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FORM TP 2i,OO6t76 MAY/JI.JNE 2006

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION

BIOLOGY

IJMTl - PAPERO1

tl noun

Candidates are advised to use the first 15 minutes for

reading tbrough this paper orrefully.

CAREFI'LLY.

1. Candidates must attempt ALL questiols in this paper.

2' Answers are to be written in the sp:rces provided in
this answer booklet.

3. EACH question is worth l0 marks.

4' The use of silent non-programmabre calcurators

is ailowed.

qouvA GOVERNMENT
^... _ SECONDARY SCHOOL
CHURCH ST. COUVA rgr.

T og6-eses

LIBRARY OF

rrr.rrrrirr..l
BELLA SEEJOOR

Convripht (o 2fn5 Carihhean F.raminatinns Cnrrnnil(O

 -2-

l. (a) Figure I below shows three diagrarns of water molecules in the solid, liquid and gaseous
state.

Indicate the stare of the water molecules in EACH of the diagrams (i), (ii) and
(iii).

-:b {
&4
9-=-

---& fr \
(i)

(\ {fr
Hydrogen
bond being
broken
(ii)

M
-6
xt

4....'n
qr" ---€ (iii)
,t
.A
E
.s:t.. €
*ry...G.....{

,t
l.g

-
Figure 1. Watcr molecules in three states
[ 3 marks]
 -3-

(b) Ice floats on water.

Explain why this property of water is important.

I lmark ]
(c) In Figure 2 below, an insect (a pondskater) uses the properties of water to skate on the
surface.

Figure 2. A pondskater skates across the surface of water

Name TWO properties of water used by the insect and describe how these properties
operate.

Property 1:

I lmark]
Properff 2:

I lmark]
 -4-

(d) A saccharide molecule is shown in Figure 3 below.

cH2oH
o HOCH2

H
cH2oH

Figure 3. Molecule A

(i) Name Molecule A in Figure 3 and state what type of saccharide

it is'

I lmarkl
(iD Describe the IvIAIN function of Molecule A in plants'

I lmarkI
(e) Name the MAIOR structural polymer that is found
in plants that consist of glucose
units.

I lmark]
even though its
(f) Explainwhythepolymernamedin(e)isNoTsolubleinwater
component glucose units are very soluble in water'

I l mark,I
Total 10 marks
 -5-

2. Figure 4 (i) and (ii) show a two-inch deep section of a cucumber, with a longitudinal strip cut
from the side. The strip has a tough outer covering of cuticularized epidermis, while the inner
part is composed of cortical parenchyma cells. As soon as the strip is cut out of the cuiumber,
it "bends backwards", as shown in Figure 4 (iii).

Cortical

+
parenchyma

Cuticularized epidermis

(r) (ii) (iii)

Figure 4. Sections cut from a cucumber

Five strips are-cu!,^nlfed in petri dishes and covered with sucrose solutions
of varying
concentrations for 30 minutes. The degree of curvature in relation
to the sucrose concentration
is shown in Table l.

TABLE 1: CURVATURE OF STRIPS IN RELATION TO SUCROSE CONCENTRATION

Molrr concenhation
of sucrue solution 0.1m 02m 03m 0.4m 05m
Shape ofcucumber
strips after 30 mins
immersion

(
I
 -6-

(a) Define the following in terms of water potentials:

(i) Osmosis

I lmark]
(iD Isotonic

I lmark]
Use Table I to determine which solution is isotonic
with the cucumber cells' and
o)
give ONE rcason for Your answer'

I lmark]
(c) State precisely what happens to the cortical
cells in the

(i) 0.1 m sucrose solution

[ 2 marks]

(ii) 0.5 m sucrose solution'

[ 2 marks]
 -7 -

(d) Give ONE reason why the strip shown in Figure 4 (iii) curves "backwards" immediately
after it is released.

I lmarkl
(e) The outer regions of the stems of herbaceous plants possess a cortex and
an epidermis.
Explain how these structures enable the stem to stayerect.

[ 2 marks]

Total 10 marks
 -8-

Micrograph'
Figure 5 shows a student's drawing of a plant cell as seen from an Electron

Figure5.Student,sdrawingofaplantcellasseenfromelectrunmicnograph
labelling of the student's drawing by writing
in the spaces provided'
(a) complete the
thenameofEACHpartofttrecettidentifiedbythelines.[4marks]
 -9-

(b) The electron micrograph in Figure 6 below shows a membrane system in the cell.

4 -
':"-'-xl4u''i
- .,
. .r r:i$r.
*

ffi
Figure 6. An electron micrograph of a membrane systcm

(i) Identify the membrane system shown in Figure 6.

