es

 Themostcommonauxil
iar
yver
bsar
ehave,
be,
anddo.
 Thet
hreehavet
hei
rfor
msasshownbelow.

Ver
b For
ms

Be  Be
 Am
 I
s
 Ar
e
 Was
 Wer
e
 Been
 Bei
ng

Hav
e  Hav
e
 Has
 Had

Do  Do
 Does
 Di
d

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage47
Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Emi
l
ianai
srunni
ngawayf
rom us.
2.I
fshedoesn’
tcomeont
ime,
she’
l
lhav
etodoal
lthewor
k.
3.Doesy
ournamebegi
nwi
than“
F”?
4.Theboy
shav
efi
nishedt
her
ace.
5.Iam wr
it
ingy
ouanot
ice
6.Themi
l
khasbeendr
ankbyt
hecat
.
7.Ihav
epur
chasedanewpai
rofshoest
orepl
acet
heonest
hatwer
elosti
nmyl
uggage.
8.Wehopey
oudon’
tdr
opoutofschool
.
9.Shewasaski
ngWachi
raaquest
ion.
10.Ri
char
dhasbeenwor
kinghar
dthewhol
eyear
.
11.Sar
ahdoesn’
tski
orr
oll
erskat
e.

(
b)Modal
Auxi
l
iar
yVer
bs

 Unl
iket
hepri
maryauxi
l
iar
yverbs,modal
auxil
i
ari
esnev
erchangef
orm.
 Lookatthel
i
stofmodalaux
il
iaryver
bsfol
l
ows:

 Might  Shal
l
 Can  Must  Shoul
d
 Coul
d  Need  Wil
l
 May  Oughtto  Would

Funct
ionsofAuxi
l
iar
yVer
bs

Auxi
l
iar
yver
bs,
alsoknownashel
pingv
erbs,
addf
unct
ional
orgr
ammat
ical
meani
ngt
othe
cl
ausesi
nwhi
cht
heyappear
.Theyper
for
mthei
rfunct
ionsi
nsev
eral
dif
fer
entway
s:

 Theyexpr
esst
ense.Forexampl
epast
,pr
esentandf
utur
e.
 Makesent
encesgr
ammat
ical
l
ycor
rect
.
 Theyquant
if
yver
bs.
 Sent
encesar
eemphasi
zedt
hrought
hem.

Auxi
l
iar
yver
bsal
mostal
way
sappeart
oget
herwi
thamai
nver
b,andt
hought
her
ear
eonl
yaf
ew

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage48
oft
hem,
theyar
eamongt
hemostf
requent
lyoccur
ri
ngv
erbsi
ntheEngl
i
shl
anguage.

Auxi
l
iar
yVer
bExer
cises

Fi
l
lint
hebl
ankwi
tht
hecor
rectauxi
l
iar
yver
bfr
om t
hechoi
cespr
esent
ed:

1.What_ ____
___________thekidsdoingwheny oulastsawt hem?( was, were, ar e,did, been)
2.Car la_ ____
___________alwayswant edtotryskydivi
ng.( was, doesn’ t
, has,is, hav e)
3.Wher e_ ____
_ _
___________yougoony oursummerv acation?( were, been, are, did, does)
4.Whydoy outhinkshe_ _
_______
_cal l
youlikeshesai dshewoul d?(didn’t,is,hasn’ t
, has
been, have)
5.Mar y_ _
___________goingt obeupsetwhenshehear swhathappened.( will,don’ t,is,
di
dn’ t
,has)
6.Jer emy_ ___
_ _
_______wantt ogot othemov ies;
hewant st ost ayhomei nst ead.( doesn’t,
i
sn’t,wasn’t,hasn’t,
wasnot )
7.I_ ______________
__appr eciat
ehisjokes.Theywer en’tfunny .(did,hav e,been, didn’t,
haven’t)
8.Ir eall
ylikefishbutI_ _______
_______careformeat.( weren’t,been, don’t,i
s, was)
9.Wher e_ ____
_ _
______y ougoingwhenIsawy oul
astni ght?(wer e,was, i
s,do, did)
10.Tara_ _________
______calledyet;she’
slateasusual .(ar
e, wer e,has, hasn’t,woul dn’ t
)

Answer
s:1–wer
e,2–has,
3–di
d,4–di
dn’
t,
5–i
s,6–doesn’
t,
7–di
dn’
t,
8–don’
t,
9–wer
e,
10–hasn’
t

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage49
(
b)PERFECTI
VEASPECT

 Al
socal
l
edcompl
eteaspect
,ist
heaspectofav
erbwhi
chexpr
essesacompl
etedact
ion.

 Thecompl
etedact
ioncanbe:

 I
nthepast
,forexampl
e,

 Wehadmet
.

 Shehadl
eft
.

 Theyhaddr
unk.

 I
nthepr
esent
,exampl
es,

 Ihav
eseeni
t.

 Hehast
akenhi
sbag.

 I
thasdr
unki
tsmi
l
k.

 I
nfut
ure,
forexampl
e,

 Shewi
l
lhav
elef
t.

 Theywi
l
lhav
egone.

 Hel
sywi
l
lhav
ecompl
eted.

Howt
oFor
mthePer
fect
iveAspect

 For
medbyusi
ngt
heauxi
l
iar
yver
bhav
eandt
hepastpar
ti
cipl
efor
m oft
hemai
nver
b.

PastPer
fectTense

 Expr
essesact
ioncompl
etedi
nthepast
.

 Ther
ecoul
dbeoneact
ioncompl
etedbef
oret
heonest
art
ed.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Whenhear
ri
ved,
Ihadal
readyeat
en.

2.Johnhadf
ini
shedhi
ghschool
byt
het
imeIj
oinedf
orm one.

3.Gr
egor
yhadseent
hem.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage50
ThePr
esentPer
fectTense

 Expr
essest
heact
ioncompl
etedi
nthepr
esent
,bef
oret
henextonest
art
s.

 Exampl
esofsent
encesi
nthi
stensear
e:

 Hehaspl
ayed.

 Wehav
efi
nished.

 Ihav
ejumpedal
ready
.

TheFut
urePer
fectTense

 Thefutur
eper f
ecttensereferstoacompl etedacti
oninthefut
ure.Whenweuset hi
s
tensewear eproj
ecti
ngour sel
vesforwardintothefut
ureandlookingbackatan
acti
onthatwill
becompl etedsomet i
melaterthannow.Iti
smostof tenusedwi
tha
ti
meexpr essi
on.
 Thefutur
eper f
ectiscomposedoft woel ement s
thesimpl
ef ut
ureofthev erb"tohave"(wi
llhave)+thepastpart
ici
pleofthemai
n
verb

Af
fi
rmat
ive Negat
ive I
nter
rogat
ive Negat
iveI
nter
rogat
ive

Iwi
l
lhav
ejumped Iwon'
thav
ejumped Wi
l
lIhav
ejumped? Won'
tIhav
ejumped?

Youwon'thav
e Wil
lyouhav
e Won'
tyouhav
e
Youwi
l
lhav
ejumped
jumped j
umped? j
umped?

Hewi
l
lhav
ejumped Hewon'
thav
ear
ri
ved Wi
l
lhehav
ear
ri
ved?Won'
thehav
ear
ri
ved?

Wil
lwehav
e Won'
twehav
e
Wewi
l
lhav
ejumpedWewon'
thav
ejumped
j
umped? j
umped?

Theywi
l
lhav
e Theywon'
thav
e Wil
ltheyhav
e Won'
ttheyhav
e
j
umped j
umped j
mped? j
umped?

Funct
ion

Exampl
es

 Iwi
llhavebeenher eforsi
xmont hsonJune23r
d.
 Bythetimey oureadthi
sIwi l
lhaveleft
.
 Youwillhavefi
nishedyourreportbythi
sti
menextweek.
 Won'ttheyhavearri
vedby5:00?

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage51
  Wi
l
lyouhav
eeat
enwhenIpi
cky
ouup?

(
c)PROGRESSI
VEASPECT

 I
texpr
essesanon-
goi
ngact
ion.

 Theact
ioncoul
dhav
ebeeni
nthepast
,pr
esent
,orwi
l
lhappeni
nfut
ure.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage52
  Ver
bsi
nthi
saspectar
erecogni
zabl
ebyt
hepr
esentpar
ti
cipl
e(-
ing)

Pr
ogr
essi
veAspectwi
thPastTense

Weuset
hepat
ter
n:

Wasorwer
e+pr
esentPar
ti
cipl
e,

Exampl
es

 Wewer
etr
avel
l
ing.

 Shewaswr
it
ing.

Pr
ogr
essi
veAspectwi
thPr
esentTense

Thepat
ter
nbel
owi
sused

I
sorar
e+pr
esentpar
ti
cipl
e,f
orexampl
e

 Shei
swr
it
ing.

 Theyar
edanci
ng.

Pr
ogr
essi
veAspectWi
thFut
ureTi
me

Tof
ormt
his,
weuset
hepat
ter
n:

Wi
l
lbe+pr
esentpar
ti
cipl
e

 Hewi
l
lbecy
li
ng.

 Theywi
l
lbecr
ying.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage53
(
d)FUTURETI
ME

 Thereareanumberofdi f
fer
entway sofref
erri
ngtothefut
urei
nEngli
sh.I
tisimpor
tant
toremembert hatweareexpressi
ngmor ethansimplyt
heti
meoftheacti
onorevent.
 Futurealwaysrefer
stoatime'lat
erthannow',buti
tmayalsoexpr
essouratt
it
udetothe
fut
ureevent.

Al
loft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
deascanbeexpr
essedusi
ngdi
ff
erentt
enses:

(
i) Si
mpl
epr
edi
cti
on:
Ther
ewi
l
lbest
ri
kenextweek.
(
i)Ar
i rangement
s:Shei
srunni
ngt
oKi
l
gor
ist
omor
row.
(
ii
i)Pl
ansandi
ntent
ions:
Theyar
egoi
ngt
ofl
ytoLondoni
nDecember
.
(
iv)Pr
edi
cti
onbasedonpr
esentev
idence:
Ithi
nki
t'
sgoi
ngt
orai
n!
(
v)Wi
l
li
ngness:
Shewi
l
lpayy
ourf
ee.
(
vi)Anact
ioni
npr
ogr
essi
nthef
utur
e:Thi
sti
menexty
earhewi
l
lbei
nfor
mthr
ee.
(
vi)Ane
i ventoract
iont
hati
sar
out
ine:
Youwi
l
lbeseei
ngPer
pet
uai
nthechur
cht
omor
row.
(
vii
i
) Obl
i
gat
ion:
Youar
etodr
ivedi
rect
lyt
omyhouse.
(
ix)Anact
ionorev
entt
hatwi
l
ltakepl
acei
mmedi
atel
yorv
erysoon:
Thet
rai
nisaboutt
oleav
e.
x)Pr
( oject
ingour
sel
vesi
ntot
hef
utur
eandl
ooki
ngbackatacompl
etedact
ion:
Amont
hfr
om
nowhewi
l
lhav
efi
nishedal
lhi
sexams.

Thef
ourf
utur
ever
btensesi
nEngl
i
shar
e:

 Simplef
uturetense
 Futur
econtinuoustense
 Futur
eperfecttense
 Futur
eperfectconti
nuoust
ense

Si
mpl
efut
uret
ense

Thesi
mpl
efut
urer
efer
stoat
imel
atert
hannow,
andexpr
essesf
act
sorcer
tai
nty
.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

(
i)Iwi
ll
seeyoulat
er.
(
ii
)Shewil
ldoi
t.Donotwor
ry.

Howt
oFor
mthesi
mpl
efut
ure

 Thesi
mplefut
uretensei
scomposedoft
wopar
t wi
s: l
l/shal
l+t
hei
nfi
nit
ivewi
thoutt
o.
 st
udythet
ablebel
ow:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage54
Af
fi
rmat
ive Negat
ive I
nter
rogat
ive

Iwi
l
lvi
sit Iwon’
tvi
sit
. Wi
l
lIv
isi
t?

Iwi
l
lnotv
isi
t. Won’
tIv
isi
t?

Shewi
l
lvi
sit
. Shewon’
tvi
sit
. Wi
l
lshev
isi
t?

Shewi
l
lnotv
isi
t. Won’
tshev
isi
t?

Theywi
l
lvi
sit
. Theywon’
tvi
sit
. Wi
l
ltheyv
isi
t?

Theywi
l
lnotv
isi
t. Won’
ttheyv
isi
t?

