INTRODUCTION -deeply rooted in the southeast asian Building

tradition and share its

Cimate dictate the need for shelter,
CHARACTERISTICS
Land-provides the materials
-wood from forests -pile construction
-bamboo groom grooves -hip or gable roof
-leaves from the fields -use of materials available in the environment
-stone from rivers and quarries  wood
-clay from the earth  Vegetations
 Sometimes mud
FACTORS THAT GIVES SHELTER ITS FORM AND
FAVORITE MATERIALS
CHARACTER
 bamboo
-setting
 Used for posts, sidings,roofing,others
-climate
-materials  coconut wood and fronds
 bakawan or mangrove
 Some hardwoods
ETHNIC TRADITION  Pinewoods
Refers to different forms of folk and vernacular  stones
architecture found among ethnolinguistic
cogon grass, nipa, banana bark -roof covering
communities in the country.
and wall sidings
-lowland communities
Batan and other vines-fastening
-communities in the cordilleras
-visayan islands Climate-dictates the need for shelter
-mindanao Land-provides the materials
-other adjacent island
Example:
 Draws inspiration mainly form Wood=form forests
environment Bamboo=from groves
Eaves=from fields
-climate Stone=from rivers and quarries
-terrain Clay=from the earth
-vegetation
-fauna Ethnic house is generally:
 Responds to communial and social -a multi-purpose one-room structure
needs -light and airy
-comfortable
-needs to be safe from other tribes -functional
-to interact with human beings -durable
-structurally stable

Characteristics

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  Altogether
Reflects the wisdom of the vernacular
Building tradition- long line of artisan
 ethnic house express the indigenous
way of organizing space within &
without
-territorial spaces are suggested by symbols
-never stated with fences nor walls
 The design & construction of houses in
such culture are also affected by a set
of beliefs & assumptions
-choice of site
-time & season of the building
-rituals to be obseverd before & during the
construction of the house
-nothing of certain signs oromens that may
affect the progress or abandonment of the work
-orientation of the house
-distribution of the interior spaces
-other beliefs & practices that assures:
 The ethnic house is of modest
proportions as it is used essentially as
a shelter from the elements and as a
place to cook, eat, and sleep.
 Most of the times its occupants stay
outside
 Working under the extensive eaves of
the house, or out in the fields.
 At other times, the house doubles as a
social and cultural center. It becomes
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the setting for weddings, wake, death
anniversaries, religious rites, and other
life-cycle celebrations.
 Is informal and intuitive
-designed-owners
-executed-human resources
-provided-family & community
The design was influenced
1. Tradition
2. Chance
Tradition- dictates the general shape &
structural concept
Chance- enables the builders to improvise
-makes adjustments along the way
Caves
-became the first shelter of human being
-first conception of architectural space
-man’s first glimpse of the power of walled
enclosure- intensity spiritual and emotions
In angono, rizal
-evidence of ancient cave dwellers exists in
carved figures on cave walls ( the earliest
Philippine mural)
The tabon cave in Palawan(22,000-24,000 yrs)
-yielded the earliest known remains of human
being in the Philippines
-the fossil bones-homo sapiens
Food gatherers, fisheries, hunters
-moved one place to another- search food and
game
-needed a portable shelter
The lean-to from a frame
-made of tree branches & twigs
-using leaves and fronds for siding
-a screen resting on the ground & held up at an
angle by one or several poles
-both roof and wall, protecting them from rain
and heat.
Floor o Tree houses
- can be ground o Houseboats
-bed of leaves o And houses
-platform
-light enough to be carried to another site  According to use or function
Places of worship
Double slope roof= beginning of the house o Simbahan
-a pair of lean-tos that joined together to form a o Masjid(mosque)
tent-like shelter o Langgal,/ranggar (small chapel)

 According to historical period

o Ancient
o Pre Hispanic
o Pre Islamic
o Islamic
o Spanish
o American
o Modern
Ethnic houses conform to a general pattern:
o Contemporary
-they have steep thatched roofs to facilitate
drainage
 According to cultural groups or people
-they are elevated on posts or stilts for
o Ifugao
protection from the earth’s dampness and
o Kalinga
humidity
o Bontoc
-in the lowlands they use bamboo, nipa, and
cogon to keep cool, while in the uplands, they o Isneg
use tightly fitting solid planks to help keep in the o Kankanay
warmth. o Ibaloy
 Aeta
Built on trees o Agta
-from 2-2 m above o Pinaatubo aeta
Found in o Dumagat
-ilongot o Mangyan
-tinguian o Batak
-gaddang o Maranao
-mandaya o Tausug
-manobo o Manobo
-tirukay o Mandaya
-bukidnon o Bagobo
o Badjao
Classified by four different consideration o Others
 according to structure
o -Cave dwelling Influenced by
o -Lean-tos o Lifeways
o Elevated one-room huts over land or o Environment
water o Social organization of different ccultural
o Multi-level houses communities

