Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

Section A
[15 marks]
Answer all questions in this section.

1. What properties of water help it to moderate the changes in temperature?

A Cohesion and adhesion force
B Polarity and hydrogen bonding
C Solvent and high specific heat capacity
D High specific heat capacity and high heat of vaporisation

2. The diagram below shows the structure of a steroid hormone.

This steroid hormone is known as

A cholesterol
B oestrogen
C testosterone
D progesterone

3. Blood, compact bone and yellow elastic and hyaline cartilages are all
classified as

A connective tissues
B muscle tissues
C epithelium tissues
D nerve tissues

4. Which of the following characteristics are true for both mitochondrion and
chloroplast?

I Contain enzymes
II Contain DNA
III Able to replicate
IV Present in all eukaryotic cells

A I and II
B I and III
C I, II and III
D I, II, III and IV

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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

5. The following diagram shows some essential structures which forms the cell
surface membrane.

Which of the following structures, when hydrolysed, will release amino acids
only?
A 1 and 3
B 2 and 3
C 2 and 4
D 3 and 4

6. The diagram shows a process in which molecules move through a cell

membrane.

The process shown is

A active transport
B simple diffusion
C facilitated diffusion
D osmosis

7. The diagram below shows the Lineweaver-Burke plot for an enzyme

catalysed reaction.

Which of the following combinations is correct?

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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

Without inhibitor With competitive inhibitor With non-competitive inhibitor

A X Y Z
B Z X Y
C Y Z X
D Z Y X

8. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for an enzyme is affected by

I pH
II temperature
III enzyme concentration
A I only
B I and II
C II and III
D I, II and III

9. Enzyme action is specific because of

A the presence of coenzymes
B the presence of hydrogen bonds
C the large globular protein
D the specific surface configuration

10. Cooperation of the two photosystems of chloroplast is required for

A ATP synthesis
B reduction of NADP and ATP synthesis
C cyclic photophosphorylation
D oxidation of the reaction center of photosystem I

11. Carbon monoxide act a respiratory poison. How does carbon monoxide
function?
A Inhibits ATP synthase
B Hydrolyses Acetyl CoA
C Prevents oxygen from binding to haemoglobin
D Prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle

12. The following reaction happens in all aerobic cells.

Which of the following statement are true about the above reaction?
I The reaction happens in cell cytoplasm
II Oxygen is needed for the above reaction
III 2H+ are released and received by NAD
IV ATP energy is used in the above reaction
V Carbon dioxide is released during the reaction
A I and III
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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

B II and V
C III and V
D I, II and IV

13 The diagram below shows the stages in the dark reaction. At which stage is
the reduced NADP reoxidised?

14. The following graph shows the relationship between the rates of photosynthesis
with environmental factor P.

P most probably represents

I Carbon dioxide concentration
II Oxygen concentration
III Light intensity
IV Temperature

A I and III
B I and II
C I and IV
D II and III

15. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, water molecules are split, oxygen is

released and hydrogen is taken up by an acceptor molecule. Which of the
following is the hydrogen acceptor?
A Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP)
B Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP)
C Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
D Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

Section B
[15 marks]
Answer all questions in this section.

16. The diagram below shows three different tissues in animals.

(a) State the common feature in all the tissues shown above.
[1 mark]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
(b) Identify the tissues X and Y shown above.
[2 marks]

Tissue X : ______________________________________________________

Tissue Y : _______________________________________________________

(c) State one location where tissue X can be found in animals.

[1 mark]
________________________________________________________________

(d) Outline the structure of tissue Z in relation to its functions.

[3 marks]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

17. The enzyme, sucrase, is used for hydrolyzing sucrose. The diagram below
represents the enzyme and its substrate.

(a) Write a word equation to show the reaction catalysed by sucrase.

[1 mark]
________________________________________________________________

(b) With reference to the above diagram, describe the mechanism of action of
sucrase.
[4 marks]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
(c) Describe the possible mechanism of inhibition of sucrase by copper (Cu 2+)
ions.
[3 marks]
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

Section C
[30 marks]
Answer any two questions in this section.