I lmark]
(ii) Describe the function of the membrane sysrem identified in (i).

I lmark]
(iii) Determine the width of vesicle A within the box in Figure 6.

I lmark]
 -10-

(c) Figure 7 below shows an electron micrograph of an organelle found in plant and animal
cells.

W
tl, 1:*. ,.a t1 $:
'.'J .z

H
rt'

in the cell
Figure 7. An electron micrograph of an organelle

DescribeTwofunctionsoftheorganelleshowninFigureTabove.

[ 2 marksl

present in animal cells but absent from

(d) Name TWO organelles or cellular structures
plant cells.

I lmark ]
Total t0 marks
I
I
I
I
I
 - l1 -

4. In Figure 8 below there are five micrographs, (i) - (v), of the stages of mitosis.

(ii) (iii)

(iv)

Figure 8. Stages of mitosis

(a) Name EACH of the stages of mitosis shown in Figure g above.

(i) (iv)
(ii) (v)

(iii)
[ 3 marks]

o) A potato plant has 24 pairs of chromosomes in its somatic cells.

Determine the number of chromatids in its somatic cells at

(i) Prophase of mitosis

(ii) Anaphaseofmitosis
[ 2 marks]
 -12-

(c) A chemical disrupts the formation of spindle fibres when it is added to cells that are
undergoing mitosis.

Predict the effect the chemical would have on the process of mitosis'

[ 2 marks]

6chromatid' and'chromatin'.
(d) Distinguishbetween theterms

[ 2 marksl

. (e) Name TWO processes occurring in all living organisms in which mitosis plays an
imPortant role-

I lmark]
Total l0 marks
 13-

Figure 9 below is a diagram of part of the human reproductive system during gestation.

Embryo's gut

ffi,,:: 0
0

i, i' r"X"'iY": li;,{ l r': : )

Figure 9. Reproductive systcm during gestation

(a) Identify the structures labelled I to 4 in Figure 9 above.

3 4
[ 2 marksJ

(b) Stale TWO functions of the amnion.

[ 2 marksl
 -14-

(c) In Figure 9, in label 7, three membranes are closely associated.

Name these THREE membranes.

I lmark]
(d) as gestation progresses'
State how the structures at 6 and 7 develop further

[ 2 marks]

(e) List FOUR functions of the placenta'

[ 2 marks]

blood from the embryo's heart to the

(f) "The umbilical artery caries oxygenated
placenta".

If it is tnre, write "fRlIE ' below' If it is false' write

the
Is this statement true or false? '

corrected statement below'

I lmark]
Total l0 marks

rr m ffiff rlftzd n nF
^A ^
 .15-

6. Figure l0 shows various aspects of the human uterine and ovarian cycles.

Gonadohopips (ftom anterior pituitary)

0s101520?5

Events in ovary (ovarian cyde)

Corpusluteum Developing
ffi:[*'^:;T"
':*'i'5'bjx
ffio*
t ]f
Ovarien hormones

Events in the endometrium (uterine cycle)

Day of uterine cycle

Figure 10. The human uterine and ovarian cycles

(a) Name the hormones A to D represented on the graphs in Figure 10.

Hormone A:

Hormone B:

Horrrone C:

Hormone D:
[ 2marks]
 16-

Describe the events occurring in the endometrium of the uterus'at F,, F and G in
o)
Figure 10.

Events atE:

' Events at F:

Events at G:

[ 3 marksl

molecule' Suggesthow this

(c) The birth-control pill Ru486 contains aProgesterone-like
pill prevents concePtion'

[ 2 marks]

(d) In the process of ganete production, state

sex cell (primary spermatocyte)
(i) how many sperm are produced from EACH diploid

I lmark]
from EACH sex cell (primary oocyte)
(ii) the number of secondary oocytes produced

I lmark]
produced ALONG WTITI the secondary
(iii) the nanre of the other type of cell that is
oocyte.

I lmarkl
Total L0 marks
 -17-

7. (a) StateTWOitemsof informationwhichcanbeobtainedbyperformingaChi-squared(f1

[ 2 marksl

(i) state the phenotypic ratio obtained from an F, dihybrid cross.

I lmark ]
(ii) when using a table of y2values, state and explain why 3 would
be choosen for
the degrees of freedom from the F, progeny.