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 SOUTHERN STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS
 Interesting form emerges from batanes -steep pyramidal or hip roof
– tawi-tawi -a house cage
North-sturdy, lime and stone walled dwellings -living area-among ifugao, kankanai & ibalao
of ivatan -granary-bontoc and sagada
Flimsy lean-tos of the agta HOUSE CAGE SUPPORT
Twin houses of the itawes -consist of four posts carrying two girders
Compact and cozy upland cordillera houses -carrying three beam or joists
Communal mangyan longhouse (central
Philippines)  IGOROT HOUSES
Maranao torogan -religious employ post-and-lintel construction
T’boli gunu bong (big house) -exclusion of diagonal bracing
Badjao landhouse ROOF SUPPORTS
Tausug bay sinug -king posts
Tree house (mandaya or bukidnon) -queen posts (some cases)
-resting on beams
Bahay kubo -stabilized by horizontal straining members
“bahay” –house
“cubo”- cube INTERIOR DESIGN OF NORTHERN & SOUTHERN
STRAIN
-Lowland Christian ethnic house -appears an attempt, conscious
-to visually expand the one-room space by
-Usually owned by peasant and other low means of level & defined sections
income groups
 IFUGAO HOUSE
-Described peace & prosperity in the middle of -has a peripheral shelf at waist height
the fields  MAYOYAO & KANKANAI
-have a low platform around the floor
 Retain the features of the traditional  BONTOC HOUSES
ethnic house -leve, defined sections
o Pile construction & hip roof -exemplify both practical & ritual
o Additional –push-out or sliding windows organization of space
-For added ventilation  KALINGA & ISNEG
-Necessity in the hot & humid climate -have lateral platforms which are used
as headpretsor “pillow”
Consists of: Provides space for storage
Balkon/beranda
-front porch RICH HOUSE / POOR HOUSE
Bulwagan
-square or rectangular multipurpose IFUGAO
-main room of the house POOR MAN’S HOUSE
Silid -called abong
-changing area for women -does not have a uniform dimensions
-storage for pillow and rolled mats, tampipi, -built of poorer material
households personal belongings -slightly raised form the ground
Kusina -has not rat fenders on its posts
-rarely has a pyramidal roof
-has one door

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-walls do not slope outward from below KANKANAI
-stand perpendicular to the ground POOR MAN’S HOUSE
-less protected from rats -apa and allao
-the walls are perpendicular to the ground-the
WEALTHY MAN’S HOUSE four main posts stand directly at the corner
-called bale -split bamboo and runo sticks – floor
-commission carved posts in their interiors -runo sticks and wooden boards – walls
-flutings on their exteriors and underneath their -the roof is lower – extends closer to the ground
roof eaves, a public status -no space for attic
Marker: the hagabi
-opposite ends of this carved wooden long seat WEALTHY MAN’S HOUSE
have animal heads -binangiyan
-carabao -has a space for attic
-pig
-goat ISNEG (APAYAO )
-boatmen
BONTOC -boat builders
POOR MAN’S HOUSE
-called katyufong BARANA’Y OR BANK’L
-has only a single storey structure built on the -isneg boat
ground with the earth as its floor -consist of three planks
-has mud walls that completely enclose it -a bottom plank which tapers at both ends
-has no granary to show off -two side planks which are curved to receive the
bottom plank

HOUSE DESIGN
-influenced by boat design

ROOF OF THE ISNEG HOUSE

-suggests an inverted hull
FLOOR JOISTS (VISIBLE OUTSIDE)
-suggest the profile of the boat

ISNEG HOUSE
-8.00 m long
-4.00 m long
-5.50 m high (from ground level to the roof
ridge)
WEALTHY MAN’S HOUSE
-fay-u
-holds a granary at its center
-has walls less than a meter height at the front
and back to openly boast of its resources
-display of carabao horns signifies bravery and
the owner’s wealth

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THE ISNEG HOUSE -having as many as 15-20 rows of bamboo
sections with overlaps

ROOF RIDGE
-a narrow, flat “roof” of bamboo

TARAKIP
-an annex attached to one end of the house
-as wide as the house
-Extending 1.50 m
-the floor
-slightly higher than the main section
-The roof is lower

INTERIOR OF THE HOUSE

-next to the post opposite the door
-a health framed by four sills welcome to the
visitors
NO STANDARD ORIENTATION
BINURON HOUSE -entrances may face one another
-rest on a total of 15 posts (visible) -face the same direction or any of the cardinal
FLOOR points
-1.20 m above the ground
SLANTING WOODEN WALLS GRANARIES
-1.50 m high (from floor to eaves0 -located near the house
MAIN SECTION OF THE HOUSE -Outside the clearing
-has a gable roof
-6.50 m long ISNEG HAMLETS
-scattered a few kilometers apart
SIX INNER SINIT POSTS -have anywhere from 3 to 20 houses
-3 in each side -located along waterways (preferred elevated
-support the girders running lengthwise areas inside the bend of a river)
-laths are mortised unto 11 floor joist which
runs crosswise across the girders VILLAGE
-consist of 1 cluster of houses or several clusters
FRAME CONSIST OF TWO -sorrounded by bamboo stockades or palisades
-an inner & outer one of trees.
-running parallel to & mortised one to the other
-enclosing the roof-bearing post
-receive both the floor & platform & lower ends
of the wallboards

ROOF COVERING
-consists of haft-sections of bamboo
-laid on like shingles
-quite thick

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THE MOUNTAIN HOUSES – “KALINGA”

THE CHICO RIVER

-divides kalinga into three sections and its
people to three major groups

UPPER KALINGA
-region on the heights along chico river
LOWER KALINGA
-includes balbalan, pinukpuk, tabuk and conner
NORTHERN KALINGA
-are swidden farmers
-lives in scattered hamlets with 6-30 houses
-a village
-consist of nuclear group of dozen houses
-near each other arranged in two rows, and
scattered singly or in twos and threes near the
swiddens.
OCTAGONAL HOUSES-CALLED BINARYON OR
FINARYON
-is about 6.00 m long and 5.20 m wide
-the floor of the living quarters is 1.20 m above
the ground
-the height of the ground to the roof ridge is
about 4.50 m
-the roof ridge is parallel to the sides

SOUTHERN KALINGA
-who farm both wet terraces and swidden
-have town-like settlements
-some with up to 200 houses
-in large settlements houses are built close to
each other and are sometimes grouped around
open spaces.

