Lecture 11

Lifting Design
 Lecture Objective

Overview on Lifting

Understanding Weight Control Report,

WCR and Centre of Gravity, COG

Lifting attachments and their design

Offshore lifting

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 Lecture Outline

Design philosophy

Lift weights

Structural components

Padeyes & padears

Trunnions, Slings, Shackles

Lifting eye design

Pull out stress

Clearances

Dual barge deck lift

Pictures

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 Lifting

• Lifting forces are imposed on

the structure by erection lifts
during fabrication and
installation stages of platform
construction.
• The magnitude of such forces
should be determined through
the consideration of static and
dynamic forces applied to the
structure during lifting and
from the action of the
structure itself. 4
 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Three (3) main components of the lifted

system :

PRIMARY SECONDARY
RIGGING
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
• Main parts of • Everything not • Comprises of
the structure i.e. essential to slings and
Main column, overall structure shackles
beams and integrity during • Rigging Platform
diagonals lifting
 Lifting

Crane hook

Main Slings
Framing Lifting
Points

Secondary
Framing
 Design Philosophy

Structural framing are

arranged so that the
lifting eyes are braced
with diagonal and
vertical members of
trusses transmitting
the lift forces through
the main framing
 Design Philosophy

• Lifting attachments should be designed to

allow installation after the weight and centre
of gravity of the package has been
determined.

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Weight Control Report, WCR
 Exercise :WCR
Determine the COG Hint:
position of a 1m diameter Caisson’s length =50m
caisson at centre of jacket Z Component COG =25m
(x=0, y=0) with length
50m? Answer:
Z on jacket = EL(+)6.1-25
= EL(-) 18.9
Caisson’s COG on jacket
(0,0,-18.9)

50m
 Design Philosophy

• When the final weight has been determined

and the COG location is established, the lifting
attachments may be oriented to allow the use
of pairs of equal length slings, to provide a
uniform distribution of load and to allow the
package to be lifted level within acceptable
limits.

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Centre of Gravity

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 Lift Weights
Base Lift Weight:

Lift weight calculated on the basis of the MTO without
the application of any factors for item estimating
accuracy, design changes, fabrication weight growth or
dynamic effects.

Factored Lift Weight:

Lift weight calculated on the basis of the MTO including
the relevant factors for the estimating accuracy, design
changes and fabrication weight growth, but with no
allowance for dynamics.

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 Factored Lift Weight

The factored lift weight

and COG position shall
be established on the
basis of weight control
reports, reflecting
accurate weight take
offs and vendor data.

If the structure or module is weighed at the

completion of fabrication, the weighed weight
shall be increased by 3% and compared to that
used in the final lift analysis, to establish if a
further analysis is required, prior to offshore
installation.

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 Design Lift Weights

Design Lift Weight:

• Lift weight calculated on the basis of the factored

lift weight with an additional factor related to the
dynamic characteristics of the lifting operation.

• In lieu of any specific data a factor of 1.33 should

be applied to account for the dynamic
characteristics of the lift.

• This factor applies to global structure design as

well as padeye and local structure design.
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 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT
General Structural Components:

The structure to be lifted shall be checked on the basis

of the design lift weight with the sling loads distributed
(60:40 distribution). No increases in allowable stresses
shall be applied.

Structural lift analysis shall be carried-out with the hook

point located directly above the original design structure
COG location with simulation of actual pad eyes /
trunnions offsets to check the integrity of the structure
under lift condition.

In addition to the above condition structural lift analysis

shall be carried-out with the COG shifted (1m radius).
Minimum four locations of COG shift shall be considered
for decks, modules and packages.
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 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT

SLINGS
60%
MAIN
BEAMS LIFTING
40% EYES

MAIN
FINAL TRUSSES
END SUPPORT
FRAMES POINTS
 Lifting Points

The effect of lifting points on deck design is
considerable. For example the local forces
that act on the lifting points have to be
transmitted safely through to the deck
structure.

There are three (3) types of lifting points,

PADEYE, PADEAR and TRUNNIONS
 Padeye

Padeyes will minimize
or eliminate offset, as
they can be situated
on top of the column

Padeyes shall be
designed with a safety
factor of 2 (two)
 Lifting Forces

Lifting forces on padeyes and on Fv
FT = Static
other members of the structure sling Load
should include both vertical and
horizontal components

To compensate for any side
Fh
loading on lifting eyes which may
occur, lifting eyes and the Fp
connections to the supporting = 1.05 x Ft
(Static sling
structural members should be
Load)
designed for a horizontal force of
5% of the static sling load. This
horizontal force should be applied
perpendicular to the padeye at the
center of the pinhole. 20
 Pin Hole Size

The pin hole diameter shall

be the greater of :
i) Pin diameter plus 3mm
ii) Pin diameter x 1.05.