18.
(a) State the differences between RNA and DNA.
[5 marks]
(b) Describe the Watson and Crick’s model DNA structure.
[10 marks]

19.
(a) Explain the roles of the structure of the cell membrane in the transportation of
substances into the cell.
[6 marks]
(b) Explain what is meant by glycolysis and describe the process in the animal cell.
[9 marks]

20.
(a) Discuss how photorespiration is a wasteful process in C 3 plants.
[6 marks]
(b) Outline the structural and physiological adaptations of the CAM plant.
[6 marks]
(c) Explain the role of plants on the increasing carbon dioxide emission and global
warming.
[3 marks]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

Trial Examination Sem 1/2017

Marking Scheme
Biology Paper 1

1 D 2 C 3 A 4 C 5 C
6 A 7 D 8 B 9 D 10 B
11 C 12 C 13 B 14 A 15 D

Question Answer Mark

16
(a) Made up of a variety of cells embedded in a large interstitial non-living matrix. They 1
are all connective tissues.

(b) Tissue X: cartilage 1

Tissue Y: bone 1

(c) Ends of bones, C structure of trachea, embryonic skeleton 1

(any one answer)

(d) Tissue Z is made up of blood cells erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets suspended in 1
the fluid matrix called plasma.
Plasma is 90% water and acts as a solvent and transport medium for nutrients and 1
respiratory gases.
Non nucleated erythrocytes contain haemoglobin which transports oxygen, for cellular 1
respiration.
Platelets release proteins involved in blood clotting. 1
Leucocytes produce antibodies to destroy pathogens or engulf pathogens by 1
phagocytosis.
(any 3 answers)

17
(a) Sucrose + Water sucrase Glucose + Fructose 1

(b) • The substrate (sucrose) has a shape which is complementary to the active site 1
of sucrase.
• When the substrate collides effectively with the enzyme, an enzyme-substrate 1
complex is formed.
• Within the active site, the activation energy of the reaction is lowered. 1
• So that bonds are easier to break. 1
• The products of hydrolysis do not fit into the active site and are released. 1
(any 4 answers)

(c) • Cu2+ ions act as a non-competitive inhibitor 1

• Attach themselves to the enzyme at a site away from the active site. 1
• This causes the 3-dimensional shape of the enzyme/ active site to be altered. 1
• The substrate molecules cannot fit into the active site. 1
• The rate of reaction is lowered. 1
(any 3 answers)

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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

18
(a) RNA DNA
- Single polynucleotide - Double polynucleotide 1
chain chain
- A single strand - Coiled to form double 1
helix
- Pentose sugar is 1
- Pentose sugar is ribose deoxyribose
- Nitrogenous bases - Nitrogenous bases 1
present are adenine, present are cytosine,
guanine, cytosine and thymine, adenine and
uracil guanine
- Found almost entirely in 1
- Found in the nucleus
the nucleus
and cytoplasm of a cell
- Ratio of adenine and - Ratio of adenine and 1
uracil to cytosine and thymine to cytosine and
guanine varies guanine is one
- A longer and bigger 1
- A very short molecule
molecule
- There are three types of - There is only one type of 1
RNA: mRNA, tRNA and DNA
rRNA
(any 5 answers)