Cont
ract
ionsi
nsi
mpl
eFut
ure

Iwil
l=I'
ll
Wewi l
l=we' l
l
Youwill=you'l
l
Hewill=he'l
l
Shewil
l =she'l
l
Theywill=they'
l
l
Wil
lnot=won' t

Fut
urecont
inuous

 Thefut
ureconti
nuousref
erstoanunfini
shedactionoreventthatwillbeinpr
ogressata
ti
melatert
hannow.
 Thefut
ureconti
nuousismadeupof :
thesi
mplefut
ureoftheverb'
tobe'+thepresentparti
cipl
e(base+ing)
 Thefut
ureconti
nuousisusedforqui
teafewdi f
ferentpurposes.Thesefunct
ionsincl
ude:

(
i) Topr
ojectonesel
fint
othef
utur
e.Exampl
e

Thi
sti
menextmont
hshewi
l
lbewr
it
ingherf
inal
paper
.

(
ii
)Topr
edi
ctorguessaboutf
utur
eev
ent
s.Exampl
e

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage55
 You'
l
lbemi
ssi
ngt
hesemeal
soncel
eav
ehi
ghschool
.

(
ii
i)Toaskpol
i
tel
yfori
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hef
utur
e.Exampl
e

Wi
l
lyoubeat
tendi
ngmyweedi
ngt
hisweekend?

(
iv)
Tor
efert
ocont
inuousev
ent
sexpect
edt
ohappeni
nthef
ut e.
ur Exampl
es

I
'
llbet
raci
nghi
m nextmont
h.

Fut
ureper
fect

 Thef
utur
eper
fectt
enser
efer
stoacompl
etedact
ioni
nthef
utur
e.
 I
nusi
ngt
hist
ense,
wepr
ojectour
sel
vesf
orwar
dint
othef
utur
eandl
ooki
ngbackatan
act
iont
hatwi
l
lbecompl
etedsomet
imel
atert
hannow.
 I
tismostof
tenusedwi
that
imeexpr
essi
on.
 Tof
ormi
t,i
ncl
ude:
t
hesi
mpl
efut
ureoft
hev
erb"
tohav
e"(
wil
lhav
e)+t
hepastpar
ti
cipl
eoft
hemai
nver
b

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

(
i) Won’
tyoubeher
eformypar
tyf
ort
hreehour
snextweek?
(
i)Youwi
i l
lhav
eev
acuat
edt
hebui
l
dingbyt
het
imet
heconst
ruct
orsar
ri
ve.
(
ii
i)Shewi
l
lhav
elef
tbyt
het
imewear
ri
ve.

Fut
urePer
fectCont
inuous

 Thi
stensei
susedt
opr
ojectonesel
ffor
war
dint
imeandt
olookback.
 I
tref
erst
oev
ent
soract
ionsi
nat
imebet
weennowandsomef
utur
eti
mear
eunf
ini
shed.
 I
tismostof
tenusedwi
that
imeexpr
essi
on.
 Thef
utur
eper
fectcont
inuousi
scomposedoft
woel
ement
s
t
hef
utur
eper
fectoft
hev
erb"
tobe"(
wil
lhav
ebeen)+t
hepr
esentpar
ti
cipl
eoft
hemai
n
v
erb(
base+i
ng)
 St
udyt
heexampl
esbel
ow:

(
i)Iwi
l
lhav
ebeendoi
ngmydegr
eeatt
heuni
ver
sit
yfort
woy
ear
sby2019.
(
i)By2030hewi
i l
lhav
ebeendr
ivi
nghi
scarf
or15y
ear
s.
(
ii
i)Nexty
earIwi
l
lhav
ebeenl
ear
ningi
nthi
sschool
fort
hreey
ear
s.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage56
ADJECTI
VES
ORDEROFADJECTI
VES

 Adj
ect
ivesdenot
ingat
tri
but
esusual
l
yoccuri
naspeci
fi
cor
der
.

 I
ngener
al,
adj
ect
ivesf
oll
owt
hef
oll
owi
ngor
der
:

Or
der Exampl
es

Quant
it
y Thi
rt
y,many
,some

Opi
nion Nast
y,di
rt
y,beaut
if
ul

Si
ze Shor
t,t
iny
,huge

Shape Squar
e,r
ound,
cir
cul
ar

Age Young,
new,
20-
year
-ol
d

Col
our Gr
een,
indi
go,
pink

Or
igi
n/Nat
ional
i
ty Keny
an,
Engl
i
sh,
Chi
nese

Pur
pose Ser
ving,
sleepi
ng,

Mat
eri
al Gl
ass,
ear
then,
met
all
i
c

Noun

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Hami
sihasdeci
dedt
osel
lhi
sfl
ashynewGer
mancar
.

i
i
. Imetsev
eral
char
mingI
ndi
anl
adi
es.

i
i
i. Ther
ear
ethr
eebi
gfoot
bal
lbal
l
sint
hest
ore.

i
v. Shehasboughtaf
ewsmal
lwhi
tesl
eepi
ngmat
s.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage57
ADVERBS
(
a)ADVERBSOFPLACE

 Theyt
alkaboutwhent
heact
ionhappened,
wil
lhappen,
orhappens.

 Theyar
epl
acedaf
tert
hemai
nver
borobj
ect
.

 Exampl
esofadv
erbsofpl
acear
e:

 Up

 Down

 Far

 Ov
erseas

 Near
by

 Nor
th,
etc

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Shewentt
her
e.

2.Thesuper
mar
keti
snear
by.

3.Shewentov
erseas.

4.Thebedr
oom i
supst
air
s.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage58
(
b)ADVERBSOFDEGREE

 Anadver
bofdegreetel
l
sustheint
esi
tyatwhi
chatwhi
chanact
ionoccur
s,ordegr
eeof
anadj
ect
iveoranot
heradv
erb.

 Exampl
esofadv
erbsofdegr
eear
e:

 Ext
remel
y

 Qui
te

 Ver
y

 Al
most

 Justet
c

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.I
tver
ycol
dout
side.

2.Thi
swat
eri
sext
remel
yhot
.

PREPOSI
TIONS

COMPLEXPREPOSI
TIONS

 Acompl
expr
eposi
ti
onconsi
stsoft
woort
hreewor
dcombi
nat
ionsbutact
ingasasi
ngl
e
uni
t.

 Bel
owar
etheexampl
es:

 I
naccor
dancewi
th

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage59
  Onbehal
fof

 I
nai
dof

 I
nli
newi
th

 Wi
thr
espectt
o

 Bymeanof

 I
nrel
ati
ont
o

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Iam wr
it
ingi
nregar
dtowhatwedi
scussedy
est
erday
.

2.Hecameonbehal
fofhi
sboss.

3.Awor
dcanbedi
sti
ngui
shedont
hebasi
sofst
ress.

CONJUNCTI
ONS

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage60
SUBORDI
NATI
NGCONJUNCTI
ONS
 Asubordinat
ingconj
unct
ionj
oinsasubor
dinat
ecl
ause(
dependent
)toamai
ncl
ause
(
independentcl
ause)
.

 Asubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ioni
sal
way
sfol
l
owedbyacl
ause.

 I
treducesthei
mport
anceofonecl
ausesot
hatt
her
eaderunder
standswhi
choft
het
wo
i
deasareimport
ant
.

 Separ
atethesubor
dinat
eclausef
rom t
hemai
ncl
ausewi
thacommawhent
hesent
ence
begi
nwithasubordi
natecl
ause.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sal
i
stofcommonsubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ions:

 Af
ter  Ev
eni
f  Provi
ded  When
that
 Al
though  Ev
ent
hough  Whenev
er
 Si
nce
 As  How  Wher
e
 Sot
hat
 Asi
f  I
f  Wher
eas
 Than
 Asl
ongas  I
nasmuch  Wher
ever
 That
 Asmuchas  I
nor
dert
hat  Whi
l
e
 Though
 Assoonas  Lest  Why
 Ti
l
l
 Ast
hough  Nowt
hat
 Unl
ess
 Because  Once
 Unt
il
 Bef
ore  Pr
ovi
ded

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Whent
hedoorwasknocked,
Joanr
oset
oopeni
t.

i
i
. I
tishar
dtogi
veupdr
ugsoncey
ougetaddi
cted.

i
i
i. BecauseIwassi
ck,
Iwentt
oseet
hedoct
or.

i
v. Al
thoughi
twascol
d,het
ookof
fhi
scoat
.

v
. Ican’
ttakey
ououtsi
nceIhav
enomoney
.

Exer
cise

Combi
net
hepai
rofsent
encesusi
ngsubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion.Chooset
heconj
unct
ionf
rom

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage61
t
hel
i
stbel
ow.

Rat
herthan Nowt hat Once
While Bef
ore Event
hough
Whereas Whetherornot Si
nce

1.Henr
ypassedt
heexamsf
ir
stt
ime.Janehadt
oret
aket
heexamst
wice.

2. Mysi
sterl
i
kesMat
h.Ipr
eferChemi
str
y.

3.I
twasr
aini
ng.Idi
dn’
tgetwet
.

4.Iwi
l
lbel
atet
oday
.Ther
eisj
am i
ntown.

5.Nj
ugunapassedt
het
est
.Nj
ugunadi
dnotr
evi
se.

6.Iwi
l
lleav
e.Ther
eissomeonet
otakecar
eoft
hebaby
.

7.Johni
saboy
.Mar
yisagi
rl
.

8.Got
opl
ay.Cal
lyoursi
ster
.

9.Idi
dn’
tgi
vet
hemoneyt
omysi
ster
.Igav
ethemoneyt
omycousi
n.

10.Youknowhi
m per
sonal
l
y.Youhav
etoagr
eet
hathehasdoneal
otf
ort
hiscount
ry.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage62
I
NTERJECTI
ONS
 Awor
d(s)usedt
oexcl
aim orpr
otestorcommand.

 Aninj
ect
ionconv
eysanemot
ion.Theemot
ioncanbeofj
oy,
disgust
,sur
pri
se,
exci
tement
,
et
c.

 Thi
swor
disnor
mal
l
ypl
acedatt
hebegi
nni
ngofasent
ence.

 Af
orcef
uli
nject
ioni
sfol
l
owedbyanexcl
amat
ionmar
k.

 Al
essf
orcef
uli
nject
ioni
sfol
l
owedbyacomma.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Wow!Ihav
ewoni
t!

i
i
. Jeeper
s,t
hatwast
oocl
ose.

i
i
i. I
ndeed,
Ili
kei
t.

i
v. Good!Icannowr
elax
.

v
. Oh,
Idi
dn’
tknowaboutt
hat

v
i. No,
leav
emeal
one.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage63
 I
nter
ject
ionswhi
char
eSounds

I
nter
ject
ionst
hatf
oll
owar
eofsounds:

 Phew

 Ah!

 Mmm!

 Humph

Exer
cise

Fi
l
lthebl
ankswi
thappr
opr
iat
eint
erj
ect
ions.

1._
___
___
___
,Ican’
tseey
out
omor
row.

2._
___
___
__,
Iwi
l
lwai
tfory
ou.

3._
___
___
___!Thet
rai
nisl
eav
ing!

4._
___
___
___
_Icannowgoandpl
ay.

5._
___
___
__!Iam l
osti
nthi
sbi
gtown!

6._
___
___
__,
thati
swonder
ful
.

PHRASES
(
a)CONSTI
TUENTSOFVERBPHRASES

 Asent
encemusthav
eav
erb.

 Av
erbphr
asehasav
erbast
heheadwor
d.

 Av
erbphr
aseconsi
stsofamai
nver
bpl
usauxi
l
iar
yveb(
s).

 Lookatt
hesent
encebel
ow.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage64
 Thesegi
rl
sar
eannoy
ing.

Ar
eannoy
ingi
sthev
erbphr
ase.

Ar
eisanauxi
l
iar
yver
b.

Annoy
ingi
sthemai
nver
b.

 Themai
nver
bnor
mal
l
ycomesatt
heendoft
hephr
ase.

Mor
eExampl
esI
nSent
ences

1.Thepr
iceshav
efal
l
en.

2.Theycoul
dber
unni
ngf
rom me.

3.Theyhav
ebeenaski
ngt
hisquest
ionov
erandov
eragai
n.

4.Sheshoul
dhav
ebeenwr
it
ingt
hebook.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage65
(
b)CONSTI
TUENTSOFADVERBPHRASES
 Anadv
erbphr
asei
sawor
dgr
oupwi
thanadv
erbast
hemai
nwor
d.

 Anadv
erbphr
asecanmodi
fyav
erb,
anadj
ect
ive,
oranadv
erb.