But shall be less than :

i) Pin diameter plus 6mm.
 Pull Out / Bearing Stress

Fb = P/A

Divide the "lifting

attachment design
load" by the :
• Diameter of the pin x
padeye width (main
plate plus twice the
effective cheek plate
thickness)
• Main Plate thickness
x length
• Weld throat area.
 Slings

Static Sling Loads shall be determined
based on :
1. Static Weight to be lifted
2. Weight contingency factor
3. C.O.G. position
4. Sling angle

For normal offshore conditions, slings

should be selected to have a factor of
safety of 4 for the manufacturer's rated
minimum breaking load
 Slings

In PTS, for 4 sling lift arrangements, load

redistribution due to sling tolerances shall be
included as follows :
(a) jacket lifts :
• assume only 3 out of 4 slings are operative
(b) decks and modules :
• assume that 60 per cent of the load is
carried by two diagonally opposite slings
and 40 per cent by the two remaining
opposite slings in addition to 1.0m offset
from hook point (COG).
 Slings
Example : Determine the sling size for a lift load of 500 MT.
Hint : Safety Factor for Slings =4

Approx 220 mm, or

(8.7in) Diameter
Slings

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Slings

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 Slings

Equal length slings should be used, if
possible .

The angle between the sling and
horizontal shall be limited to an absolute
minimum of 60 degrees.

If out of level occurs in one direction
only, this may be adjusted by using
pairs of equal length slings.

Sling length may be adjusted by using
link plates, or, after discussion with the
installation contractor by the use of
shackle to shackle connections.
 Slings

For structures lifted using two (2) slings, (3)
slings and packages less than 50 MT , a
dynamic load factor of 2.0 shall be applied to
the Factored Lift Weight.

No skew load distribution shall be applied for

these cases.

For other rigging configurations (e.g.

employing lifting frames or bars) the sling
load distribution should be submitted for
approval by Company.
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 Shackles

Shackles is used to connect the padeye
installed at the module’s columns

To have minimum factor of safety of 4
 Shackle Selection

All shackles should have a valid and recent shackle
certificate which documents the rating of the
shackle and the shackles ultimate capacity. The
condition of the shackles and the date and type of
inspection used to evaluate the shackle condition
should be included on the certificate.

Shackle Rating and Factor of Safety:

o selected on the basis of the shackle rating being
in excess of the sling load determined from the
factored lift weight. The ultimate capacity of the
shackle should exceed the shackle rating by a
factor of safety of at least 4.
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 Sling / Shackle Clearance

A minimum clearance of
0.5 x sling diameter shall
be provided between the
outside of the sling
passing through the
shackle and the edge of
the padeye main plate
 Trunnion

Trunnions, though
sometimes favourable, can
generate considerable
offset of the sling force with
respect to the connection
points.

Significant bending is
generated which is
transferred to the
connection points that they
contribute to joint stiffness.

It is most efficient to leave
these bending moments in
the column, by providing
stiff columns.
 Trunnion
• Trunnions side loading shall
be minimum of 5% of the
lifting attachment design load
applied perpendicular to the
trunnion at the extremity of
the keeper plate.

• An additional out of balance

force due to difference in sling
loads shall be considered by
applying 45% of the lifting
attachment design load in one
sling and 55% in the other
sling.
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 Trunnion

• As the sling will flatten out

at the contact area during
lifting, the width of the stub
will be 1.25 x the sling
diameter, plus 25mm.

• The keeper plate will

protrude a distance not less
than 75% of the sling
diameter at the bearing
area and at least 100 mm
above the centre of the
pipe.
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 Trunnion
• An overall clearance of 1.5
times the sling diameter will be
provided between the keeper
plate and any stiffeners or other
projections.
• If the keeper plate is bolted on
after installation of the slings,
then this clearance will apply
between the trunnion pipe and
any other stiffeners etc.
• All sharp edges likely to damage
the sling during handling and
transportation will be radiused 36
to a minimum of 5 mm
 Decks, Modules, Bridges, Flare
Booms, Helidecks, Packages, etc

Rotation of the structure about any
horizontal axis upon lifting should be
limited to 2 degrees.

Equal length slings should be used, if
possible .
Four Point Sling : Examples

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How to read a crane load chart
1. Draw a vertical line (per the green
line) using the main hook as
reference until it touched the
‘Mainhoist (fixed by tie-back with
450T Water Ballast)’ line

2. Once the green line touches the

‘Mainhoist’ curve, draw a
horizontal line (red line) and read
the crane lift capacity value.

3. One can also check if the rotating

crane can be used by using the
‘Main Hoist Slew’ curve which
indicated a capacity of 1550 ST,
BUT having insufficent safety
factor to lift the module

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 Drawing Notation
Drawing Notation:

The drawing should define the slings and
shackles to be used and the lifting attachment
design load.

Fabrication Procedure:

Cheek plates should be welded to the lifting eye
main plate and line bored as one unit. Tolerance
on hole diameter shall be -0 + 1 mm. Flame cut
holes shall not be allowed.

Edge Clearance:

The minimum distance from the edge of the
pinhole to the edge of the main plate shall be one
pinhole diameter.
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Jacket Lifting

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Dual Barge Lift

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Dual Barge Lift

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Modularized Deck Lift

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Dual Barge Deck Lift

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Dual Barge Deck Lift

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 END

CS2 Structural Design Offshore

(Level 2) – Lecture 11

Lifting Design
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