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Brochure - Eng 0309 PDF
Brochure - Eng 0309 PDF
30% Development (the Rio “Earth Summit”) Mongolia had called the member
states for protecting our mother earth and unilaterally wowed to pro-
tect 30 percent of its territory.
1 English: https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/mn/mn-nbsap-v2-en.pdf
Mongolian: https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/mn/mn-nbsap-v2-mn.pdf
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The Sixth National Report to the Convention of Biological Diversity
is the first national report that assesses Mongolia’s performance on
implementation of the National Biodiversity Program and progress
towards achieving the Aichi Targets.
In overall, the progress during the reporting period has mixed – while
Mongolia has been successful in promoting SDG and especially ESD
and direct conservation and sustainable management of natural
resources on the ground with strong involvement and empowerment
of local communities, the country was slow in addressing drivers for
biodiversity loss that come from certain productive sector and fiscal
policies. In this respect, decisive interventions for reversing pasture
degradation is seen critical for Mongolia to fulfill its commitment to CBD
and its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for climate change
mitigation and adaptation.
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ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS TOWARDS REACHING
NBP GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The independent national experts involved in the preparation of the Sixth National
Report assessed that Mongolia was successful in achieving goals under the Strategy
1- Increase awareness and knowledge on biodiversity and sustainable use among
both decision makers and the general public, while had challenges under Strategy
2 - Develop and implement science based policy on conservation and sustainable
use of biological resources, Strategy 3 - Sustainable use of biodiversity and Strategy
4- Improve policies and legal environment for conservation and use of biological
diversity and ecological services.
12
10
Effective
8
Partially effective
6 Ineffective
0
Strategy 1
Goal 1
Goal 2
Strategy 2
Goal 3
Goal 4
Goal 5
Goal 6
Goal 7
Strategy 3
Goal 8
Goal 9
Strategy 4
Goal 11
Goal 12
Goal 13
Goal 14
Cross sector issues such as Goal 6- Protect soil and water resources from chemical
and nutrient pollution, Goal 9 - Taking into account grazing capacity and livestock
population size, utilize legislative and economic leverages to reduce pasture
degradation by up to 70% and increase quality of existing pastures, and Goal 10
- Modernize industrial farming techniques and activities to meet requirements
for food safety and conservation of biodiversity in the environment’s agricultural
ecosystem were not effectively addressed and requires special attention in coming
years.
Similarly, the progress achieving Goals under Strategy 4- Improve policies and legal
environment for conservation and use of biological diversity and ecological services
that aims to address economic and fiscal drivers that impact biodiversity has been
slow.
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WHERE MONGOLIA WAS SUCCESSFUL
50,000,000.0
30.0
45,000,000.0
area by ha
40,000,000.0 % of territory
35,000,000.0
20.1
area by ha
30,000,000.0 17.9
17.4
25,000,000.0 14.6
13.4 13.7
20,000,000.0 12.4
11.6
15,000,000.0 8.5
10,000,000.0 5.8
3.7 3.8
5,000,000.0
0.0 0.0 0.2
1778 1957 1965 1976 1977 1992 1993 1996 1998 2000 2005 2010 2014 2017 2019.09 2025
year
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Local Community and Ownership of Natural Resources
Since 2012, Mongolia begun shift its environmental policy to “the user is the steward”
concept and a number of laws including Law on Fauna were amended to bring the
local communities and private sector into the arena.
Today Mongolia has established total of 171 hunting area and 74.4% of Management
bodies that have formal agreement with the Government are Local Communities and
Local NGOs.
Private Companies
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MANAGERS OF
171
Local
NGOs
7 HUNTING AREA
CBOs
25
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THE AREAS NEEDING URGENT ATTENTION
Land degradation
As of 2015, 76.8% of Mongolia’s territory is degraded in various degrees. The main drivers of
the degradation are:
Increased livestock number that almost tripled over the past 30 years
Chronic overgrazing that creates favorable condition for rodent and locust outbreaks
Desertification process caused by climate change
Commitments for conservation Share of biodiversity expenditure in State Budget and GDP
0.90%
During 2008-2018, the funding 0.79%
0.80%
for biodiversity conservation
0.69% 0.69%
accounted 0.35% -0.79% of total 0.70%
0.68%
0.63%
0.67%
State Budget or 0.15% -0.25% of 0.60% 0.58%
GDP. 0.50%
0.52%
0.48%
0.46%
0.40%
However, 44.4% of the total 0.35%
expenditure came from the 0.30%
0.24% 0.25%
0.22% 0.23%
state budget and 55.6% came 0.20%
0.18% 0.19% 0.19%
0.22%
0.20%
0.18%
from donor and international 0.15%
0.10%
organizations showing Mongolia’s
0.00%
heavy external reliance in 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
conserving its own environment. Share in State budget (%) Share in GDP (%)
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CONTRIBUTION TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF AICHI TARGETS
Mongolia is assessed itself strongly in increasing
The participatory
people’s knowledge on value and benefits of
assessment showed that
biodiversity thanks to strong move towards education
the National Biodiversity
for Sustainable development and thus scored itself
Program’s aim to support
strongly contributing to Aichi Target 1. Mongolia also
global conservation goal
assessed itself strongly contributing in conservation of
has been well woven into
Forest habitats hence scored high Aichi Target 5. It also
the national action plan
scored high in Aichi Target 11 because, Country had
and implementation of
set a goal to dedicate 30% of its territory to Protected
the National Biodiversity
Area Network since the Rio Conference and had already
Program enabled the
established State Protected Area network covering
country to support 18 of
20.1% of its territory, which equal to entire territory
the 20 Aichi targets. Two
of Poland. Thanks to conservation paradigm shift
targets, namely, Target 6
towards “users are the stewards” Mongolia is moving
and Target 10 that deal with
towards enabling the local communities to take over
fishery and coral reefs were
conservation and sustainable management of wildlife
left because Mongolia’s
and other natural resources in their area. This also has
impact on those targets are
enabled the country to self-assess highly to contributing
negligent.
