2.

016 Hydrodynamics
Professor A.H. Techet
by TA B. P. Epps

0.1 Derivation of Added Mass around a Sphere

When a body moves in a fluid, some amount of fluid
must move around it. When the body accelerates, so
too must the fluid. Thus, more force is required to ac-
celerate the body in the fluid than in a vacuum. Since
force equals mass times acceleration, we can think of
the additional force in terms of an imaginary added
mass of the object in the fluid.
One can derive the added mass of an object by
considering the hydrodynamic force acting on it as it
accelerates. Consider a sphere of radius, R, acceler-
ating at rate ∂U/∂t = U̇ . We find the hydrodynamic
force in the x-direction by integrating the pressure
over the area projected in the x-direction:
Z
~
Fx = p dA~x

where
• dA~ x = cos θdA, dA = 2πrds, r = R sin θ, ds = Rdθ
h i
• p = −ρ ∂φ 1 ~ 2
∂t + 2 |∇φ| , by unsteady Bernoulli’s equation
R 3
φ = U cos θ 2r 2 , for axisymmetric flow around a sphere

∂φ R3 R
∂t |r=R = U̇ cos θ 2r2 = U̇ cos θ 2
1 ~ 2 1 R3 3
R 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 |∇φ| |r=R = 2 |(−U cos θ r3 , −U sin θ 2r 3 )| = 2 [U cos θ + 4 U sin θ]

so
Z π   
∂φ 1 ~ 2
Fx = −ρ + |∇φ| cos θ2πR2 sin θdθ
∂t 2
Z0 π   
R 1 2 1 2 2
= −ρ U̇ cos θ + (U cos θ + U sin θ) cos θ2πR2 sin θdθ
2
0 2 2 4
Z π Z π
2 R 2 2 1 2 1
= −ρ · 2πR · U̇ sin θ cos θdθ −ρ · 2πR · U [sin θ cos3 θ + sin3 θ cos θ]dθ
2 0 2 4
| {z } |0 {z }
=2/3 =0
2
= − ρπR3 U̇
3
where U̇ is the acceleration of the body, and the negative sign indicates that the force is in the negative
x-direction, opposing the acceleration. Thus, the body must exert this extra force, and the apparent added
mass is
2
ma = ρπR3
3

1
0.2 Derivation of Added Mass around a Cylinder
Similarly, for a cylinder of radius, R,
and length, L, accelerating at rate U̇ .
We find the hydrodynamic force in
the x-direction by integrating the pres-
sure over the area projected in the x-
direction:
Z
~
Fx = P dA ~x

where
~ x = cos θdA
• dA
dA = Lds
ds = Rdθ
h i
• P = −ρ ∂φ∂t + 1 ~
2 |∇φ|2 , by unsteady Bernoulli’s equation

2
φ = U Rr cos θ, for flow around a cylinder
∂φ 2
∂t |r=R = U̇ Rr cos θ = U̇ R cos θ
1 ~ 2 2
2
2 |∇φ| |r=R = 12 |(−U Rr2 cos θ, −U Rr2 sin θ)|2 = 12 U 2

so
Z 2π   
∂φ 1 ~ 2
Fx = −ρ + |∇φ| cos θRLdθ
0 ∂t 2
Z 2π   
1 2
= −ρ U̇ R cos θ + U ) cos θRLdθ
0 2
Z 2π
1 2 2π
Z
2
= −ρ · RL · U̇ R cos θdθ −ρ · RL · U cos θdθ
2
| 0 {z } | 0 {z }
=π =0
2
= −ρπR LU̇

where a = U̇ is the acceleration of the body, and the negative sign indicates that the force is in the negative
x-direction, opposing the acceleration. Thus, the body must exert this extra force, and the apparent added
mass is
ma = ρπR2 L