Const
it
uent
sofAdv
erbPhr
ases

Anadv
erbphr
asecanconsi
stof
:

 Anadv
erb

 Pr
emodi
fi
er,
whi
chcanbeanadv
erb,
adj
ect
ive,
orapr
eposi
ti
on.

 Postmodi
fi
er

Adv
erbPhr
asesExampl
es

i
. Qui
tesl
owl
y

Qui
tei
sthepr
emodi
fi
er,
whi
l
esl
owl
yist
headv
erb

i
i
. OnFr
idayni
ght

Pr
emodi
fi
eri
sthepr
eposi
ti
onon.ni
ghti
sthepostmodi
fi
er

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Thepr
ojectwasdonev
erysl
owl
y.

i
i
. Wet
alkedal
ldayl
ong.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage66
CLAUSES

(
a)I
NDEPENDENTANDSUBORDI
NATECLAUSES

I
ndependentCl
auses

 Acl
ausei
sindependentwheni
tmeet
sthef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:

 I
thasasubj
ect

 I
thasanact
ion—whatt
hesubj
ecti
sdoi
ng.

 I
texpr
essesacompl
etet
hought
.

Exampl
es

1.Wel
efthome.

2.Hel
i
vesi
nNai
robi
.

Subor
dinat
eCl
auses

 Asubordi
nat
eclause(
ordependent
)cl
asusecannotst
andal
oneasasent
encesi
ncei
tdoes
notexpr
essacomplet
ethought
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage67
 Adependentcl
ausebegi
nswi
thasubor
dinat
econj
unct
ionorr
elat
ivepr
onounsorar
elat
ive
adv
erb.

 I
tleav
esonewonder
ing“
whathappened?
”

Exampl
es

1.Wher
eshewent

2.Bef
oreKhami
siar
ri
ved.

3.Af
tersheabusedme.

(
b)COMPOUNDSENTENCES
 Acompoundsent
encehast
woi
ndependentcl
auses.

 Anindependentcl
ause,
asear
li
erdi
scussed,
hasasubj
ectandandav
erbandexpr
esses
acompletethought
.

 Thetwoindependentclausef
ormingacompoundsent
encear
ejoi
nedusi
nga
coor
dinat
ingconjunct
ion.Att
imes,asemicol
oni
sused.

 Thecoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ionsar
e:

 For

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage68
  And

 Nor

 But

 Or

 Yet

 So

Theseconj
unct
ionscanbebestr
emember
edbyahandymnemoni
c:FANBOYS.

 Her
eisanexampl
eofacompoudsent
ence:

Hewor
ksi
nWaj
i
r,buthest
aysi
nIsi
olo.

 Thesent
encehast
woi
ndependentcl
auses:
hewor
ksi
nWaj
i
randhest
aysi
n
I
siol
o.

 Buti
sthecoor
dinat
ionconj
unct
ionj
oini
ngt
het
wocl
auses.

Ot
herExampl
es

1.Rosewant
edt
obuyadr
ess,
butshedi
dn’
thav
eenoughmoney
.

2.Theydi
dnotgot
ochur
ch,
yett
hei
rpar
entadv
isedt
hem t
o.

3.Doy
ouwantt
ogot
oRongoorHomabay
?

(
c)COMPLEXSENTENCES
duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage69
  Acomplexsent
encei
smadeupofani
ndependentcl
auseandatl
eastonedependent
cl
auses.

 Adependentcl
ausel
acksoneoft
heel
ement
sthatwoul
dmakei
tacompl
etesent
ence.

 Theclausesmaki
ngupt
hecompl
exsent
encear
ecombi
nedusi
ngasubor
dinat
ing
conj
unction.

 Her
eisanexampl
efory
ou:

Mobi
l
ephoneshav
ehel
pedal
otsi
ncet
heycamet
othemar
ket
.

 Theindependentcl
ausemobi
lephoneshav
ehelpedal
oti
sjoi
nedt
othe
dependentcl
ausesincet
heycametothemarket
.

Mor
eExampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Al
thoughdeereatmycr
ops,
theyar
ecut
e.

2.Bef
orey
oul
eav
e,gi
vemey
ouraddr
ess.

3.Whi
l
eIpr
eferaper
manenthouse,
mywi
fepr
efer
sasemi
per
manentone.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage70
(
d)ACTI
VEANDPASSI
VEVOI
CE
 Asent
encecanei
therhav
eav
erbi
nact
ivef
orm orpassi
vef
orm.

Act
iveVoi
ce

 I
nasent
encewi
thanact
ivev
erb,
thesubj
ectper
for
mst
heact
iondenot
edbyt
hev
erb.

 Her
eisasent
encewher
ethesubj
ecti
sper
for
mingt
hev
erb’
sact
on.

Jamesi
swr
it
ingt
henot
es.

 Jamesi
sthesubj
ectdoi
ngt
heact
ion“
wri
ti
ng”
.

 Sincethesubj
ectJamesdoest
heact
ion,
thesent
encei
ssai
dtobei
ntheact
ive
voice.

Mor
eExampl
es

1.Ri
char
dlockedt
hedoor
.

2.Akot
hpai
ntedt
her
oom.

3.Hei
sbuy
ingt
hephone.

Passi
veVoi
ce

 Anormalorderofmanyact
ivesent
encescanbechanged,
sucht
hatt
hesubj
ecti
sno
l
ongeract
ive.

 I
nthecaseabov
e,t
hesubj
ecti
sbei
ngact
eduponbyt
hev
erb.

 Her
eisanexampl
efory
ou:

Thenot
eswer
ewr
it
tenbyJames.

 Thesubj
ecti
sthenot
es.

 i
tispassi
veasi
tisact
eduponbyt
hev
erb.

 Sincethesubj
ecti
sbei
ngact
edupon,
thesent
encei
ssai
dtobei
napassi
ve
voice.

Mor
eExampl
es

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage71
 1.Thedoorwasl
ocked.

2.Ther
oom waspai
ntedbyAkot
h.

3.Thephonei
sbei
ngboughtbyhi
m.

Changi
ngaSent
encef
rom Act
iveVoi
cet
oPassi
veVoi
ce

Fol
l
owt
hest
epsbel
owi
nor
dert
ochanget
hesent
encef
rom act
ivet
opassi
vev
oice:

 Mov
etheact
ivesent
ence’
sdi
rectobj
ecti
nthesubj
ect
’ssl
ot.

 Pl
acet
heact
ivesent
ence’
ssubj
ecti
ntoaphr
asebegi
nni
ngwi
tht
hepr
eposi
ti
on“
by”.

 Addafor
m oft
heauxi
l
iar
yver
b“be”t
othemai
nver
bandchanget
hemai
nver
b’s
for
m.

Exer
cise

Changet
hesent
encesbel
owt
opassi
vev
oice.

1.Jul
i
etchangedt
hef
latt
ir
e.

2.Gr
egor
ypai
ntedt
heent
ir
ehouse.

3.Whot
aughty
ouPhy
sics?

4.Nooneanswer
edmycal
l
.

5.Whost
olemybag?

6.Thehunt
erki
l
ledt
heant
elope.

7.Theywi
l
lsendherasuccesscar
d.

8.Thet
err
ibl
enewsshockedev
ery
one.

GRAMMARANSWERS
PARTSOFSPEECH

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage72
NOUNS

COLLECTI
VENOUNS

1) Wor
shi
p

2)Ambush

3)Cov
en

4)Adi
sgui
sing

5)Bench

6)Aconj
unct
ion

7)Bl
ackeni
ng

8)Company

9)St
alk

10)Api
ty/
agang

11)Conv
ert
ing

12)Sl
ate

m)Ri
ches

14)Bench

15)El
oquence

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage73
 (
a)COMPOUNDNOUNS

a)Shei
scl
eani
ngar
oom f
orst
ores.

Shei
scl
eani
ngast
orer
oom.

b)Heboughtanewr
ulerf
ormeasur
ingupt
o30cm.

Heboughta30-
cm r
uler
.

c) Junei
stheassi
stantcl
asssecr
etar
yforf
ormt
wo.

Junei
stheassi
stantf
ormt
wocl
asspr
efect
.

d)Wehadt
ost
opatt
hest
ati
onf
ort
hebuses.

Wehadt
ost
opt
hebusst
ati
on.

e) Getmesi
zeofcabl
es.

Getmecabl
esi
ze.

f
) Theyboughti
tast
her
ewasr
educt
ioni
ncost
.

Theyboughti
tast
her
ewascostr
educt
ion.

g)St
udent
sar
egi
vent
wobr
eaksoft
went
ymi
nut
es.

St
udent
sar
egi
vent
wo-
twent
ymi
nut
ebr
eaks.

h)Thesear
ethepl
ugswi
tht
hreepi
ns.

Thesear
ethet
hree-
pinpl
ugs.

i
) Themechani
chascar
ri
edt
womet
alboxesf
ort
het
ool
s.

Themechani
chascar
ri
edt
womet
alt
ool
boxes.

j
) Ar
eyout
hewi
feofmyson?

Ar
eyoumydaught
er-
in-
law?

PRONOUNS

I
NDEFI
NITEPRONOUNS

Exer
cise1

1) Somet
hing

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage74
2)Any
thi
ng

3)Any
body

4)Any
wher
e

5)Somewher
e

6)Not
hing

7)Ev
ery
one/
ever
ybody

8)Any
wher
e

9)Ev
ery
one/
ever
ybody

10)Somewher
e

Exer
cise2

1)Hedi
dn’
tsayany
thi
ngusef
ul.

2)Ther
eisnot
hingl
eft
.

3)No-
onecananswert
hisquest
ion.

SUBORDI
NATI
NGCONJUNCTI
ONS

1.Henr
ypassedt
heexamsf
ir
stt
ime.Janehadt
oret
aket
heexamst
wice.

Henr
ypassedt
heexamst
hef
ir
stt
imewhi
l
e/wher
easJanehadt
oret
aket
hem t
wice.

2. Mysi
sterl
i
kesMat
h.Ipr
eferChemi
str
y.

Wher
eas/
whi
l
emysi
sterl
i
kesMat
h,Ipr
eferChemi
str
y.

3.I
twasr
aini
ng.Idi
dn’
tgetwet
.

Ev
ent
houghi
twasr
aini
ng,
Idi
dn’
tgetwet
.

Idi
dn’
tgetwetev
ent
houghi
twasr
aini
ng.

4.Iwi
l
lbel
atet
oday
.Ther
eisj
am i
ntown.

Iwi
l
lbel
atet
odaysi
ncet
her
eisj
am i
ntown.

Si
ncet
her
eisj
am i
ntown,
Iwi
l
lbel
atet
oday
.

5.Nj
ugunapassedt
het
est
.Nj
ugunadi
dnotr
evi
se.

Ev
ent
houghNugunadi
dnotr
evi
se,
hepassedt
het
est
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage75
 6.Iwi
l
lleav
e.Ther
eissomeonet
otakecar
eoft
hebaby
.

Nowt
hatt
her
eissomeonet
otakecar
eoft
hebaby
,Iwi
l
lleav
e.

7.Johni
saboy
.Mar
yisagi
rl
.

Johni
saboywhi
l
eMar
yisagi
rl
.

8.Got
opl
ay.Cal
lyoursi
ster
.

Bef
orey
ougot
opl
ay,
cal
lyoursi
ster
.

9.Idi
dn’
tgi
vet
hemoneyt
omysi
ster
.Igav
ethemoneyt
omycousi
n.

Rat
hert
hangi
vi
ngt
hemoneyt
omysi
ster
,Igav
eitt
omycousi
n.

10.Youknowhi
m per
sonal
l
y.Youhav
etoagr
eet
hathehasdoneal
otf
ort
hiscount
ry.

Whetherornoty
ouknowhi
m per
sonal
l
y,y
ouhav
etoagr
eet
hathehasdoneal
otf
or
t
hiscountr
y.

I
NTERJECTI
ONS

1)No, 4)Phew

2)Wel
l 5)Al
as

3)Hur
ry 6)Ahh

7)

ACTI
VEANDPASSI
VEVOI
CE

1.Thef
latt
ir
ewaschangedbyJul
i
et.

2.Theent
ir
ehousewaspai
ntedbyGr
egor
y.

3.Bywhom wer
eyout
aughtPhy
sics?

4.Mycal
lwasnotanswer
edbyany
one.

5.Mybagwasst
olenbywhom?

6.Theant
elopewaski
l
ledbyt
hehunt
er.

7.Asuccesscar
dwi
l
lbesentt
oher
.