(b) • DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains. 1

• The nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds called phosphodiester bonds 1
between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the deoxyribose sugar of the
next (the 3’ carbon of one sugar is bonded to the 5’ phosphate of the adjacent
sugar to form a 3’, 5’ phosphodiester bond).
• Each polynucleotide chain forms a right-handed helical spiral and the two 1
chains coil around each other to form a double helix.
• The two chains run in opposite directions, that are antiparallel (one chain 1
running 3’ to 5’ and the other chain 5’ to 3’).
• Each chain has a sugar-phosphate backbone with bases which projects at right- 1
angles.
• The bases are held together by hydrogen bonds with the bases of the opposite 1
chain across the double helix.
• Adenine pairs with thymine and are joined together by two hydrogen bonds, 1
cytosine pairs with guanine and joined together by three hydrogen bonds.
• The bases that pair together and held by hydrogen bonds are called 1
complementary base pairs.
• The width between the two backbones is constant, that is 2 nm which is the 1
width of purine plus a pyrimidine.
• The base pairs are 0.34 nm apart along the axis of the molecule. 1
• Hence, a complete turn of the double helix comprises 3.4 nm or ten base pairs. 1
• There is no restriction on the sequence of bases in one chain. Hence, the 1
sequence in one chain determine that in the other as the two chains are said
to be complementary.
(any 10 answers)

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19
(a) • The biological cell membranes act as barriers and are selectively permeable. 1
• The membrane consists of a fluid bilayer of phosphlolipids and various protein 1
molecules embedded in it. Some of these protein molecules act as ion
channels, carriers or pumps.
• The phospholipid bilayer is permeable to very small uncharged molecules like 1
oxygen and carbon dioxide. Steroids, fatty acids and alcohol which are lipid
soluble can also diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer.
• Osmosis is a special type of diffusion. The water molecules diffuse through the 1
selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a
region of low water potential. Certain protein channels called aquaporins
when present in the cell membrane increase the rate of diffusion of water.
• Some integral membrane proteins form hydrophilic ion channels. These allow 1
diffusion of various charged ions, for example, K +, Na+, Ca2+, Cl- and HCO3-,
down their concentration gradient.
• Some of these ion protein channels can open or close and are called gated 1
channels, for example, voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channels.
• Some small hydrophilic organic molecules, for example, glucose and amino 1
acids cannot move through the phospholipid layer. They move across the cell
membrane by facilitated diffusion using a protein carrier molecule, for example,
binding of glucose to a specific membrane carrier molecule causes the carrier
molecule to change its shape and the glucose molecule is released into the
cell.
• In active transport ATP is required to move ions or molecules across cell 1
membrane against a concentrate gradient, for example, the sodium-potassium
protein pump in the cell membrane uses ATP to pump sodium ions out of the
cell and potassium ions into the cell.
• Exocytosis and endocytosis are active transport processes that move materials 1
in bulk across membranes.
• In exocytosis, a vesicle membrane fuse with the cell membrane. The contents, 1
for example, enzymes, hormones, mucus in the vesicle are released outside
the cell. Endocytosis involves the bulk transport of material into a cell.
• In phagocytosis, a portion of the cell membrane encloses a solid particle, for 1
example, bacterium to form a vacuole and moves it into the cell.
• In pinocytosis, a portion of the cell surface membrane invaginate inward. 1
Droplets containing dissolved materials flow inside. The membranes are
pinched off to form pinocytic vesicles.
• In receptor-mediated endocytosis, ligands, for example, cholesterol molecules 1
bind to specific receptors in coated pits on cell membrane. These pits then
form coated vesicles by endocytosis.
(any 6 answers)

(b) • Glycolysis is a series of reactions in which six- carbon sugar is broken down to 1
two molecules of the three-carbon pyruvate.
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. 1
• Glucose is phosphorylated by receiving a phosphate group from ATP to form 1
glucose - 6 - phosphate.
• Glucose - 6 - phosphate is then converted into its isomer, fructose-6- 1
phosphate.
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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

• Fructose-6-phosphate is then phosphorylated by receiving a phosphate group 1

from ATP to form fructose-1,6-diphosphate.
• Fructose-1,6-diphosphate is split into two 3C-sugar phosphates called triose 1
phosphate (glyceraldehyde-
• 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate). 1
• Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. 1
• The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate undergoes dehydrogenation/oxidation to 1
form phosphoglycerate.
• NADF1 is formed. Phosphogylycerate reacts with inorganic phosphate to form 1
glycerate-1,3- diphosphate.
• Each glycerate-1,3-diphosphate transfers a phosphate group to ADP to form 1
two ATP molecules and two molecules of glycerate-3- phosphate.
• Each glycerate-3-phosphate is rearranged and a water molecule is removed to 1
form two phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) molecules.
• Each PEP molecule transfers a phosphate group to form ATP and two moleules 1
is removed to form two phsphoenolpyruvate (PEP) molecules.
• During glycolysis, a net of two ATP, two pyruvate and two NADH are produced 1
from each glucose molecule.
(any 9 answers)