I lmark]
 -18-

and white or yellow in

(c) In summer squash, tfre fruit can be disc-shaped or spherical,
a *hit", disc-shapedphenotype' The
colour. The dihybriJg""o,Vp" Ww Dd produces
school agricult'ral ;rai;tit*ested aheld
of squash and students counted 322O in
all,ofwhich1820werewhitediscs,610whitespheres,5J0ve|lowdiscsand20oyellow
the results'
;;;*t. The students performed a chi-squared test on

of to TWO decimal places'

(i) complete Table 2 to determine the value 12,
VALI'IE
TABLE 2z TODETERMINE CHI-SQUARED
f (o-nfl
PhenotYPe Obscrved Expected
results (E) (o -E) (o -E)' \E)
results (O)

*," Urr" I
I 820
8.75

I
603.75 6.25
whit€ snhere 610
] 189.06
590 603.75
Yellow disc

200 20r.2s
Yellow sPhere
[ 4 marks]

sum"r(ry) I lmark]
(ii) whatis the
'2

the value of f at 5% probability'

(iii) Refer to Table 3 below to find

TABLE 3: TABLE OF f VALIJES

o.6 r.g z.tt 3.84 6.& 10.83

1

r.39 3.22 4.6r 5.99 9.2t 13.82

2
2.37 4.& 6.25 7.82 1r.34 16.27
3
3.36 5.99 7.78 9.49 13.28 18.47
4
hobability (P) that
0.50 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001
chance alone could (so%) (nw Qo%) (5Vo) (|Vo) Q-r%)
produce the deviation

% ProbabilitY :
Value of 262 at 5
I lmarkl
Total l0 marks
 -t9-
8. (a) State clearly what is meant by the term 'mutation'

I lmark]
(b) ' State TWO conditions which cause mutations.

I lmark]
(c) When chromosomes come together during meiotic interphase, exchange
of chromo-
somal material may occur. Figure I
I below shows two homologous chromosomes (each
composed of nvo chromatids) with chiasmata.

Figure 11. A pair of homologous chromosomes with chiasmata

(i) In Figure 12 below identify the letters in the four separate

chromatids, after the
above interaction, with the four separate centromeres.
use the upper_ano
Iower-case lett'ers to accurately indiiate the arrangement
of the alleles of the
genes on the pairs of chromosomes. Assume
,econn"ction to the opposing
homologue or chromatid at each chiasma. "

Figure 12. Incomplete diagram

[ 2 marks]
 -20-
achromatid results with
(ii) Name the type of rearrangementthathas occurredwhen
the following combination of alleles:

ABCDHGFE IJKL

I lmark]

(d)Figure13showstheeffectofmaternalageontheincidenceofDown'ssyndrome.

Key
^EI
CA
300
(t All births
E
cl
o
/\ o
e d I)own's syndrome births
o
,_\_/ \ u6. ann
Nd' il
:2n / \7' Relative incidence of

/\,i \
200 IA
!l Down's sYndrome
1t I

/ // v''i
E
!
L
'/ \ nrw'/ \
e
100 6
=l
g
ts
L
roo
100 ,t
o)
E wry. l(A
tr
t
z Urqq,. !1ry-,.W9-'
20
3530
Maternal age in Years
DiyglsiU'
Adaptedfrom: Herediry a4d H-tlman
Carnbridge Universiry Press'
S. Tomkin-s,

syndrome
age on incidence of Down's
Figure 13. Effectof maternal
is caused'
(D State how Down's syndrome

I lmarkl
on the relative incidence of Down's
(ii) With reference to Figure 13' comment
syndrome with maternal age'

[ 2 marks]
 -21 -

After reaching a peak of around 300, the Down's syndrome birth-rate declines.

Suggest ONE rcason for this abrupt decline.

I lmark ]
(e) How does a gene (point) mutation differ from the type of mutation exemplified in (c) (ii)
and (d)?

I lmark]
Total l0 marks
 22-

9. (a) Define the term "natural selection"

I lmark]
that attack agricultural
(b) During the past 50 years, approximately 200 species of insects
hu.r" become resistant to the pesticide DDT'
"rop,
Describe how widespread use of DDT could lead to the
evolution of resistance in the
pests.

[ 3 marks]
a process that leads to a specific type of
(c) Each of the following statements describes
speciation.

statement'
Identify the type of speciation indicated in EACH

(i)Statementl:Thisprocessinnatureismostcommonlyaresultofpolyploidy.

Typeof sPeciation:
I lmark]
that inhabit areas where sharp
(ii) statement 2: This process usually occurs in species
environmental differences exist'

Typeof sPeciation:
I lmark]
 i
,,

.23- i

(d) There are many different races of humans, for example, African, European, Indian,
Aborigines and Arabs. Although theseraces are phenotypically different, they belong to '.

one species

Withreferencetothebiologicalspeciesconcept,explainwhyhumansformasingIe
species.

II mark]
(e) Suggest why speciation is a gradual rather than an instantaneous process.

[ 3 marks]

Total l0 marks

END OF TEST

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