8.Ev
ery
onewasshockedbyt
het
err
ibl
enews.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage76
WRI
TINGFORFORM TWO

SPELLI
NG

COMMONLYMI
SSPELTWORDS
Thet
abl
ebel
owcont
ainswor
dst
hatar
enor
mal
l
ymi
sspel
t.

absence defini ti
on knowl edge prof essi on
acci dent ally descr i
be l
abor at ory prof essor
accommodat e descr i
pt ion l
aid promi nent
accumul ate desper at e l
ed pronunci at
ion
achi ev ement dictionar y l
ight ning pursue
acquai nt ance dining l
onel i
ness quant ity
acqui re disappear ance l
ose quizzes
acqui tted disappoi nt l
osi ng recede
adv ice disast rous mai nt enance recei ve
adv ise discipl i
ne maneuv er recei ving
amat eur dissat isfied manuf act ure recommend
among dormi tor y mar ri
age refer ence
anal ysis effect mat hemat i
cs refer ring
anal yze eight h may be repet ition
annual eli
gibl e mer e restaur ant
apar tment eli
mi nat e mi niat ure rhyme
appar atus embar rass mi schi ev ous rhythm
appar ent emi nent my st er i
ous ri
dicul ous
appear ance encour agementnecessar y sacr ifice
arctic encour agi ng Negr oes sacr ilegious
argui ng env i
ronment ni net y salar y
argument equi pped not i
ceabl e schedul e
ari
thmet ic especi ally occasi onal l
y seize
ascend exagger ate occur red sense
athlet i
c excel lence occur rence separ at e
attendance exhilar ate omi tted separ at i
on
balance existence opini on sergeant
battal i
on existent oppor tuni ty sev er ely
begi nni ng exper i
ence opt i
mi stic shini ng
belief explanat ion paid simi lar
believ e fami liar par allel sincer ely
benef i
ci al fasci nat e par alysi s sophomor e
benef i
ted Febr uar y par alyze speci ficall
y
boundar ies fi
ery par ti
cul ar speci men
Britain foreign past ime statue
busi ness former ly per formance study ing

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage77
cal
endar forty permi ssi ble succeed
candi dat e four th persev erance succession
categor y frant ical ly personal sur pri
se
cemet er y gener ally personnel technique
changeabl e gov er nment perspi ration temper amental
changi ng grammar physical tendency
choose grandeur pi
cni cki ng tragedy
chose griev ous possessi on transferr
ing
comi ng hei ght possi bilit
y tri
es
commi ssi on her oes possi ble truly
commi ttee hindr ance practical l
y tyranny
compar ative hopi ng precede unani mous
compel led humor ous precedence undoubt edl
y
concei vabl e hy pocr isy preference unnecessar y
conf err ed hy pocr ite preferr ed unt i
l
consci ence i
mmedi ately prej
udi ce usual l
y
consci entious i
nci dent al
ly prepar at i
on vill
age
consci ous i
ncr edi ble preval ent vill
ain
cont rol i
ndependence pri
nci pal weat her
cont rov ersial i
nev itabl e pri
nci pl e wei rd
cont rov ersy i
nt el l
ect ual pri
vilege whet her
cri
ticiz e i
nt el l
igence probabl y woman
defer red i
nt er est ing procedur e women
definitel y i
rresi stible proceed wr i
ting

Task

Wr
it
ethecor
rectspel
l
ingf
or:

17)al
ot
1)absense 18)amat uer
) accept i
ble 19)annual y
) acci dent al
y 20)appar ant
4)accomodat e 21)arguement
5) achei v
e 22)athiest
6)acknowl ege 23)awef ul
7)acquai ntence 24)becuase
8)aqui re 25)becomei ng
9) aqui t 26)begining
10)acrage 27)beleive
11)adress 28)bouy
12)adultar
y 29)busines
13)adviseable 30)calender
14)agression 31)camof l
age
15)al
legience 32)catagor y
16)al
lmost 33)cauhgt

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage78
 34)cemet ar y 85)l
iesur e
35)changabl e 86)l
iason
36)chei f 87)l
ibar y
37)col l
aegue 88)l
isence
38)col um 89)mai ntainance
39)commi ng 90)mi l
lenium
40)commi ted 91)mi schiev i
ous
41)conceed 92)mi spell
42)congr adul ate 93)neccessar y
43)consci enci ous 94)neice
44)conci ous 95)nieghbor
45)concensus 96)not i
cabl e
46)cont r
av ersy 97)occassi on
47)cool y 98)occasi onal y
48)deci ev e 99)occur ence
49)def inat e 100) occur ed
50)def inat ely 101) ommi sion
51)despar ate 102) orignal
52)diffrence 103) out ragous
53)dilema 104) par l
iment
54)disapoi nt 105) passt ime
55)disast erous 106) per ciev e
56)drunkeness 107) per sev er ence
57)embar ass 108) per sonel
58)equi pt ment 109) play wr ite
59)excede 110) posessi on
60)exiler ate 111) pot atos
61)exist ance 112) preceed
62)exper iance 113) presance
63)ext reem 114) privel ege
64)faci nat i
ng 115) prof esser
65)fi
rey 116) promi ss
66)fl
our escent 117) pronounci ati
on
67)foriegn 118) pruf e
68)freind 119) quest ionai r
e
69)guage 120) readi ble
70)great ful 121) realy
71)gar ant ee 122) reciev e
[
72)gui dence 123) reciept
73)har rass 124) recommend
74)hei ght h 125) refer ed
75)hei rarchy 126) refer ance
76)humer ous 127) relev ent
77)hy gene 128) reli
gous
78)hipocr it 129) repeat iti
on
79)i
gnor ence 130) rest araunt
80)i
mmi tat e 131) ryme
81)i
medi at el
y 132) rythm
82)i
ndependant 133) secr at ary
83)i
nt eligence 134) sieze
84)j
udgement 135) seper ate

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage79
 136) sargent 147) under at
e
137) simil
er 148) untill
138) skil
full 149) usible
139) speach 150) vaccum
140) sucessf ul 151) vehical
141) super cede 152) vi
sious
142) suprise 153) wet her
143) tomat os 154) wierd
144) tommor row 155) wellfare
145) twelvth 156) withold
146) tyr
any 157) writti
ng
Answers

38.column
1.absence 39.comi ng
2.accept able– 40.commi tted
3.acci dent all
y/acci
dent
ly 41.concede
4.accommodat e 42.congr at ulate
5.achi ev e 43.consci ent ious
6.acknowl edge 44.consci ous
7.acquai ntance 45.consensus
8.acqui re 46.cont rov ersy
9.acqui t 47.coolly
10.acreage 48.decei ve
11.addr ess 49.definite
12.adul tery 50.definitely
13.adv i
sabl e 51.desper ate
14.aggr essi on 52.diff
er ence
15.al
legi ance 53.dil
emma
16.al
most 54.disappoi nt
17.alot 55.disast rous
18.amat eur 56.drunkenness
19.annual l
y 57.embar rass
20.appar ent 58.equipment
21.argument 59.exceed
22.athei st 60.exhilar ate
23.awf ul 61.existence
24.because 62.exper ience
25.becomi ng 63.extreme
26.begi nning 64.fascinat ing
27.believ e 65.fi
ery
28.buoy 66.fl
uor escent
29.busi ness 67.foreign
30.calendar 68.fri
end
31.camouf lage 69.gauge
32.categor y 70.gratef ul
33.caught 71.guar ant ee
34.cemet er y 72.guidance
35.changeabl e 73.harass
36.chief 74.height
37.colleague 75.hierarchy

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage80
 76.humor ous 117. pronunci ati
on
77.hygi ene 118. proof
78.hypocr ite 119. quest ionnaire
79.i
gnor ance 120. readabl e
80.i
mi t ate 121. really
81.i
mmedi ately 122. recei ve
82.i
ndependent 123. recei pt
83.i
nt elli
gence 124. recommend
84.j
udgment 125. refer red
85.l
eisur e 126. refer ence
86.l
iaison 127. relev ant
87.l
ibr ary 128. reli
gi ous
88.l
icense 129. repet ition
89.mai ntenance 130. rest aur ant
90.mi l
lenni um 131. rhyme
91.mi schi evous 132. rhyt hm
92.mi sspel l 133. secr et ar y
93.necessar y 134. seize
94.niece 135. separ at e
95.neighbor 136. ser geant
96.not iceabl e 137. simi lar
97.occasi on 138. skilful
98.occasi onally 139. speech
99.occur rence 140. successf ul
100. occur red 141. super sede
101. omi ssion 142. sur prise
102. ori
gi nal 143. tomat oes
103. outrageous 144. tomor row
104. parl
iament 145. twel fth
105. past i
me 146. tyranny
106. percei ve 147. under rat e
107. persev erance 148. unt il
108. personnel 149. usabl e/ useabl
e
109. pl
ay wr ight 150. vacuum
110. possessi on 151. vehi cle
111. potat oes 152. vicious
112. precede 153. weat her
113. presence 154. wei rd
114. pri
vilege 155. wel far e
115. professor 156. wi t
hhol d
116. promi se 157. Wr iting

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage81
BUI
LDI
NGSENTENCESKI
LLSANDPARAGRAPHI
NG

DEVI
CESOFDEVELOPI
NGPARAGRAPHS
1)Gi
vi
ngReasons

 Givi
ngreasonsisonewayt oil
lustr
ateordevelopparagraphs.
 Manytopicsentencesgivethewr i
ter
s’personalopini
on.Suppose,f
orexampl e,t
hat
yourwr i
te a par
agraph witht he t
opic sentence Li
ving i
nt he v
il
lage is more
comfort
ablethanintowns.
 Tomakeot her
sacceptyouropi ni
on,youhav et oexpl
ainwhyy outhinkthatisthe
case.

Reasonsanswerthequest
ionwhy
?Whydoy
out
hinkl
i
fei
nvi
l
lagesi
smor
ecomf
ort
abl
e?
Youcouldhavereasonsasfol
l
ow:

Reason:
Foodi
sfr
eshf
rom t
hegar
den.

Reason:
Ther
eisnor
entandt
opay
.

Reason:
Thechal
l
angeoft
raf
fi
cjam doesnotexi
sti
nthev
il
lages.

 Cany ouwr
it
eapar agr
aphusi
ngther
easonsandtopi
csent
enceabov
e?
 Reasonsarenotjuststat
ed;t
heyaresuppor
tedbydetai
ls.Somedet
ail
smaybe
fact
s,someopi
nions..

2)Compar
ingandCont
rast
ing

 Somewr i
ti
ngtopi
cswill
asky outoconsi
derther
elat
ionshi
pbet
weentwo
thi
ngs,
forexample,
thehousesinyourvi
ll
ageandthoseinthet
ownyou
curr
ent
lyresi
de.

 Thoseki ndoft
opicsmayallowy
outoorgani
zeyourpar
agraphei
ther
aroundthesimil
arit
iesbet
weent wosubt
heset opi
csoraroundt
he
di
fferencesbet
weent hem.

Sampl
ePar
agr
aph

Compar
isonPar
agr
aphsOr
gani
zedbySi
mil
arPoi
nts

Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aph:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage82
  
  
  
Thehousesi nmyv i
llageandt hehousesi nt
het ownI
currentl
yresidehavesev er
althingsincommon.Fi rst
,bothare
smal landhav ever
yf ewpeopl est ay
inginthem.Forexampl e
i
nthehousesi nthev il
l
age, between5-10peoplest ayinsuch
houses.Si mil
arl
y,i
nt hehousesi nmypr esentr
eidenti
alarea,
Faruku, ahouseholdhasaboutei ghtpeople.Asecondwayi n
whicht hetwoar esimilar……..

Compar
isonConj
unct
ions

I nthecompari
sonparagraphstherearevar
iousconj
unct
ionst
hat
contr
ibut
etoparagr
aphcoher ence.
 Hereisali
stofcomparisonconjunct
ionsyoucanuse:

Shor
tConj
unct
ions LongerExpr
essi
ons

I
nthesameway
,
Si
mil
arl
y,
Xi
ssi
mil
art
oYi
nthat(
they
)..
.
Li
kewi
se,
XandYar
esi
mil
ari
nthat(
they
)..
.
.
..
thesame.
..
Li
keX,
Y[v
erb]
..
.
.
..
thesame
as.
.. I
nli
kemanner
,
.
..
also.
.. Onewayinwhi
chXi
ssi
mil
art
oYi
s
(
that
).
..
.
..
,too.
Anot
herwayi
nwhi
chXi
ssi
mil
art
oYi
s
bot
h
(t
hat
).
..