20
(a) • Photorespiration reduces the potential photosynthetic yield in C3 plant up to 1
50%.
• In C3 plants, photorespiration occurs when oxygen concentration is high, 1
compared to carbon dioxide.
• Oxygen acts as a competitive inhibitor to carbon dioxide for the enzyme RuBP 1
carboxylase (Rubisco).
• In the regular Calvin cycle, Rubisco catalyses the fixing of carbon dioxide to 1
RuBP. The products are 2 molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate to be used for
product synthesis.
• During photorespiration, RuBP is fixed to oxygen, instead of carbon dioxide. 1
• The product is only one molecule of glycerate-3- phosphate and a 2-carbon 1
phosphoglycolate.
• Two phosphoglycolates will have to be converted back to glycerate -3- 1
phosphate through a metabolic pathway in the chloroplast, peroxisome and
mitochondrion.
• ATP, NADPH and oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is released. 1
• There is no synthesis of ATP or other energy rich organic products. 1

• Competitive inhibition of RuBP carboxylase by oxygen 1

O2 + RuBP(5C) RuBP carboxylase phosphoglycolate(2C) + glycerate-3-phosphate(3C)

(any 6 answers)

(b) • CAM plants belong to the family of plants called Crassulacaeae which lives in 1
hot and dry regions.
• They show xeromorphic features such as waxy leaves, thick cuticles, succulent 1
leaves and stems; and leaves reduced to needle shape.
• CAM plants carry out photosynthesis in mesophyll cells in leaves, no Krantz 1
anatomy present.
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Trial Sem 1 2017 SMK THREE RIVERS, MUKAH

• The stomata opens only at night to prevent water loss through transpiration, 1
so carbon dioxide can enter through the stomata only at night.
• Carbon dioxide is fixed twice; first at night by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to 1
form oxaloacetate, catalysed by PEP carboxylase.
• PEP carboxylase has high affinity towards CO2. 1
• Oxaloacetate is reduced by NADPH to form malate. 1
• Malate is then stored in vacuoles to prevent pH change within the cells during 1
the night.
• During the day, the CO2 is fixed a second time in the mesophyll cells. 1
• High levels of carbon dioxide released from the decarboxylation of malate is 1
fixed by ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) in the regular Calvin cycle to produce
sugar and starch. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase.
• The Hatch Slack pathway shows temporal separation of carbon fixation. 1
• Photorespiration is avoided, thereby increasing photosynthetic yields. 1
(any 6 answers)

(c) • Increasing combustion of fossil fuels has led to an increase in carbon dioxide 1
concentration in the atmosphere.
• As a result, global warming is expected to increase which will result in rising 1
sea levels, increase in the melting of the polar ice caps, changes in vegetation
and unusual weather patterns.
• Fortunately, the atmospheric carbon dioxide does not increase by the amount 1
of carbon dioxide released.
• This is because roughly half the carbon dioxide released is absorbed by various 1
‘sinks in nature.
• Most of the carbon dioxide removed from the air each year is taken up by 1
green plants, both marine and terrestrial, in the photosynthesis process.
• The fixation of carbon dioxide by plants, such as the tropical rainforest and 1
algae bloom in the warm sea waters, is very important.
• C4 and CAM plants using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase can fix higher 1
amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide, through an additional Hatch Slack
pathway.
• At the same time, the photorespiration process in C3 plants which releases 1
carbon dioxide is prevented.
(any 3 answers)

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