Aichi Targets 12, 16 and 19.
0
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3
Target 4
Target 5
Target 6
Target 7
Target 8
Target 9
Target 10
Target 11
Target 12
Target 13
Target 14
Target 15
Target 16
Target 17
Target 18
Target 19
Target 20
(5 – On track to exceed target; 4 – On track to achieve target; 3 – Progress towards target but at an insufficient
rate; 2 – No signification change; 1 – Implementation not started yet; 0 – Irrelevant)
The analyses show that Mongolia’s National Biodiversity Program is contributing to the
achievements of 129 indicators out of 225 global Aichi indicators and 48 of these 129
indicators are generic indicators and 81 are specific indicators. The average performance was
assessed between 4 – On track to achieve target and 3- Progressing towards target but at an
insufficient rate because Mongolia’s action towards managing invasive species (Target 9) and
addressing pastureland degradation (Target 15) were negligent and thus lowered average
scoring.
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CONTRIBUTION TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
contribute 25 targets of
the six SDGs.
0
Goal 12. Responsible Consumption & Production Goal 15. Life on land
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MONGOLIA’S BIODIVERSITY AND ITS STATUS
Flora CR
LC
Over the past 30 years flora species and
their numbers in Mongolia has increased
1.6% 1.5%
drastically as 232 species of higher
fungus, 1,366 species of algae, 81 species NT EN
VASCULAR 4.7%
3.2%
of lichen, 176 species of moss, and 684
species of vascular plants were newly
recorded.
PLANTS
(3163 SPECIES)
Sadly, during this time, of 3163 recorded
vascular plant in Mongolia, 16.2%
were assessed as “Threatened” largely
due to anthropogenic factors such as VU
overgrazing, overharvesting and arson
fire.
6.9%
Lower plants
2,5%
2.2%
2,0%
1.8%
1,5% 1.3%
0.7% 0.8%
1,0% 1.3%
0.8%
0,5% 0.5% VU
0.2% 0.2%
0,0% EN
0.3%
Moss (species) 0.4%
Algae (2200 species) CR
Fungus (631species)
Lichen (1067 species)
Inventory and research on climate change and anthropogenic impacts and potential use of
Lower plants including Fungus have increased exponentially since early 2000:
Records on moss species in Mongolia were increased by 10 species in 1996-2000, by 58
species in 2001-2005, by 11 species in 2006-2010, and by 61 species in 2011-2016.
Records on algae species were increased by 114 species in 1996- 2000, by 409 species
in 2001-2005, by 66 species in 2006-2010, and by 363 species in 2011-2016.
Records on mushrooms were increased by 23 species in 1996- 2000, by 53 species in
2001-2005, by 46 species in 2006-2010, and by 102 species in 2011-2016.
Records of lichen were added by 13 species in 1990-1995, by one species in 1996- 2000,
by 13 species in 2001-2005, by 43 species in 2006-2010, and by 11 species in 2011-
2016.
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Fauna
NT CR
23 percent of mammals, 7 percent of
birds and 14 percent of fish species in 6.3% 2.3%
Mongolia and threatened due to habitat
loss, unsustainable harvesting, poaching
and climate change. This situation likely MAMMAL
to deteriorate unless land degradation
and habitat encroachment – the VU (128 SPECIES)
most widespread pressure caused by 3.1% EN
overgrazing by livestock is addressed
determinedly in coming years. 10.9%
CR CR
0.4% 1.3%
EN LC
1.2% 3.8%
NT BIRD FISH EN
3.1% 7.7%
(513 SPECIES) (78 SPECIES)
VU
2.3% VU
5.1%
66.7%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
10.0%
0.0% 0.0% VU
Similarly, of 23 reptile species of
0.0% Mongolia, 6 species are included
0.0%
0.0%
EN
0.0% in the Red book.
*Insects (5898 species) CR
Amphibian (6 species)
*Reptile (23 species)
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Ecosystem coverage under State Protected area Network
Mongolia’s goal of protecting 30 percent of its territory through the Protected Area Network is
one of the 20 core indicators closely monitored through Mongolia’s Sustainable Development
Vision for 2030.
Below graphic shows only 8.5% of step ecosystem is under protection. In this concern, tripling
the protected area coverage of Mongolia’s steppe ecosystem by 2025 needs commitment and
dedication from all players, if indeed the world should preserve its most exploited terrestrial
ecosystem throughout the globe.
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0 30.0%
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
5.5% 36.5% 38.4% 22.1% 28.3% 29.0% 2.0% 7.3% 8.5% 31.1% 31.3% 35.3% 29.0% 30.7%
0
High Mountain Forest Steppe Gobi, desert Aquatic
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© Gantulga B./WWF-Mongolia
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Cover Photos:
This brochure does not necessary reflect the views of the Government of Mongolia or WWF Mongolia.
It may be reproduced and circulated for non-profit purposes.