Cont
rastConj
uct
ions

Her
ear
esomecont
rastconj
unct
ionst
haty
oucanuse:

Shor
tConj
unct
ions Subor
dinat
ingConj
unct
ions

Howev
er,

I
ncont
rast
, Ont
heot
herhand,

Bycont
rast
, ev
ent
hough+[
sent
ence]

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage83
 al
though+[
sent
ence]

wher
eas+[
sent
ence]
.
..
,but
unl
i
ke+[
sent
ence]
.
..
,yet
whi
l
e+[
sent
ence]

nev
ert
hel
ess,

3)Usi
ngI
diomat
icExpr
essi
ons

 Readt
hepar
agr
aphbel
ow.Thewor
dsi
nbol
dfacear
ethei
diomat
icexpr
essi
ons.

WhenIent ereduniversi
ty,Il
i
vedinasmal l
townnearNgunj i
ri.Thatwast hef i
rstt
imeI
l
ivedal one.Ifel
titwasaf eatheri
nmycap.Ihadnot hingbutasmal lbicycle.ButIfelt
happyev er
yday .Iwasn’tafr
aidtol
osemyshi rtbecauseIal waysliv
edonashoest ring.I
didn’tbecomehotundert hecoll
arbecauseeveryonehel pedmeki ndly .
Ifoundapar t-
ti
mej obinsuper market
.Theownerwasabi tofast uff
edshi r
t.SoItriedt okeephi s
shirtonandt ohandl eourcustomerswithkidgloves.Theexper i
encet aughtmeasense
ofresponsi bi
li
ty.

4)Usi
ngFact
s/St
ati
sti
cs

 Anot
herwayt
odev
elopapar
agr
aphi
stoi udeI
ncl ncl
udeFact
sandSt
ati
sti
cs.

 Off
erpreci
sedat
afr
om y
ourownknowl
dege,
orf
rom aut
hor
it
ati
vesour
ces,
possi
blyi
n
numeri
calfor
m.

 Summar
izet
her
esul
ts,
orquot
eyoursour
ces.

 Factsandstat
ist
icsar
ethekindsofev
idencemanyr
eader
sconsi
derconv
inci
ngpr
oofof
gener
ali
zat
ionsandopini
ons.

 Fact
sandst
ati
sti
csal
sohel
preader
sunder
standasubj
ect
/topi
c.

5)Usi
ngRhet
ori
cal
Quest
ions

 Arhetori
calquesti
oncannotbeanswer
edt oyoubutt
hereadermightanswert
he
questi
ontohimself/her
sel
f.
 Aquestionwhichisposedwithoutt
heexpect
ati
onofanansweriscall
eda
“r
hetori
calquesti
on.”

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage84
PUNCTUATI
ON

QUOTATI
ONMARKS

 Quot at
ionsmar ks(“”)areapairofpunct
uati
onmar ksusedpr imar i
l
yt omarkthe
beginningandendofapassageat t
ri
butedtoanotherandr epeatedwor dforword.
 Theyar ealsousedtoindi
catemeaningsandtoindicatetheunusual oruncert
ain
statusofawor d.
 Singlequotationmarks('
)areusedmostf r
equentl
yf orquoteswi t
hinquotes.
 Us equot at
ionmarkstocitesomethi
ngsomeonesai dexact l
y.Examples

 "I
'
m comingr
ightnow,"shesai
d.
 Kimtol
dme,"Don'tl
eaveyourshoesatt
hedoor
.Theywi
l
lbest
olen.
"
 Harr
ytol
dmenott oforgetmysoccerj
ersey
.

 Whenr
ephr
asi
ngwhatsomeonet
oldy
ou,
noquot
ati
onmar
ksar
eneeded.Exampl
e,

Shesai
dshewascomi
ngt
hen.

 Ifquot
ingot
herswit
hinaquote,
bothsingl
eanddoubl
equot
ati
onmar
ksar
eusedt
o
setthetwosepar
atequot
ati
onsofffr
om eachot
her.

APOSTROPHE

 Anapostrophe('
)isusedtoindi
catetheomissi
onofalet
terorl
ett
ersf
rom awor
d,
thepossessi
vecase,ortheplur
alsoflower
caselet
ter
s.
 Examplesoftheapostropheinuseincl
ude:

•
 Omi
ssi
onofl
ett
ersf
rom awor
d:Ar
eyoucomi
n’
.

•
 Possessi
v Joel
ecase: '
shousehasbeenpai
ntedbl
ack.

•
 Pl
ural
forl
ower
casel
ett
ers:
Theywer
etol
dtomi
ndt
hei
rp'
sandq'
s.

 Theapostr
ophehast
wodi
ff
erent
,buti
mpor
tantusesi
nEngl
i
sh:
possessi
onand
cont
ract
ions.

Thecont
ract
ionApost
rophe
duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage85
Theapost
rophei
spl
acedwher
etheomi
tt
edl
ett
erwoul
dbei
nthatcase.

Ty
pe Wi
thoutcont
ract
ions Cont
ract
ions

i
snot,hasnot
,hadnot
,di
dnot
,woul
dnot
,
NOT i
sn'
t,
hasn'
t,
hadn'
t,
didn'
t,
woul
dn'
t
,can'
t
cannot

sheis,
thereis,
heis,
iti
s,Mar
yis,
Jimi
s, she'
s,t
here'
s,he'
s,i
t'
s,Mar
y'
s,Ji
m's,
I
S
Germanyis,whois Germany'
s,who's

AM Iam I
'
m

WI
LL Iwi
l
l,y
ouwi
l
l,shewi
l
l,wewi
l
l,t
heywi
l
l I
'
ll
,you'
l
l,she'
l
l,we'
l
l,t
hey
'l
l

Iwoul
d,y
ouwoul
d,hewoul
d,wewoul
d,t
hey
WOULD I
'
d,y
ou'
d,he'
d,we'
d,t
hey
'd
woul
d

HAVE Ihav
e,y
ouhav
e,wehav
e,t
heyhav
e I
'
ve,
you'
ve,
we'
ve,
they
've

ARE y
ouar
e,t
heyar
e,wear
e y
ou'
re,
they
'r
e,we'
re

Thepossessi
veapost
rophe

I
nmostcasesy
ousi
mpl
yneedt
oadd'
stoanount
oshowpossessi
on

Exampl
es

 Boy’
sv oi
ce
 Teacher’
sst
udent
s

HYPHEN
 Ahy
pheni
susedbet
weent
hepar
tsofacompoundwor
dornameorbet
weent
he
sy
ll
abl
esofawor
d,especi
all
ywhendi
vi
dedatt
heendofal
i
neoft
ext
.

 Exampl
esoft
hisi
nusei
ncl
ude:

•
 Bet f
weenacompoundnoun:at
her
-i
n-l
aw

•
 Wi
thi
nacompoundwor
d:back-t
o-back

 Ingener
al,hy
phensareusedtojoi
ntwowor
dsorpar
tsofwor
dst
oget
herwhi
l
e
avoi
dingconfusi
onorvagueness.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage86
Exampl
es

 go-
down
 up-
to-
dat
e

 Therearesomecaseswherehyphensmaint
ainwrit
tencl
ari
tysuchaswherether
e
arel
ettercol
l
isi
ons,wher
eaprefi
xisadded,
orinfamil
yrel
ations.Manywor
dsthat
havebeenhyphenat
edinthepasthavesi
ncedroppedthehyphenandbecomea
si
nglewor d(
email
,nowadays)
.

Exampl
es

 co-operate
 post-col
onial
 great-gr
andmother

 Hy
phensar
eal
sousedi
nnumber
s

Exampl
es

 Thi
rt
y-si
x
 Thr
ee-fi
ft
hs

 Useahy
phenwhenanumberf
ormspar
tofanadj
ect
ival
compound

Exampl
es

 Theschool
all
owsa30-minut
ebreak.
 Mostofuswerebor
ninthetweent
ient
h-cent
ury
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage87
1.STUDYWRI
TING

(
a)SUMMARI
ES

SUMMARY

 Anexcell
entsummaryisasummarywr
it
tentoshowthaty
ouhavereadandunderst
ood
somethi
ng.
 Youwill
getassignment
sthatasky
out
oreadacert
ainmater
ial
andsummarizeit
.

Howt
opr
oduceasummar
y:

1.
Readt
hemat
eri
alt
obesummar
izedandbesur
eyouunder
standi
t.

2.
Out
li
net
hemaj
orpoi
nts.

3.
Wri
teaf
ir
stdr
aftoft
hesummar
ywi
thoutl
ooki
ngatt
hemat
eri
al.

4.
Alway
susepar
aphr
asewhenwr
it
ingasummar
y.

5.
Tar
gety
ourf
ir
stdr
aftf
orappr
oxi
mat
ely1/
4thel
engt
hoft
heor
igi
nal
.

6.Nev
erputanyofyourownideas,opi
nions,
orinter
pret
ati
onsi
ntot
hesummar
y.Thi
smeans
youhavetobeverycar
eful
ofy ourwor
dchoi ce.

7.Wr
it
einpr
ose–notpoi
ntf
orm.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage88
(
b)DESCRI
PTI
VEESSAYS

 Thi
sty
peofessayrequi
rest
hewrit
ertodescr
ibesomet
hing.
 Thewri
tershoul
dbequi
tevi
vidi
nthei
rdescri
pti
on.
 Thewri
tershoul
dal
sobeobserv
ant.

Descr
ibi
ngaper
son

 Whenyouaredescribingaper
son,youaretel
l
ingt
hereadersomethi
ngabouthi
m or
her
.Thequal
ityofyourdescri
pti
onwil
ldependonyourobserv
ati
onandonhowwel l
youcanexpr
essy oursel
finwri
ti
ng.

Exampl
e:

Vi
ctorKumasi

Wehearabouthi m alot
.Hei salwaysthefi
rstt
oar r
ivei
ntheclassr oom.Thishasmade
hi
m ourclassteacher
’sfavouri
te.Whenitcomest orunni
ng,Idon’tknowwhatt osay ;
herunsfastert
hanmostoft heat hl
etesweadmi r
e.Theonlysurprisingt
hingisthathe
neverspeaksEngli
sh.Evenatthather emai
nsthemostl ovedinthewhol eschool.

Descr
ibi
ngapl
ace

I
ndescr
ibi
ngapl
ace,
youneedt ourf
ousey ivesenses.j
ustconsi
der:

 Whatyousee
 Whatyouhear
 Howitsmells
 Thet
aste
 Howitfeel
sli
ke

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage89
2.CREATI
VEWRI
TING

I
MAGI
NATI
VECOMPOSI
TIONS
El
ement
sofI
magi
nat
iveComposi
ti
ons

I
nor
dert
owr
it
eagoodst
ory
,uset
hesei
mpor
tantel
ement
s:

a)Charact
ers: 
Ref
erst
othosewhoacti
nthest
ory
.Theyshoul
dbepeopl
e,ani
mal
sor
obj
ectsthatthi
nkandtal
k.

b)Set
ti
ng:
Descr
ibest
imeandpl
aceoft
hest
oryf
orexampl
e:cl
assr
oom,
lakesi
de,
town
et
c.

c)Plot
: 
Ref
erstotheser
iesofact
ionst
hatt
hechar
act
ersgot
hroughast
heyt
ryt
osol
ve
aprobl
em.Intheplot
,wehavethe:

1. Int
roduction:Thisisusuall
yshort
.Itpr
esentsthecharact
er,
thesi
tuati
onorthepr
obl
em,
andpar toftheset t
ing.
2. Development :Thissimplyshowshowt hesi
tuati
onaffect
sthecharacter
sandwhatt
hey
dotot r
yandsol vet heproblem.
3. Conclusion:Thisshowst hesolut
ionofaprobl
em.I ti
susuall
yshort
.Itmayleadt
oa
happy,sadorsur priseending.

Whenwriti
ngastory
,remembert oorgani
sethefl
owofy ourevent
ssothatthereader
’s
i
nter
esti
smaintai
nedt hr
oughoutthestor
y.Theelementofsuspenseshoul
dalsobe
cr
eatedandmaintai
nedsothatthereaderwil
lwanttofi
ndoutwhatismostl i
kel
yto

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage90
happeni
nyourst
ory
.