KALINGA VILLAGE-were protected by

-bamboo stockades
-on the trails leading to them were warning
devices, deadfalls with heavy logs, or pits with
sharpened stakes at the bottom.
-the floor is divided into 3 parallel sections
running front to back-the central portion being
lower than the sides
-made possibly by 12 short posts
-4 inner posts marking a square at the center
-8 outer ones forming an octagon

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-to the left, towards the rear, is the fireplace ENT OF GROUND POSTS IN THE TAUSUG
(slightly raised above floor) HOUSE

-is not equilateral octagon a. pipul(central post)-pusod navel

-4 diagonal is shorter than front, back and side b.hag ha dugu (corner post)
walls c.hag ha dugu – agaba or abaga(left shoulder)
-floor is not a perfect octagon d.hag ha dugu –pigi (left hip)
-one side is eliminated provide working space- e.hag ha dugu –agaba or abaga-(right shoulder)
ground level to roof height f.hag ha gitung (middle post)-gusuk (left rib)
g. right rib
Roof seems like a dome shape and spherical h. liug (neck)
space i. hita (groin)
j. length of the house
IFUGAO HOUSE k. width of the house
-three level structure

FIRST LEVEL- a stone pavement

-perimeter consides with the edge of the eaves
-four posts and girders
SECOND LEVEL
-house cage
THIRD FLOOR
-roof

ROOF STRUCTURE OF THE TAUSUG HOUSE

A. Hag (column)
B. Ubung (tie beam or bottom chord)
C. Pangtuud(king post)
D. Jantan (rafter)
E. Batang biyubungan (ridgebeam)
F. Kasaw (purlins)

PLACEM

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 ROOF GABLE DECORATION OF THE TAUSUG
HOUSE
Top
-a manuk manuk tajuk paung
This style of roof décor,also known as sari
manok (bird) is found in houses in kabbun,
maas, indanan, sulu.

Bottom
-a naga tajuk pasung, also from kabbun maas,
indanan, sulu
This style of roof décor is known as the “dragon
style”

MARANAO
-are the graceful “people of the lake”
-living on the northern edge of lake lanao
-they are Mindanao’s last group to be
converted to islam

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3 TYPES OF MARANAO HOUSES
1. LAWIG- the small houses
2. MALA-A-WALAI-the large houses
3. TOROGAN
–were built by the community and slaves
for the datu in 1800s
–has no partition
–a multi-family dwelling
–all wives and children –lived
–windows are slits and richly framed in
wood panels with okir designs located in
front of the house.

OKIR DESIGNS
-sarimanok
-the naga
-Pako rabong

10 | P a g e
INTRODUCTION -succeeding his grandfather emperor
maximillian 1
1480-1521
Ferdinand Magellan Magellan convinced him-moluccas could be
Portuguese reach by sailing west
The leader of the first Spanish -emperor finananced his trip with help of Jacob
Expedition to reach the Philippines fugger, a german banker from ausburg.
Two nations of Iberian peninsula
1.portugal September 20, 1519
2.spain -magellan sailed from san lucar, spain
Became important political and economic -commanding 5 ships & 237 men
forces in Europe
March 17, 1521
1453- the fall of Constantinople to the muslim -after passing through straits os south America-
turks crossing the pacific ocean
-led to the closing of the old trade routes to
orient, the atlantic facing nation setout to open April 01, 1521
new routes to the east -he reached cebu

1487- potuguese sailed around the southern tip Antonio pigafetta

of Africa (cape of good hope) -venetian chronicler
-going east- reached india and the desired spice -gives detailed account of baptism of the first
islands of Moluccas cebuanos

Christopher Columbus Queen juana

-a Genoese
-failed to convince the portuese king
-he could reach the east by sailing west
-persuaded the Spanish crown to finanace his
expedition
1492- Columbus landed in the Bahamas
-believing to be an Asiatic archipelago
1493- rivalry between Portugal and spain
-led to an appeal to pope Alexander vi
-he divided the globe into 2 spheres
By an imaginary line running from north to
south
-eastern-portugal
-western-spain
1516-1556- Charles 1 (king Charles v)ruled spain
-inherited Netherlands, spains, naples, sicily and
Sardinia
-the first cebuanos who was baptized
-chieftain humanon’s wife
-after the baptism – a small statue of the holy
infant was shown to her
-she liked the image
-requested to be given to her
-she placed it among her idols
Philippines folk Christianity
-originated her
Magellan got involved in the rivalries between
humabon and lapu-lapu (chief og mactan)
April 27,1521
-he was wounded and killed
September 6, 1522
-1 ship , the Victoria, made it back to spain
King Charles 1 organized several other
expeditions

