TOPOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
ETYMOLOGY OF TOPOGRAPHY

-  term topography originated in ancient Greece and

continued in ancient Rome.

- This handy word is a Greek-rooted combo of topos

meaning "place" and graphein "to write."
DEFINITION OF TOPOGRAPHY

- is a detailed map of the surface features of land.

- It includes the mountains, hills, creeks, and other

bumps and lumps on a particular hunk of earth.
OBJECTIVE OF TOPOGRAPHY

- to determine the position of any feature or more

generally any point in terms of both a
horizontal coordinate system such as latitude, longitude,
and altitude.

- Identifying (naming) features, and recognizing

typical landform patterns are also part of the field
TECHNIQUES OF TOPOGRAPHY

There are a variety of approaches to studying

topography. Which method(s) to use depend on the
scale and size of the area under study, its accessibility,
and the quality of existing surveys.
TECHNIQUES OF TOPOGRAPHY

1. Direct survey
2. Remote sensing
3. Aerial and satellite imagery
4. Photogrammetry
5. Radar and sonar
TECHNIQUES OF TOPOGRAPHY
1. Direct survey (SURVEYING)
- Surveying helps determine accurately the
terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points
and the distances and angles between them using
leveling instruments such as theodolites, dumpy
levels and clinometers.
TECHNIQUES OF TOPOGRAPHY
2. Remote sensing
- Remote sensing is a general term for geodata
collection at a distance from the subject area
TECHNIQUES OF TOPOGRAPHY
3. Aerial and satellite imagery ( AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHY/SATELLITE IMAGERY)
- used to identify and delineate terrain features
and more general land-cover features. False-color and
nonvisible spectra imaging can also help determine the
lie of the land by delineating vegetation and other land-
use information more clearly. Images can be in visible
colours and in other spectrum
TECHNIQUES OF TOPOGRAPHY
4. Photogrammetry
- Photogrammetry is a measurement technique
for which the co-ordinates of the points in 3D of an
object are determined by the measurements made in
two photographic images(or more) taken starting from
different positions, usually from different passes of an
aerial photography flight
TECHNIQUES OF TOPOGRAPHY
5. Radar and sonar (LiDar- LIght RaDAR)
- a remote sensing technique that uses a laser
instead of radio waves, has increasingly been employed
for complex mapping needs such as charting canopies
and monitoring glaciers.
FORMS OF TOPOGRAPHIC DATA

A. Raw survey data

B. Remote sensing data
C. Topographic mapping
D. Digital elevation modeling
E. Topological modeling
FORMS OF TOPOGRAPHIC DATA
A. Raw survey data
- Topographic survey information is historically
based upon the notes of surveyors.
(boundary delineation may be derived from local cadastral mapping)

-  these field notes inherently include errors and

contradictions that later stages in map production
resolve.
FORMS OF TOPOGRAPHIC DATA
B. Remote sensing data
-  remote sensing data (aerial and satellite photography, for
example), is raw and uninterpreted. It may contain holes (due

to cloud cover for example) or inconsistencies (due to the timing of specific

image captures).

- Most modern topographic mapping includes a

large component of remotely sensed data in its
compilation process.
FORMS OF TOPOGRAPHIC DATA
C. Topographic mapping
-  shows relief.

- These maps show not only the contours, but

also any significant streams or other bodies
of water, forest cover, built-up areas or individual
buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of
interest.
FORMS OF TOPOGRAPHIC DATA
D. Digital elevation modeling
- The digital elevation model (DEM) is a raster-
based digital dataset of the topography
(hypsometry and/or bathymetry) of all or part of the Earth (or a telluric
planet).
FORMS OF TOPOGRAPHIC DATA
E. Topological modeling
- A geographic information system (GIS) can
recognize and analyze the spatial relationships that exist
within digitally stored spatial data. These topological
relationships allow complex spatial modelling and
analysis to be performed.