Youcancr
eat
esuspenseby
:

1.I
ncludingmy stery
2.Changingthescene
3.Creat
ingunexpect edevents
4.I
ncludingdialogue
5.Gi
v i
ngsurpriseending
6.Mov i
ngfrom onechar act
ertoanot
her

3.I
NSTI
TUTI
ONALWRI
TING
(
a)Busi
nessLet
ter
s

 Usual
lyf
rom oneorgani
zati
on/company/
inst
it
uti
ont
oanot
her
,orbet
weensuchandt
hei
r
cust
omersandotherexter
nalpart
ies.

 Abusi
nesslet
terisanyl
ett
erwi t
htwoaddr
esses,
sal
utat
ion,
RE,
andendswi
thasi
nat
ure,
andwhosecontentsar
eprofessi
onal
innat
ure.

 I
tismor
efor
mal
thanper
sonal
let
ter
s.

 Youmusthav
ethef
ormat
ti
ngdown.

 Somet
ypesofbusi
nessl
ett
ersar
e:

 Sal
esl
ett
ers

 Orderlet
ter
s–sentbyconsumersorbusinessest
omanuf actur
ers,
ret
ail
ersor
wholesal
erstoor
dergoodsandser
vices.Thecontent
sincludequanti
ty,
name,et
c
oftheproduct
.

 Compl
aintl
ett
ers–useat
onet
hatwi
l
lmakey
ourcompl
aintbesat
isf
ied.

 I
nqui
ryl
ett
ers.Wr
it
tent
oel
i
citi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
her
eci
pient
.

 Let
ter
sofRecommendat
ion.Usual
l
ywr
it
tenbypr
evi
ousempl
oyerdescr
ibi
ngt
he

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage91
 sender
’sr
elat
ionshi
pwi
thandopi
nionoft
hej
obseeker
.

 Other
sincl
ude:coverl
ett
ers,
acknowl
edgmentl
ett
ers,
let
ter
sofr
esi
gnat
ion,
fol
l
ow-
uplet
ter
s,andadjust
mentlett
ers.

Busi
nessLet
ter
sFor
mat

 Ther
ear
etwol
ayout
sofbusi
nessl
ett
ers:
BlockandI
ndent
edl
ayout
s.

 Wheny
ouchooset
ousebl
ockl
ayout
,al
lthei
nfor
mat
ioni
swr
it
tenf
lushl
eft
.

 Pr
ovi
dey
ouraddr
essf
ir
st.

 Thenski
ponel
i
neandpr
ovi
det
hedat
e.

 Ski
ponemor
eli
neandpr
ovi
det
hei
nsi
deaddr
essoft
headdr
essee.

 Not
ethatwhenusi
ngl
ett
erhead,
ther
eisnoneedofwr
it
ingy
ouraddr
ess.Onl
ybegi
n
wi
ththedat
e.

 Skipy
etanotherl
i
neandwr it
esalutat
ion.Thi
sisf
oll
owedbyacol
on.Commai
s
usedforper
sonalcor
respondence.

 Wr
it
e“RE”andwr
it
ethesubj
ect
.

 Wr
it
ethebody
.Ski
pli
nesbet
weent
hepar
agr
aphs.

 Aftert
hebody
,wri
tecomplementar
ycl
ose,
fol
l
owedbyacomma,
sign,
thent
ype
yournameandti
tl
e(onl
yifappl
i
cabl
e)

 Wheny
ouchooset
ousei
ndent
edl
ayout
:

 Youraddr
essappear
sont
her
ight
.

 Dat
eont
her
ight
.

 Addr
essee’
saddr
ess,
sal
utat
ionont
hel
eft
.

 Ty
pingdonotst
artf
rom t
hef
lushl
eft
.

 Noski
ppi
ngl
i
nesbet
weenpar
agr
aphs.

 Ty
pet
hecl
osi
ngandsi
gnat
urei
nthecent
er.

Not
e:Bl
ockf
ormatl
ookspr
ofessi
onal
.

Sampl
eBusi
nessLet
ter

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage92
Kamat
oAcademy
,

P.
O.Box789–20100,

OGONGO–KENYA

y3rd,
Januar 2016

TheDi
rect
or

Kamat
oAcademy

P.
O.Box789–20100

OGONGO–KENYA

DearMsJane:

RE:
RESI
GNATI
ONFROM KAMATOACADEMY

Iam writ
ingt
opr
ovideformal
not
iceofmyr
esi
gnat
ionf
rom Kamat
oAcademy
.Myl
astdaywi
l
l
st
be31 Januaryt
hisyear.

It
rustf
ourweeksissuf
fi
cientnot
icef
oryoutof
indar
epl
acementf
ormypositi
on.Iwoul
dbe
pl
easedtohel
ptrai
nthepersonyouchooset
otakemypl
acebef
oreIf
inal
l
yleave.

Thankyouforof
feri
ngmethejobforthepastt
woy ears.Myexper
ienceasateacher
,headof
var
iousdepar
tmentsandpat
ronofclubsandsociet
iesherehasbeenposi
ti
veandIam
confi
dentt
hatIwil
lusemostoft
heski l
l
sIhavelear
ntatKamat oAcademyinfut
ure.

I
fyouhav
eanyconcer
ns,
pleasel
etmeknow.Iwi
l
lbemor
ewi
l
li
ngt
oli
stent
oyou.

Al
lthebest
,

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage93
[
sign]

D’
Mat
teoKi
chapo

TEACHERASSI
STANT

Ki
pchogeMusl
i
msSchool

P.
O.Box567–30300

WAJI
RKENYA

Jul
y,13th2016

Manager
,

LeakeyVi
l
lageI
nn

P.
O.Box1234–103450

Ki
rema–Keny
a

DearSi
r,

Reser
vat
ionofRoomsf
orMot
ivat
ional
Camp

Iam wri
t i
ngonbehalfoft
heScoutsClubofKipchogeMusl
imsSchool.Weare
organi
zingatwo-day-
one-
nightmoti
vati
onalcampandhavesel
ectedyourhot
elast
he
venueforthecamp.Thetentati
vedat
esforthecampare23and24August2016.We
wouldli
ket oknowifyouwil
lbeabletoaccommodateusfort
heperiod.

Altogether,t
her
ewi l
lbefort
ystudentsandf ourt
eacher
sont hi
stri
p.Wewil
l needt
wo
roomsf ortheteachers(
twinshari
ng).Forthestudent
swewoul dneedfour
teenrooms
only(twinshari
ngaswel l
).Pl
easeincludeanextrabedineachroom t
oaccommodat ea
thi
rdper son.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage94
Wepl antoarri
veat2o' clockint heaf t
ernoonofFr i
day3August .Wehopey ouwil
lbe
abletoservesomel ightrefr
eshment s.Wewi l
lbeginourpr ogram at4p. m.Wewill
requi
retheuseofaconf erencer oom thatcanaccommodat e40peopl e.Wewouldli
kea
microphone,proj
ectorandscr een, astageandar ostr
um.Si ncet hest
udentswil
lbe
workingingroups,wewoul dli
keei ghttablesarr
angedi ntwor ows.Weal sohopethat
watercanbemadeav ai
lableinther oom atallti
messot hatstudentscanhaveadr i
nk
ri
ghtthereanddonothav et oleavether oom tooof t
en.

Regar
dingmeals,
weexpectt
ohavedinnerat7p.m.
,breakf
astat7a.
m.,t
henext
morni
ngandlunchat11a.m.
,j
ustpri
ortoourdepar
tur
e.Wehopet obeabl
etocheck
outbymiddayonSat
urday4August
.

Wewoul dli
ketoknowy ourrat
esf orst
udents,andwhetheryouhaveaspecialr
atefor
groupbooki
ngs.Also,whatareyourchargesfortheuseoftheconfer
enceroom andthe
equipment
?Pleaseletusknowi fpaymentcanbemadebycr edi
tcardorcheque.

Welookfor
wardtoheari
ngf
rom y
ousoon.Pl
easecont
actusi
fyouneedust
ofur
nish
youwit
hfur
therdet
ail
s.

Thanky
ou.

Your
sfai
thf
ull
y,

(
b)POSTERS
 Aposteri
sanypi
eceofpr
int
edpaperdesi
gnedt
obeat
tachedt
oav
ert
ical
sur
facee.
g.a
wal
l.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage95
 Apost
eri
sint
endedt
oconv
eymessageatt
hesamet
imeappeal
tot
heaudi
ence.

 Apostercanbepr
ofessi
onal
l
yusedf
oradv
ert
isement
s,announcement
s,ort
oshar
e
i
nfor
mation.

 Apost
ercanf
ocusont
opi
csl
i
ke:

(
i) Chi
l
dlabour

(
ii
) Dr
ugabuse

(
ii
i) Cor
rupt
ion

(
iv) Pr
ost
it
uti
on

(
v) Domest
icv
iol
ence

(
vi) Roadacci
dent
,et
c.

Howt
oCr
eat
ePost
ers

 Fi
ndagoodi
deaf
orapost
er.Youcanf
ocusoncar
s,spor
ts,
etc.

 Cr
eateani
mageorpi
ctur
ewit
haclearl
yinspir
ati
onpoint
.Iff
orexample,
tal
ki
ngaboutchi
l
d
l
abour,
onecandr
awachil
dworki
nginthefiel
ds,andbei
ngwhipped.

 Bal
ancebet
weent
hepi
ctur
eandt
hewr
it
ings.

 Emphasi
zet
hemosti
mpor
tanti
nfor
mat
ion.Youcanwr
it
ethem i
ndi
ff
erenti
nk,
orunder
li
ne
them.

 Thepi
ctur
e/i
mageandt
hewr
it
ingshoul
dbewi
thi
nthebor
der
li
ne.

 Beconci
se.

Act
ivi
ty

Letthest
udentschooseanyoft
hetopi
csabov
eanddesignthei
rpostersingroups.Ensur
e
ther
eisabalancebetweent
hepi
ctur
eandthewor
ds.Af
tertheyfi
nish,
allowthem pinthei
r
poster
sonthewall.

Exer
cise

Thehabi
tofshi
rki
ngassi
gnment
sinyourclasshasbecomerampant.Youdon’
tli
kei
tandy
ou
wanttodesi
gnapost
ertowarny
ourclassmatesagai
nsti
t.Desi
gnthatpost
er.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage96
 (
c)ADVERTI
SEMENTS
 Adver
ti
singi
showacompany
/indi
vi
dual
encour
agespeopl
etobuyt
hei
rpr
oduct
s,ser
vices
ori
deas.

 Anadvert
isement(
shor
tfor
m:ad)
isany
thi
ngt
hatdr
awsexcel
l
entat
tent
iont
owar
dst
hese
thi
ngs.

 Adsappearontel
evi
sion,
aswel
lasr
adi
o,newspaper
s,magazi
nesandasbi
l
lboar
dsi
n
st
reet
sandciti
es.

 Theytr
ytogetpeopl
etobuyt
hei
rpr
oduct
s,byshowi
ngt
hem t
hegoodr
athert
hanbadof
thei
rpr
oduct
s.

 Fi
rsti
mpressi
onisv
eryi
mpor
tantandt
her
eisusual
l
ynosecondchanceatmaki
ngagood
fi
rsti
mpr
ession.

 Anadver
ti
sementshoul
dcat
cht
heat
tent
ionwi
thi
nseconds–i
fitdoesn’
t,
theni
tis
consi
der
edfai
l
ed.

 I
tiscr
uci
alt
oshowcasey
ourpr
oducti
nav
erycl
everway
.

Howt
oCr
eat
eanAdv
ert
isement

 Grabtheatt
ent
ionoft
heaudi
encebycomi
ngupwi
that
agl
i
net
hati
scat
chy
.Youcan
consi
derusi
ng:

 Humour

 Thy
me

 Puns

 Met
aphor

 Al
l
iter
ati
on,
etc

 Ty
pet
henameoft
hebusi
ness.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage97
 Hav
eapi
ctur
etor
einf
orcey
ourmessage.

 Bal
ancebet
weent
hepi
ctur
eandt
hewor
dings.

Act
ivi
ty

Lett
hest
udent
sdesi
gnt
hei
rownadv
ert
s.Theycanadv
ert
iset
hingsl
i
ke;

(
a)Newbooks

(
b)Newbr
andofpen

(
c)Any
thi
ng

4.PERSONALWRI
TING

(
a)PERSONALJOURNALS
 Apersonal
jour
nal
isar
ecor
dofi
ndi
vi
dual
’
simpr
essi
onofagi
venev
ent
,occur
renceora
per
son.

 Recor
dwhatst
ri
kesy
out
hemost
.

 Whaty
our
ecor
dcoul
dhav
ehappenedt
oyouort
oot
her
s.