1520- he became the holy roman emperor

11 | P a g e
VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION
-instructed to established permanent
settlements on the islas del poniente (islands of
the west)
Samar-leyte island
-name felipinas-honor of prince felipe(son and
successor of Charles
The name stucks, and later used for the entire
archipelago
1565-1898
-philipines was a colony of spain
SPANISHED INFLUENCED APPEARED IN
ARCHITECTURE:
 Iglesia/simbahan (church) and
its adjoining campanario (bell
tower)
 Convent (residence of the
parish priest)
 Escuela (school)
 Fuerza or Fortaleza
(fortification)
 Civic bldgs like casa real,
tribunal, farola(lighthouse0
 Bahay na bato
 Puente(stone bridges)
1556- prince Philip ii (1527-1598)succeded his
father & became holy emperor
-the attempts to established permanent
settlements in the islands became more
successful
LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
-philip ii – orders to the viceroy of new
spain(mexico) and fr. Andres de urdaneta
To organize an expedition to the philipines with
the intention
1. To christianize the islands
2. To established a permanent
settlement(used in the spice
trades)
3. To map a return route to
mexico
12 | P a g e
February 1565
-reached samar (44 years after
Magellan landed)
-the natives were unfriendly
-sailed to leyte
-first mass by urdaneta
-an attempt was made to get
food from the natives through
exchange but the natives did not
keep their promises
-legazpi called for meeting
-it would not be morally wrong
to take by force what they needed
for the success of their mission
SUCCESS IN BOHOL
-legazpi was able to enter into a
pact of friendship with the chief
April 27, 1565
-he sent a plenary pardon for the
massacre of magellan’s men
-rajah tupas promised to come to
legazpi on the capitana, but he
never came
-cebu might be a suitable starting
point for the return trip to mexico
-urdaneta sailed towards the shore
& tried again to approach the
natives peacefully
-he gave them stern warning
The reaction- hostile
-spaniards opened fire form ship
and burned down the preater part
of the settlements
-the natives fled
ONE OF THE HUTS
-a little box a statue of the child
jesus was found( Biscayan seaman,
juan zamus)
-was of Flemish workmanship
 FIRST BUILDINGS IN CEBU 1565- cebu was a cluster of relatively large
 Temporary agricultural and fishing villages (barangays) and
chapel/church a major port of call
-first religious
ceremony-procession of the image Doubts whether cebu provide enough food for
of child jesus carried to the altar of permanent settlements
the chapel
 Friary 2nd settlement- panay
-related to the image -juan de salcedo & urdaneta led expedition to
-near the place where the north
The image was found -40 spanish soldiers
-named “ the friary of -500 bisayans
the holy name of jesus” Reached manila bay- turned back to report to
legazpi about existence of a rich muslim
THE LAYING OUT OF THE SETTLEMENT kingdom
(TRIANGULAR IN FORM)
-one side –facing the land May 8, 1570
-two sides facing the sea -a flotilla led by martin de goiti and
-also serves as a fort salcedo set sail from panay
-surrounded by palisade and defended -san miguel
by artillery -la Tortuga
-wells were dug for their water supply -15 native boats
-fort san pedro -consists od 120 spaniards and 600 bisayan
-mateo del sanz -stopped in Mindoro tribute from the natives
-a military engineer -tey split into 2 groups
-maestro de campo (appointed -de goiti group – balayan , batangas
by legazpi) -salcedo group- led his men to bonbon
river in taal, batangas
1565 -salcedo ambushed and wounded in the
-legazpi & his men erected a triangular fort near leg
the coast of the city -rejoined de goiti’s group
-fort san pedro -native muslim led them to manila
-first in a chain of fortifications erected
by the Spaniards MANILA CONSISTS OF 2 MUSLIM KINGDOM
-south bank of the pasig river
1571(MANILA) -rajah sulieman
-fort nuestra senora de guia(our lady of -across the river to the north
guidance) -rajah lakandula (sulieman’s
-fr. Antonio sedeno uncle)
-at one corner of the walled city facing what is -have direct blood relationships with the
now rizal park inhabitants of the sultanate of brunei
-1440 feet circumference -de goiti concluded an uneasy peace treaty with
-corners consisted of bulwarks Suleiman
-insisted on the payment of tribute the
Manila & cebu Spanish ship waited in the bay
-largest pre hispanis settlements

13 | P a g e
May 24, 1570 -first storey -stone
-muslims were defeated -second storey-wood
-burned their houses & retreated to the interior

De goiti & salcedo returned to panay and

reported to legazpi

1573
-they took over remains of the settlement from
soliman
-legazpi then traced the border new Spanish
city –strategic tongue of land in the mouth of
pasig city

Beginning of Spanish
Manila may be discerned the patterns IMPORTANT ELEMENT
-characterize of colonial town planning Incorporation of the prehispanic framework
-streets were built at right angle to each other- -interlocking beams & housepost to
appears to be chessboards hold a structure together
-there was a huge, open square-“plaza”
Situated the most important buildings of the Haligi/harique
city, cathedral, the governor general palace, the -stone walls yielded their load bearing roll to
tribunal, city council housepost

FIRST BUILDINGS-wood and bamboo, roofs- Stonewalls

nipa , palm/cogon it is resembles native -acted as a solid curtain for their wooden
residences framework

1580’S 1668
-domingo Salazar- first bishop of manila -this construction was called ARQUITECTURA
-jesuit Antonio sedeno- built the first stone MESTIZA (“mixed architecture”)partly stone &
building (bp. Salazar’s residence) partly wood
-first stone tower- one of the defenses of the -jesuit Ignacio alzina
walled city
MAESTROS DE OBRA (MASTER BUILDERS)
1587- gov. gen. Santiago de vera- required all -native Filipinos
buildings in manila to be built in stone -had practical experience
-learned additional skills from friars and
Chinese and Filipino taught-(began the first engineers
golden age of building in stone)
- how to quarry & dress stone Pedro jusepe
-how to prepare & use mortar -one of the first master builders of the walls of
-how to mold bricks intramuros (1591)

1645 2nd half of the 19th century

-earthquake -philippines enjoying economic boom
-stone walls expaned 3m thick -more & more architects & engineers arrived
-buildings started to employ buttresses

14 | P a g e
FELIX ROXAS
-first Filipino professional architect
-studied abroad
1863 & 1880
-earthquake struck manila
-good result
-city engineers got together and
produced a set of building ordinances designed
to reduce the destruction caused by
earthquakes.
Many building requirements were issued
Consideration
-vareity of materials available
Window panels
-made from the translucent capiz clam
Galvanized iron sheet, Portland cement
- introduced las decades 19th century
Manila & central Luzon-adobe
Northern Luzon-bricks
Towns along the coast of Luzon(batangas &
zambales)
-hewn blocks of coral stone
Bicol peninsula-volcanic stone
Structures may be classified into main groups
based on their function in the community

Filipino carpenters- experts in determining Military

which wood was best suited to which function
Example:
Molave-housepost
-impervious to termites
-could be embedded in the
ground without rotting
-hardened at it aged
Narra- table (floorboards0
-deep red color
-beautiful sheer ir acquired
when polished
Bricks- were introduced
-clay molded in wooden forms, was
fired in kilns
-ladrillos (bricks)
-tejas (rooftile)
-baldosas (floortiles)
Argamasa (mortar)
-used to cement stones & bricks
together
-mixture of powder lime and water
-protect masonry walls from erosion &
moisture brought about by humid atmosphere
& heavy rains
Paletada
-protective layer of mortar
-to provide ornamentation for facades &
entrances
Religious
Domestic
civic
MILITARY ARCHITECTURE
In the process of colonizing the philippines
Spaniards made many enemies
-british
-portuguese
-dutch
-chinese
-igorots of the cordilleras
-muslims of Mindanao
1565- legazpi & his men erected a triangular
fort near the coast of the city
-fort san pedro- first in a chain of fortifications
erected by the Spaniards
1590’s
Fort Santiago
-gov. gen. Gomez perez dasmarinas
-built stone walls enclosing
manila
-was constructed over ruins of the fortification
of the city’s previous ruler- soliman
-named after spain’s patron saint, Santiago
-guarded the mouth of pasig river

15 | P a g e
Fort san felipe
-1609
-sangley point naval base, cavite
-became the port of call for the galleons
Made from granite blocks with walls
appximately 30 feet high
A typical stone fort had 3 or more sides called
“cortinas”
Casamatas (stone platform)
-above some cortinas
-cannons & other artillery aimed
outwards
“Baluartes/bastiones”- flanking cortinas on
both ends
“Goritas”-other corners were perched little
turrets
-sentinels kept watch
“Foso” (moat)- often surrounded the entire
fortification
“Falsabraga”- low wall provided for another line
of defense
“Revellin”- heavy structure
-erected on one side of the main
entrance for added protection
“alojamientos” - living quarters for soldiers
“Calabozo” – jail
“Herreria”- foundry
“almacenes”- warehouse
-for powder provision & ammunition
“pozo”- well
Chapel –churches were even used as fortresses
CORREGIDOR (BATAAN)
-meaning to correct
-served as fortress of defense
-penal institution
-a station for custom inspection
-a signal outpost to warn manila
-all ships entering manila bay were
required to stop & have their documents
checked & corrected
FORT SANTA ISABELLE (PALAWAN)
-fuerza de santa Isabel
-built by Augustinian recollects
-1667-1738
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FORT SANTIAGO (INTRAMUROS)
-1571
-is the citadel of the walled city of intramuros
SAN DIEGO DE ALCALA FORTRESS (QUEZON)
-construction under Franciscan father Francisco
coste
-erected to help guard the town against pirates
attacking lamon bay
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
The first manila cathedrals
-1578
-city of manila became a diocese through bull of
pope Gregory xiii
Domingo Salazar
-the first bishop
-a Dominican
-arrived in manila in 1581
-accompanied by Antonio sedno and Alonso
sanchez they are both Jesuits
Manila metropolitan cathedral basilica
(cathedral basilica of the immaculate
conception)- manila cathedral
-the central church of the roman catholic
archdiocese of manila (the bishop throne is
housed here)
-located in front of plaza roma
-on the right ayuntamiento
-on the left – former palacio del gobernador
-was declared minor basilica by blessed pope
john paul ii in 1981
-originally named- church of manila (1571)
-was placed under the patronage of sta.
potenciana
-1581- a royal decree ordered-cathedral was to
be built for the newly colonized city
-first cathedral
-made of nipa, wood and bamboo
-prone to fire
-completely razed the church to the ground in
1583
1583( 2nd cathedral ) was built -he retained the neo-romanesque façade
-made of stone -adding a slender, quadrilateral bell tower near
-was destroyed by earthquake in 1600 the church

1614(third cathedral) was completed The manila cathedral is very historical indeed
-was destroyed by another earthquake in 1645 -it was built 8 times
-baroque church –neo classicalone- neo
1654-1662(fourth cathedral) Romanesque
-under archbishop poblete -From humble beginnings
-Grew & metamorphosed to glorious symbol of
1760 (fifth cathedral) Filipino Catholicism
-under supervision of Florentine -Monument of religious heritage
Architect-fray reconstructed
-the new façade was patterned after the il gesu SANTO DOMINGO CHURCH
in rome (baroque style) -mother church of the Dominican order in the
-was extremely damaged during the 1852 Philippines
earthquake -hosted the feast of the our lady of naval de
manila
1858(sixth cathedral) -in 1611, fr. Miguel de benavides established
-uguccioni’s baroque façade university of santo tomas
Replaced new neoclassical(signed by arch. Dominican order-the third religious order to
Vicente Serrano) come to the islands in 1587
The cathedral’s dome from box-like cupola to
circular JEWEL OF THE DOMINICANS
-was destroyed by earthquake in 1863 1588 (first church)
-bell twer remains -lasted only for a year
-was destroyed by either earthquake or fire
7th cathedral –headed by arch Serrano
-followed the neo-romanesque/ byzantine style 1592(second church)
with an oriental mix -made of stone
-the church’s interior was richly ornamended, -burned down in 1603
scultures and frescoes embellished every spaces
-filipino sculptor isabelo tampinco Third church
-cross atop the central dome -with stone vaults
-the reference point of astronomical longitudes -collapsed during earthquake in 1610
(the kilometer zero)
1610 (fourth church)
-1880 (earthquake shook the city -lasted for almost 200 years
-bell tower crumbled to the ground -1862
Plans for the tower’s rebuilding surfaced -spotted a neoclassical façade pattern after
-but world war ii began Christopher wren’s st. paul cathedral in London
-restoration completely unattainable -after a year, the church collapsed again
-completely destroyed the cathedral because of earthquake
-only the ruins of the facades survived

1954-1958 (eight cathedral )

-was built
-headed by arch. Fernando ocampo

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Fifth and last cathedral
-masterpeice of Filipino architect felix roxas
-the upper floors was of wood and steel, resting
on a lower storey of stone (as a precaution
against earthquake
-construction started-1864
-inaugurated in 1868
Church’s pulpit carved by renowned Filipino
sculptor, isabelo tampinco
-gothic idiom- adapted throughout the church
-evident in exterior & interior-lancet windows
-tracery
-altars & furnitures were embellished with
gothic motifs
-another casualty of war
-it was the first structure destroyed by the
Japanese bombs in 1941
-the our lady of la naval de manila was spared
SAN IGNACIO CHURCH
-was the source of pride and inspiration for
society of jesus(Jesuits)
-jesuits’”sueno dorado” or their golden dream
-manila’s most skilled architects, artists & even
workers shared one common goal to build
something so majestic that significantly
featured Filipino artistry & talent
-replaced the la companion, the first church
1878- construction of the new building
1889- inaugurated & concentrated
-positioned along calle arzobispo
-neoclassical and renaissance style
-a very graceful façade
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-interior-decorated, wood carvings that came
from the forest of surigao
-designed by Filipino architect, felix roxas
-a celebration of Philippines art from its
architect, to the artist that decorated it
-materials it was made of
-was a treasure chest of everything Filipino
-main element of the façade is pediment
supported by four pairs of twin columns
-bottom column-rendered in the ionic
order
-top- Corinthian style
-use of twin columns in church facades
-has been described as distinctly Filipino
-flanking the pediments
-twin towers
-walls separating the church compound from
calle arzobispo, lazed with wrought iron grilles,
the posts are topped with ornate faroles
-inside of the church a single nave flanked by
wide aisles above them are run galleries to
accommodate a more church goers
Rebulto mayor (showing te statue of st. Ignatius
of Loyola designed by AGUSTIN SAEZ
-one time director of academia de dibujo y,
pintura
-an art instructure at ateneo municipal de
manila
-dr. jose rizal’s former teacher

CHURCH PULPIT
-designed by saez, carved by isabelo tampinco
SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH
-the mother of all Philippines colonial churches
of its centuries old splendor
-being one of the few remaining churches on
the Philippines that survived in natural
calamities, wars and even Filipino negligence
-considered the first earthquake proof building
-endured catasthropic earthquake proof of its
strength and vigor to stand the test of time
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Dubbed as a permanent miracle in stone
-1993-declared by unesco world heritage under
the title” four baroque churched of the
Philippines”
Augustinian complex (1713)
Top-san agustin church
Center-attached convent (museum)
Bottom left- monastery (ruins)
The oldest stone church in the country
-located along calle general luna cor. Calle real
The present structure- the third church to be
built in the same lot
The 2 churches destroyed by fire in 1574-1584
1586
Plans of construction a church
& an attached monastery made of stone
-approved by the friars headed by Spaniards
juan macias
1606
-formally declared complete
-was originally named Iglesia y convento de san
Pablo (church & convent of saint paul)
DESIGN OF THE CHURCH
-derived from augustianian churches in mexico
1854- renovations were made under the
supervison of luciano oliver
1863-only public building left undamaged by
earthquake
Originally it has 2 bell tower but 1 was damaged
by 1880 earthquake
-simple and direct to the point façade is in the
high renaissance style
-compared to other churches facades , church
façade lacks grace & charm
-ornate carving on its wooden doors, example
of the baroque
-near the church entrance, two granite -located along calle cabildo
sculptures of lions, gift from the chinise, -famous
converted to catholism -beautiful interior
-5 tier belfry
SYMMETRICAL COMPOSITION IS PREFIXED BY: -elaborately carved façade
-pairs of Tuscan columns(flanks the main door)
Vertical movement of paired columns is Recollects
adapted at second level -reformed branch of the augustianian order
-arrived in manila 1606
-equally paired Corinthian columns @ seond
level CHARACTERIZED BY:
-mass & void alternate in a simple rhythm of -4 storey bell tower (built to the left of the
solid walls & windows church)
-cruciform
-2nd level emphasized by horizontal cornices -a crossing tower covering the intersection of
-capped by pediment accentuated with simple main nave & transept
rose window -façade
-similar in temper to Franciscans
The interiors -less ornatre & more architectural
Trmpe loeil walls & ceiling- considered a marvel
in all of the country’s colonial churches CHURCH INTERIORS
-painted by Italian artist, cesare alberoni, and -distinguihed the church
Giovanni dibella Main altar-in baroque style
Managed to sculpt and give life to the interior Gilded retablo-alternated images & painted
using only their brushes canvass
-divided into niches & stories
-contains the remains of notable Filipino and A massive pipe organ
Spanish people who have their marks on history fray diego cera
-miguel lopez de legazpi -recollect organ builder
-juan de salcedo Built the las pinas bamboo organ
-martin de goiti -outfitting the nave with pipes (hidden)
-juan luna when souded seem to sing
-pedro paterno
Walls
The only church that survived the bombs and -painted with figurative drawings
the shelling of the Japanese & American forces -transept walls
-depicted the pope and st. peter’s in rome
-only sustained damage on the roof and bullet
holes all over
-attached convent was rebuilt as a museum in
the 1970’s

San Nicolas de tolentino church

-was the home of the Augustinian recollect
order
-the order’s main headquarters in asia
-formerly housed the nuestro padre jesus
nazareno (the black Nazarene)

20 | P a g e
 Philippine architecture
-usually with a separate roof
Batalan Comprehensive- detailed form
-open-air
-Back porch Compartmentalized- wide range of materials
-Washing area/ bathroom had to be organize for easy reference

Space under the house Present building or structure

-use only to store farm and fishing instruments
-mortars & pestles  Ethnic
-heavy or bulky articles  Spanish colonial
-source of ventilation  American colonial
Kamalig  Contemporary tradition
-separate storehouse
Ethnic architecture

 Houses
 Granaries
 Mosques

Karim Ul Makhdum- the one who first build

mosque (1380, tawi-tawi )

Spanish colonial tradition

 Houses-bahay na bato
 Churches- paoia church (ilocos)
 Forts- fort Santiago (intramuros)
 Light houses- (cape bojiador)
 Government buildings- (cabildo/
ayuntamiento @ intramuros)
 Schools- colegio de santa Isabel
(intramuros)
 Theaters- teatro de binondo, manila
(binondo , manila)
 Commercial buildings- escolta manila

American colonial & contemporary traditions

 Houses
 Apartment buildings
 Condominiums
 Mass housing projects

21 | P a g e
  Churches Architecture- being shelter- parts of the
 Schools environment
 Hospitals
Victims of :
 Government office buildings
-Poor maintenance
 clubhouses
-Neglect
-Vandalism
-Outright destruction
-ethnic traditions
Objectives
-Spanish colonial
Apprerciate architecture
-American colonial
Leads & appreciate architecture as such
-Contemporary colonial
Architecture- art of science of buildings
I. Building types
II. Concepts of space and structure
III. Architectural styles/styles
IV. Methods of construction
Difference of structure & space
V. Evolution of styles and forms
Structure- shell
 Tradition Space- primary elements of structure
-Described in the of its historical Generally closed and to serve the
settings function
Building- sheltered space- primary response to:
-Political & social structure
-Type of economy and the level of Human needs
economic development -Protection from elements
-Various architectural traditions -Needs for habitable space
-Needs for sense of security and well being
Philippine architecture should not -Needs for the experience of beauty
discontinuous- continuum
Architectural works
Elements of ethnic tradition -Described to be functional and beautiful
-Express meaning
-Discovered in the Spanish colonial -Convey a message
tradition -Countries heritage
-The influence of Spanish colonial
tradition Objectives:
-To be aware of what is Filipino architecture
-Recognizable in the American colonial
-What are the Filipino elements in Philippine
traditions
Architecture
-What it is distinguished Filipino architecture

Examples of Philippines Architecture

22 | P a g e
  Ifugao fale Northern and central islands- path of
-Build on stilts typhoons
-Only one opening, no windows Philippines
 Marano torogan -Subject to the most of the typhoon
-Parrologs(flared beams) -Tropical heal
 Bahay na bato -Humidity
 Churches -Rain
-Paoay -Long day season-drought
-Darag -Rains
-Miag-ao -High winds
-morong -Climate= shelter
 Tutuban station Land= provides the materials
-Has 4 structure -Wood from forest
 The post office building -Bamboo
 MET -Leaves from the fields
 CCP -Stones from rivers and quarries
 San Miguel head office -Clay from the earth

Philippine history and culture Factors that gives shelter its form and
characters
-Reflect in its heritage -Setting
-In the dwellings of its various people -Climate
-materials
-In mosques and churches
Ethnic traditions- refers to different forms of
-In buildings that have risen in response
folk and vernacular architecture found among
to the demands of progress Ethnolinguistic communities
-Aspirations of the people -lowland communities
-communities in the cordilleras
Houses and man form to tawi-tawi
-visayan islands
-Culture and periods
-Contribute the Filipino creative -mindanao
response to problems posed by geography and -other adjacent island
climate
Inspiration from environment
Philippines - 7,100 islands -climate
-More than half is mountainous -terrain
and hills -vegetation
-Area=300,00 sqkm -farm
-extensive coastline of 17,000 Communial and social needs
km -Needs to be safe form the other tribes
People made their home -to interact with human beings
Characteristics
-Engaged terrain -Deeply rooted in the southeast asia
-Mountain Building traditions & serve its characteristics
-Plain -pile construction
-River banks -Hip or gable roof
Southern most islands- 4 deg from -use of materials available in the
equator environment

23 | P a g e
Favorable materials- bamboo
-For post sidings, roofings and other
parts of the structure
-Coconut woods and frounds
-Bakawan or mangrove
-Source hardwoods
-Pine wood
-Stone
-cogon grass, nipa= roof covering and
wall sidings
Rattan and other varies=fastenings
Ethnic houses
-A multipurpose one-room structure
-light and airy
-comportable
-functional
-durable
-structurally stable
Artisan- aesthetics and utility into one
blend, harmonious whole
Ethnic houses
-express the way of organizing space
within and without
-territorial spaces are suggested by
symbols
-never stated with fences nor walls
-respected by the passes by & other
residents in the era.
-choice of site
-time and season of the building
-rituals
Superstitions and beliefs
-orientation of the house
-distribution of arterials spaces
-good health
-prosperous and happy life
-protection from evil spirits of both
occupants in buildings
1. Tradition –generall shape &
structural concept
2. Chance- makes adjustments along
the way
Caves
24 | P a g e
- first shelter of the human beings
-first conception of architectural
space
-man’s first glimpse of the power of
walled enclosure
The leans and frame
- portable shelter
-made of tree branches and twigs
-using clever and frounds for sidings
Double slope roof
- the beginning of the bahay kubo
-steep thatched roof
-elevated on posts or stilts
-they have slotted flooring
4 different consideration
1. According to structure
-cave- dwelling
-lean to
-elevated
Ethnic traditions
Imposed by:
 Lifeways
 Environment
 Social and different cultural
community ties
Bahay kubo- house-cube
- lowland Christians
-ethnic houses
-pile construction and hip roof
-Adelition –push-out/sliding windows
Parts of the bahay kubo
-beranda/balkon- front porch
-bulwagan – square or rectangular
multipurpose
-silid- changing area for women, storage
for pillows
-kusina- usually with a separate roof
-batalan- open air, back porch, washing
area/ bathroom
 Spaces under the house - walls do not slope
-storage of fishing instrument -stand perpendicular to the ground
-mortars and pestles -does not have a uniform dimensions
-heavy/bulky -built of poorer materials
-source of ventilation -less protected from rats
Kamalig -slightly raised from the ground
-separate house -has not parts benders on its post
-rarely has a pyramidal roof
Northern ethnic houses -has one door
Characters
-high, gable roof Wealthy man’s house- bale
Sometimes with bowed rafters -carved posts in their interior
-two level -Flutings on their exterior
-hagabi= marker
Southern
-ifugao Bontoc poor man’s house- katyufong
-benguet -single storey structure
-bontoc -built on the ground
Charaters
-steep pyramidal/ hip roof Bontoc wealthy man’s house-fay-u
- a house cage -holds a granary at its center
-display of carabao horns
Igorot houses -signifies bravery in battle and
-post and lintel construction the owners wealth
-exclusion of diagonal bracing roof
Kankanai- poor man’s house
support
-walls are perpendicular to the ground
-king post
Apa
-queen post -pioneering
-Resting of beams -family/young
-Stabilize by horizontal standing
members Allao
-widow, old
Ifugao houses
Convers
-has a pheripheral shelf at waist height -split bamboo and runo sticks-floors
Mayoyao & kankanai -runo sticks/wooden boards- walls
-Have a low platform around the floor -the roof is lower and no space for attic
Bontoc houses
-level , elevated sections Binangayan-wealthy man’s house
-exemplify both practical and ritual
Isneg (apayao)
-boat mens
Rich house/Poor house- abong -boat builders
Abong

25 | P a g e
 -sorrounded by bamboo stockages or palisades
Baranay or bank’l of trees
-isneg boat
-consist of three planks The mountain house- kalinga
Kalinga
-chico river
House design -upper kalinga- along chico river
-influenced by boat design -lower kalinga- northern region
Roof
-inverted hull Northern kalinga
Floor joists (visible outside) -are swidden farmers
-suggest profile of the boat -lives in scattered hamlets with 6 to 30 houses
-a village
Isneg house dimension -by rows ( 2 rows in one village)
8.00
4.00 Southern kalinga
5.50 -both wet terraces and swidden
-up to 200 houses
Binuron house- upland house -have town like a settlement
-total of 15 posts (visible)
-floor- 1.20 meters above the ground Kalinga village
Slanting wooden walls – 1.50 meters high(from -bamboo stokages
floor to eaves) -traps
-Six inner sinit post
-3 in each side Octagonal house( binayan/finaryon)
Main section of the house -consist of 12 post, 4 at the center, 8 at the
-has a gable roof corner
-floor is divided into 3 parallel section running
Roof coverings front to back
-15 to 20 rows of bamboo sections with -is not an equilateral octagon
overlaps
Ifugao house
Roof ridge
-a narrow flat roof of bamboo

Tarakip
-extended 1.50 meter
-roof is much slower
-no standard orientation
-granaries is located outside the house
-underfinnings- shows boat forms

Isneg hamlets
-3 to 12 houses

Village
-consist of cluster of houses or several clusters -three level structure
1st level- a stone pavement

26 | P a g e
 -perimeter consider with the edges of
the eaves
-4 post and girders
2nd level- house cage

Tausug-tau=people, sug=sulu

Torogan (matanao house)

-people of the lake
-lake lanao

3 types
1. Lawig- small house
2. Mala-a-walai- the large houses
3. Torogan- datu’s house
-a multi-family dwelling
-no partition at all

ROLER FOUNDATION

Okir/okkil
-maranao cut

Okir designs
-sarimanok
-the wager
-pako rabong

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