Cont
ent
sofAPer
sonal
Jour
nal

1.Dat
e

2.Day

3.Att
imes,
thecal
endar

4.Ent
ry

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage98
Sampl
ePer
sonal
Jour
nal

MYPERSONALJOURNAL

Cal
endar

Febr
uar
y,2016

SunMonTueWedThuFr
i
Sat

1 2 3 4 5
6

7 8 9 10 11 12
13

14 15 16 17 1819
20

21 22 23 24 2526
27

28

ci
( r
cle/
under
li
net
hedat
e)

ENTRY

Todaywaspar ti
cul
arl
ymybesti nthemonthofFebr
uary
,infactf
rom January.Can
youbelieveTom,ofal
ltheformtwostudents,
hasbeenappoint
edthenewcl ass
prefect
.Thishasmarkedtheendofbadnewsandopenedt hedoortofortunes.I
will
doal l
Icantoimprovethatcl
ass!

Ihadnevergi
venitthoughtunti
lIwastoldmynamehadbeenment i
onedbythe
deputypr
inci
pal
.Itwasmyf ri
end,Huggieswhotol
dmei twasmeandnotanyot her
Tom.OfcourseIam theonlyTom inthatgr
eatcl
ass.Imustexpr
essmyhappiness
atthi
s.Asmall,
smal lcl
asspref
ectinabig,bi
gcl
assroom.

Myhappinesscannotall
owmewr i
temor
ethanIhav
ewr
it
ten,
mydearj
our
nal
.Let
t
herestbesaidtomorrow.Goodni
ght
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage99
 (
b)SHOPPI
NGLI
STS
 Ashopperneedst
owr
it
eal
i
stofal
lthei
temst
obepur
chased.

 Wr
it
tenbef
oreashoppi
ngt
ri
ptoashop,
grocer
y,orsuper
mar
ket
.

 Wri
ti
ngashoppi
ngli
stwil
lhel
pcutdownonmoneywast
ageandt
imef
ort
hinki
ngonwhat
t
obuywhil
eattheshoppi
ngcent
er.

Cont
ent
sofAShoppi
ngLi
st

 Ashoppi
ngl
i
stcont
ainst
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Tit
le.At
it
lemusthav
ewhatt
heshoppi
ngi
sint
endedf
orandt
hewor
ds“
shoppi
ng
l
ist
” .

2.Budgetedamount.Wri
tehowmuchy ouhav
eathandt odoshoppi
ng.Don’tusemore
thanwhatyouhave.Budgetcar
eful
ly
.Youcan’tal
soremainwit
hacertai
namount .I
f
youarelef
twit
htoomuchf rom whatyouweretouse,i
twil
lal
someany oudon’t
knowhowt obudget.

3.I
tem category
.Itemsarenor
mal l
yputunderdi
ffer
entcat
egor
ies.Iti
sagoodideat
o
grouprelat
editemstoget
herforeasei
nshopping.It
emsarecategori
zedas;

 Snackse.
g.cake,
chi
ps,
etc.

 Toi
l
etr
iese.
g.soap,
toot
hpast
e,t
issuepaper
s,et
c.

 Foodst
uff

 Dr
inks/
bev
erages

 El
ect
roni
cs

 Cl
othi
ng

 Andot
her
s

4.I
tem.Wr
it
eit
emsundert
her
ightcat
egor
y.

5.Descripti
on.Writ
ethety
peofit
em y
ouwant.Pri
cesmi
ghtal
sobediff
erent
.Iff
or
exampl eyouwanttobuyjui
ce,
wri
tethet
ypeyouwant
,fori
nst
ance,
savanna,
pineapple.Thei
rpri
cesvar
y.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage100
 6.Quanti
ty.Sayhowmanyorhowmuchyouneedt
obuy
.Ifal
i
qui
dusemi
l
il
it
res,
li
tr
es
et
c.ifsoli
d,gr
ams,
kil
ogr
ams,wi
ll
do.

7.Pr
ice.Theamountt
obespentoneachi
tem i
swr
it
teni
nthi
scol
umn.

8.Tot
al.Wr
it
etheamounti
ntot
alt
ospend.Nev
erspendmor
ethanbudget
edf
or.

 Mor
ecr
eat
ivei
ndi
vi
dual
saddt
othei
rshoppi
ngl
i
sts:

 Ex
pect
edbal
ance/
change

 Whereshoppi
ngt
obedone.Forexampl
e:shoppi
ngt
obedoneatUchumi
Super
market.

 Whot
odoshoppi
ng,
amongot
hert
hings.

Sampl
eShoppi
ngLi
st

BACKTOSCHOOLSHOPPI
NGLI
ST
BUDGETTEDAMOUNT:
Sh.6100

NO I
TEM CATEGORY I
TEM QUANTI
TY DESCRI
PTI
ON PRI
CE

I
NKSH.

1 St
ati
oner
y Exer
cisebooks 8-
200pages Cr
own 800

Rul
er 2 Hel
i
x 100

Mat
hemat
ical
set 1 Oxf
ord 300

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage101
 Pens 10 Bi
c 200

2 Cl
othi
ng Bl
ouse 1 Shor
tsl
eev
ed 500

Ski
rt 1 Dar
kgr
ey 500

Car
digan 1 I
ndi
goone 600

Neckt
ie 1 Redst
ri
pped 200

3 Books SetBooks 3 TheRiverand 600

theSource

Betr
ayal
int
he
Cit
y 500

Mst
ahi
kiMey
a
600

4 Dr
inks Soda 3-
1Li
tr
e Coke 300

Jui
ce 2L Del
mont
e 300

5 Snacks Cr
acker
s 50g Cheezi
t 110

Cooki
es 100g Or
eo 200

Pr
etzel 100gm Bol
dGol
d 200

TOTAL 6010

Expect
edBal
ance: Sh.90

Exer
cise

Youarefor
mt woclasspref
ect.Yourcl
assisthr
owingt
heendoft heyearcl
asspar t
y.Befor
e
thi
shappens,
ther
eiscontri
buti
onbyallthecl
assmember s.I
fthetot
alamountraisedissh.9
000whichyouaresupposedtobudgetfor,
preparet
heshoppingli
stoft
heitem y
ouwoul dbuy.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage102
5.SOCI
ALWRI
TING

(
a)I
NVI
TATI
ONS
 Sendinginvi
tati
onsi
stheappr
opri
atewaytocommuni
cat
etoy
ourguestwhati
sitt
haty
ou
arecelebrat
ingandwhatt
heeventi
sallabout
.

 Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofi
nvi
tat
ions:

 I
nfor
mal
inv
itat
ions

 For
mal
inv
itat
ions

 I
nvi
tat
ionsal
sot
akef
orm of
:inv
itat
ioncar
dsori
nvi
tat
ionl
ett
ers.

(
i) I
nvi
tat
ionCar
ds

 Theyar
edesi
gnedt
oinv
itei
ndi
vi
dual
stov
ari
ouscer
emoni
esandpar
ti
es.

 Whendesi
gni
ngani
nvi
tat
ioncar
dremembert
o:

 Pr
ovi
det
henameoft
hehostf
ort
hepar
ty.

 Extendtheinv
itat
ionbychoosi
ngappr
opr
iat
eformalwordi
ng,suchas,
“requesty
our
presence”orl
essf or
malwordi
ng,
suchas“t
otal
l
yinv
itesyou”
.

 I
ncl
udehonor
if
ics(
Dr.
/Mr
./Ms/et
c.)bef
oret
heguest
’snameespeci
all
yiff
ormal
.

 Answert hequest i
on“what?”Tel
ltheguestwhatt heeventisfor
.Isitforbi
rt
hdaypar t
y,
weddi
ngpar ty,birt
hofanewbaby ,fundraisi
nget c.if
,forexample,i
tisabirt
hdaypar t
y
ensur
ey outellthem whoi si
tforandaget hepersoni scelebr
ati
ng.Byt hesamet oken,i
f
i
tisgraduati
on, tel
lthem whoiti
sf orandment iont heeducationmilestonethey
completed.Thepur poseoftheeventi sstatedclearly.

 Beclearaboutthedateandt
imeoftheev
ent
.Dayoft
heweekshoul
dal
sobei
ncl
uded.
ExampleSaturday16thMay2016at4.
, 00pm.

 Beclearonthev
enue.Tel
lthem wher
ethepar
tywil
lbeheld.I
fthepar
tyi
shel
dof
f-
sit
e
(notwherei
sknowntoall
),youcanevengi
vedi
rect
ions.

 Write“RSVP”.Underthi
s,wri
tethenameofthepeopletobecont act
edandt hei
rcont
act
detail
s.Youcanwr i
tethephonenumbertoall
owt hem contactyousoastoinfor
my ou
aheadoft i
mewhet herornottheywil
lbeat
tendi
ng.RSVPi sFrenchabbr
eviati
onfor

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage103
 r
“espondezsi
l
’vouspl
ait
”whi
chsi
mpl
ymeans“
pleaser
espond”
.

 Gi
vei
nst
ruct
ionst
oy ourreci
pient
sonf orexampl
e,howt
odr
ess,
orbr
ingsomet
hing,
if
t
obri
nganot
herguest,oranyothert
hingtodo.

 Youcanalsoincl
udet het
easer.I
ncludesomethingt
hatwil
ldr
ivethem t
othepar
tyeven
bef
oretheactualday.Youcanment i
onthingsl
ikedr
inks,
dance,et
c.Thesemakethem
l
ookingtowar
dsat t
endingthepart
y.

 I
ncludesi
mplebutapi
ctur
ethatt
ieswi
tht
hepar
ty.Youcanhav
eapi
ctur
eofacakei
f
bi
rt
hdaypart
y.

Sampl
eInv
itat
ionCar
d

I
nfor
mal
Inv
itat
ionCar
d

Becausey
ouhav
ebel
i
evedi
n

Them,

Cel
ebr
atedwi
tht
hem

Lov
edandencour
agedt
hem,

We,
Rut
hKi
mani
andJohnKi
mani

Asky
out
ojoi
nusi
nhonour
ingour

Chi
l
dren

Jeni
ferWanj
i
ku

And

JosephNj
oroge

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage104
 Ast
heycel
ebr
atet
hebegi
nni
ngof

Thei
radv
ent
urest
oget
her
t
h
OnSat
urday
,Januar
y11 ,
2016

At9.
00am

Cer
emonyf
oll
owedbydi
nner
,

Dr
inks,
andawkwar
dbut

Ent
husi
ast
icdanci
ng

RSVP:

Mr
.johnKi
mani or MsRut
hKi
mani

Mobi
l
e:0711111111 Mobi
l
e:0712121212

For
mal
Inv
itat
ionCar
d

THEFAMI
LYOFMRANDMRSKAI
MOSI

Cal
l
sfort
hecont
ent
mentof

Dr
/Pst
/Mr
/Mr
s/Ms/
Eng/…………………………………………….
.

Company

Att
hemar
ri
ageof

Ar
senalChel
seaandMi
gingoI
sland

OnSat
urday
,thesecondofJanuar
y;2016

Athal
fpast4.
00i
ntheev
eni
ng

Att rKasar
hei anihome

Dr
essasy
ouwi
sh,
dineasy
oul
i
ke

Danceasy
oupl
ease

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage105
 RSVP:

Mr
.Kai
mosi Mr
sKai
mosi

Emai
l
:kai
mosi
4@gmai
l
.com Phone:
0716602808

(
ii
) I
NVI
TATI
ONLETTERS

 Aninvi
tati
onlett
er,normall
ybusi
ness,i
swr i
tt
ent oi
nvi
tepeopl
etov
ari
ousev
ent
s,suchas,
seminars,
conferences,andmanyotherfunct
ions.

 I
ttakest
hef
ormatofot
herbusi
nessl
ett
ers.

 I
naninvi
tati
onl
ett
eroneshoul
dincl
udethedet
ail
srequi
red.Onl
ytheper
ti
nenti
nfor
mat
ion
r
egar
dingtheev
entshoul
dbeincl
uded.

 Theyar
ewr
it
tent
oinv
ite:

 Ar
esour
ceper
sont
oschool

 Teacher
s,st
udent
s,et
ctosemi
nar
s,conf
erences,
dramaf
est
ival
s,et
c

El
ement
sofI
nvi
tat
ionLet
ter
s

Ani
nvi
tat
ionl
ett
erwi
l
lincl
udet
hingsl
i
ke:

 Bri
efdescr
ipt
ionoft
heinst
it
uti
on/organi
zat
ion.Lett
hereci
pientknowwhaty
oudoand
toknowwhetheryouhavet
herightt
oholdsuchanev ent
.

 I
ncl
udeal
ltheper
ti
nenti
nfor
mat
ion.

Jehov
aJi
rehSchool
,

P.
O.Box2345–30456,

BETHLEHEM –PALESTI
NE.

Febr y6th,
uar 2016

TheChai
rper
son,

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage106
NACADA,

P.
O.Box966–40500

NEBUCHADNEZER–CANAAN.

DearMr
.Her
od:

RE:
INVI
TATI
ONTOGI
VEATALKONDRUGABUSE

OnbehalfofEnvi
ronmental
Club,
Jehov
aJireSchool
,itismypl
easuret
oextendt
hei
nvi
tat
iontoour
school
parents’
dayintheschool
ref
ect
oryonFri
day,6thMar
ch,2016at9.
00am.Youar
einvi
tedtogi
vea
tal
kondrugabuse.

JehovaSchoolisoneofthethr
eeschoolsinBet
hlehem i
nwhichstudentshavecont
inuedtoabusedr
ugs.
Howev er
,mostofthem arer
eadytorespondtowhattheyar
et ol
dondanger sofhar
ddr ugs.
Envi
ronmentalcl
ubhasbeengiventhepowertocurbtheuseofsuchdr ugs.

Idohopeyouwil
lbeabl
etoconf
ir
myourat
tendancet
othi
sinv
itat
ion.Wel
ookf
orwar
dtoy
ourpr
esence
att
hisbi
gday.

Your
ssi
ncer
ely
,

[
sign]

Abr
aham Fat
herLuke–ENVI
RONMENTALCLUBCHAI
R

6.PUBLI
CWRI
TING

(
a)TELEPHONEMESSAGES
 Peopl
ewhowor
kinof
fi
cesof
tenanswerphonesf
orot
her
sespeci
all
yint
hei
rabsence.

 Wheny
ouanswersuchcal
l
s,y
ouneedt
otaket
hemessagesf
ort
hem.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage107
 Thet
elephonemessageshav
ethef
oll
owi
ngel
ement
s:

(
i) Nameoft
heper
sont
hecal
l
erwant
edt
otal
kto.

(
ii
) Thenameoft
hecal
l
er.

(
ii
i) Dat
eandt
imeoft
hecal
l
.

(
iv) Tel
ephonenumberoft
hecal
l
er.

(
v) Detai
l
softhemessage.Hereyouwri
tesomet
hingl
ike:
Shecal
l
edt
oaskwhet
her
youwill
att
endt
hefundrai
singcer
emonyatMigi
ngoHotel
.

(
vi) Thenameoft
her
ecei
veroft
hecal
l
.

 Lookatt
het
elephonenot
epadbel
ow.

SUKUMAWI
KIHI
GHSCHOOL

TELEPHONEMESSAGENOTEPAD

DATE:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

TI
ME:
___
___
___
___
___
___AM/
PM

TO:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

FROM:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

TELEPHONE:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Tel
ephoned Pl
easecal
l

Cal
l
edt
oseey
ou Wi
l
lcal
lagai
n

Want
stoseey
ou Ret
urnedy
ourcal
l

MESSAGE:
………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

RECEI
VEDBY:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage108
Exer
cise

Yournamei sElli
otKumo.Ast hey outhleaderinyourward,y
ouhavet heresponsibil
it
yof
ensuri
ngthegar bageinyourareaarecol l
ectedbythecompanyknownasMat akatakaChafu
GarbageCollector
s.Onedayt heyfail
todot hatandy oudeci
detocallthemanagert ocomplain
aboutthi
sandt hattheyshouldbringthetruckthenextdaytopickupt hegarbage.
Unfort
unatel
y ,
thesecret
arycalledAmi naSalim pi
cksthecal
l.I
natelephonemessagenot epad,
wri
tethemessageAmi nawilltake.

Answer

MATAKATAKACHAFUGARBAGECOLLECTORS

TELEPHONEMESSAGENOTEPADS

15TH Januar
DATE: y,2016

TI
ME:
9.00AM/
PM

TO:
MakauCol
l
ins–Manager

FROM:
Ell
i
otKamau–Yout
hLeader
,Ki
j
ikoWar
d

TELEPHONE:
254-
720467987

Tel
ephoned √ Pl
easecal
l

Cal
l
edt
oseey
ou Wi
l
lcal
lagai
n

Want
stoseey
ou Ret
urnedy
ourcal
l

MESSAGE: Hecalledtocomplai
naboutt
hefai
l
ureofgar
bagetr
ucktopi
ckup
thei
rgarbagetoday.Heiswonderi
ngwhet
hert
hetr
uckcouldst
optomor
row
andpickitup.

RECEI
VEDBY:
Ami
naSal
i
m

SECRETARY

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage109
 (
b)FI
LLI
NGFORMS
 Fi
l
li
ngf
ormsmi
ghtseem easyt
omaj
ori
tyofpeopl
ebutt
hisi
susual
l
ynott
hecase.

 Tof
il
lthef
orm asr
equi
red,
youneedt
oconsi
dert
hepoi
ntsbel
ow:

 Got
hrought
hewhol
efor
m bef
orey
oust
artf
il
li
ngi
tin.

 Readt
hei
nst
ruct
ionsandensur
eyouunder
standt
hem.

 Fi
l
lonesect
ionatat
imet
oav
oidconf
usi
on.

 Fi
l
lal
lthebl
anksunl
essst
atedf
orof
fi
cial
useonl
y.

 I
fther
eisapar
t

Sampl
eFor
m

EMBEDODOMI
XEDSECONDARYSCHOOL
(
Emai
l
:embdod@y
ahoo.
com,
phone:
071666666,
Websi
te:
www.
embedodo.
go.
ke)

Maki
‘ ngf
utur
efr
om t
hepr
esent
’

STUDENT’
SADMI
SSI
ONFORM

I
NSTRUCTI
ONSTOSTUDENTS

1.Usebl
acki
nkonl
y.

2.Fi
l
lal
lthebl
anksy
ouar
erequi
redt
o.

3.Compl
eteeachsect
ioni
nBLOCKl
ett
ers.

(
a)St
udent
’sPer
sonal
Det
ail
s

St
udent
’sName:
………………………………………………………………………

Dat
eofBi
rt
h:………………………………………………………………………….
.

Gender
: …………………………………

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage110
 Rel
i
gion:
………………………………….
.

Nameandcl
assesofbr
other
(s)
/si
ster
(s)i
nschool

Si
bli
ng’
sName Si
bli
ng’
sCl
ass

(
b)Par
ent
’sDet
ail
s

Par
ent
/Guar
dian’
sName:
……………………………………………………………………………….
.

Pr
ofessi
on:
…………………………………………………………….

Addr
ess:
……………………………………………………………

Mobi
l
eNumber
:………………………………………………….

(
c)Academi
cDet
ail
s

Cl
assi
nwhi
chAdmi
ssi
oni
ssought
:…………………………………………………………………….
.

KCPEMar
ks:
…………………………………………………………………….
.

LastTer
m Gr
ade:
…………………………………………………………….
.

(
d)Heal
th

Hav
eyoubeendi
agnosedwi
thcancerorHI
V/AI
DS?Yes/
No

I
fyesforhowlong
_
____
______
___
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
____
______
___
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Doy
ousuf
ferf
rom anyhear
tdi
sease?Yes/
No

(
e)Decl
arat
ion

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage111
 Idecl
aret
hatwhatIhavewrit
tenher
eist
het
rueandIam r
esponsi
blef
oranyev
ent
ual
i
ty
thatmi
ghtresul
tfr
om t
his.

Si
gn:
¬__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

Name:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Dat
e:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

(
f)ForOf
fi
cial
useonl
y

Qual
i
fiedf
oradmi
ssi
on:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

Remarks:
___
___
______
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
______
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Si
gnat
ureoft
heof
fi
cer
:__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

(
c)LETTERSOFAPOLOGY
 Weallmakemist
akesfr
om ti
met
oti
me.Whent
hathappens,
iti
swor
thwhi
l
ethatt
he
si
tuat
ionbemendedear
ly.

 Onewayt
omendt
hesi
tuat
ioni
sbywr
it
ingal
ett
erapol
ogi
zi
ngf
ort
hewr
ongdone.

 Al
ett
erofapol
ogyi
swr
it
teni
nor
dert
o:

 Layouty
ourmi
stakescl
ear
ly;

 Askf
orf
orgi
veness;

 Ex
hibi
tregr
et;

 Pr
ovi
deassur
ancesf
orchange;
and

 Al
l
owf
orbui
l
dingofr
elat
ionshi
ps.

 Whenwr
it
ingal
ett
erofapol
ogy
:

 Begi
nthel
ett
erbysay
ingy
ouar
eapol
ogi
zi
ng.

 Admi
tyouwer
ewr
ongandacceptt
her
esponsi
bil
i
ty.

 Of
ferawayy
oucanhel
presol
vet
hesi
tuat
ion.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage112
  Reassur
etheper
sont
haty
ouwi
l
ldoy
ourbestt
opr
eventt
hepr
obl
em f
rom occur
ri
ng
agai
n.

 Tel
ltheper
sony
ouar
elooki
ngf
orwar
dtor
ebui
l
dingt
hedamagedr
elat
ionshi
p.

 Apol
ogi
zeagai
ntocl
oset
hel
ett
er.

 Besi
ncer
e.

Howt
oWr
it
eApol
ogy

STEP EXPLANATI
ON EXAMPLE

 Sayy
ouar
esor
ry Iam wri
tingt
oapologi
zef
or
cominglatet
oschool.

 Cl
ear
lyst
atet
hepr
obl
em. Mybr ot herwasr ecentl
y
admi t
t edatthehospi t
al.Thi
s
 Expl
ainasmuchasy
oucanwhat mor ningnoonewasl ef
tat
wentwrong. homewi t
hmyy oungest
sibli
ng.Shewascr y
ingandI
hadt of i
rstwaitforanyofmy
relat
ivest ocome.

 Tr
ytosol
vet
hepr
obl
em. Tomendt his,Ipromi seto
comeearlyfrom t omorrow.I
 Gi
v eexampl
esofhowy
oucando wil
lletmypar entsknowt hat
t
his. thenextt
imet heyleavethey
shouldl
eavesomeonebehi nd
tobabysi
tthechi ld.

 Apol
ogi
zeagai
n Again,Iam sorryforr
eporti
ng
l
ate.Ihopet hatwecanput
thi
sissuebehi ndus.Ilook
for
wardt orebuildi
ngthe
rel
ati
onship.

Exer
cise

Oneoft
heschool
rul
esst
ate:
“ONLYEngl
i
shandKi
swahi
l
iar
etheof
fi
cial
languagest
ouseat

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage113
school”
.TheschoolheadofLanguagesdepart
menthascaughty
ouspeaki
ngi
nyourmot
her
tongue.Wri
tehi
mt helet
ter
,apol
ogizi
ngforyouract
ion.

Answer

KEMBOIHI
GHSCHOOL

P.
O.BOX434–30300

ELDORET–KENYA

14TH Januar
y,2016

THEHEADOFDEPARTMENT–LANGUAGES

KEMBOIHI
GHSCHOOL

P.
O.BOX434–30300

ELDORET–KENYA

DearMr
.Ki
pchoge:

RE:
APOLOGYFORSPEAKI
NGI
NMOTHERTONGUE

Iam sor
ryf
orbr
eaki
ngoneoft
heschool
rul
es.

Iknewt hatspeaki
nginmothert
ongueispr
ohi
bit
edatschool
,whenIspokeit
.Iam deepl
ysor
ry
foract
ingasthoughIam abovether
ulesev
ery
oneshoul
df ol
l
ow.Itwasimpol
itet
obot hy
ou
andtheotherteacher
s.

Ipromi set
oobeyal lt
heschoolr
ulesnowt hatIhavel
ear
ntthatnoonei
sabovetheschool
rul
es.Itwasinappropr
iat
eofmet ospeakthelanguagenotaccept
abl
eatschool
.Iknowthat
punishmentmet edonmei scomplet
elydeserved.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage114
Onceagain,
Iam sor
ryf
ormyst
upi
dbehav
ior
.Iwi
l
lfr
om nowonspeaki
nthet
woof
fi
cial
l
anguages.

Ihopeourdi
ff
erenceshav
ebeenputbehi
ndusandt
hatourr
elat
ionshi
premai
nsundamaged.

Your
sSi
ncer
ely
,

[
signat
ure]

Ki
mit
aKei
no

FORM 2STUDENT

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage115