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Trunk Collar Proboscis

Branchial
pouch Proboscis
Branchial coelom
pore
Stomochord
Trunk Collar
coelom coelom

(a) Anus Pharyngeal slit in pharynx

Collar
Proboscis Proboscis Branchial region
stalk Blastocoel

Mouth
Nerve ring Trunk
dorsal nerve cord Preoral
Collar nerve hood
cord

Trunk
ventral
nerve
cord
Anus
(b) (c) Ciliated bands

FIGURE 2.2 Hemichordata, Class Enteropneusta. (a) Generalized acorn worm. Proboscis, collar, and trunk regions are shown in
partial cutaway view, revealing the coelom in each and the associated internal anatomy.Within the proboscis is the stomochord, an
extension of the gut.The food-laden cord of mucus (spiral arrow) enters the mouth together with water.The food is directed through the
pharynx into the gut. Excess water exits via the pharyngeal slits. Several slits open into a common compartment, the pharyngeal pouch,
that in turn opens to the environment by a pharyngeal pore. (b) General structure of the acorn worm, Saccoglossus. (c) Hemichordate,
generalized tornaria larva.
(b) Source: G. Stiasny, 1910, “Zur kenntnis der lebenweise von Balanoglossus clavigerus,” Zoolisches Anzeiger 35, Gustav Fischer Verlag.
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(b)

Incurrent
Oral
siphon
tentacle

Cerebral
ganglion

Postanal Atrial
tail siphon
Notoch
Dorsal (excurrent)
Excurrent nerve cord Tunic
atrial siphon Epidermis

Otolith
Ocellus
Endostyle
Cerebral Stigmata
ganglion

Incurrent
branchial
siphon Tunic
Visceral
ganglion
Intestine
Heart

Adhesive Gonad
Branchial Ciliated band
basket papilla
with Stomach
(a) pharyngeal slits Stigmata

(c)

FIGURE 2.5 Urochordate, Class Ascidiacea. (a) Larval head of the ascidian Distaplia occidentalis. (b) Metamorphosis of ascidian larva
Distaplia. Left to right, the planktonic, nonfeeding larva settles and attaches to a substrate.Adhesive papillae hold the larva, the tail
contracts, and the outer cuticle of the tunic is shed. (c) Generalized adult urochordate.The flow of water is shown as it enters the
incurrent siphon and passes through modified pharyngeal slits (stigmata) into the atrium and out the excurrent siphon.At the right, several
of the highly subdivided pharyngeal slits are shown.
(a) Based on the research of. R. A. Cloney.
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Dorsal and tubular

nerve cord
Dorsal fin
Myomere
Notochord
Caudal fin

Hindgut Atriopore
Anus Midgut cecum
Ileocolic ring
Esophagus Oral hood
Postanal tail Midgut Pharyngeal slit

(a)

Ocellus
Notochord
Velar tentacle
Velum Hatschek's pit or groove
Dorsal and
tubular nerve cord Wheel organ
Notochord Oral hood
Pigment spot
Hatschek's pit
or Hatschek's groove

Wheel organ

Pharyngeal slit
Endostyle
Buccal cirri
(c) (b)

FIGURE 2.6 Cephalochordate, amphioxus. (a) Lateral view. (b) Enlargement of oral and pharyngeal regions. (c) Cross section
through oral hood.
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Epibranchial
Dorsal fin groove

Dorsal
nerve cord

Notochord

Ciliary tracts

Water Coelom
Dorsal
aorta
Epibranchial Primary
groove (septa) Skeletal
Coelom rod
Segmental
muscle Secondary
(myomere) (tongue
bar)
Blood
Atrium vessel
Water
Pharyngeal
Pharynx bars

Ovary

Endostyle Accessory
artery
Metapleural
fold Endostylar
artery
Coelom
Endostyle

FIGURE 2.7 Amphioxus in cross section.The slanted pharyngeal bars encircle the pharynx. Enlarged at right are individual
pharyngeal bars cut transversely at right angles to their long axis.The coelom continues into some of the branchial bars.
After Smith; Moller and Philpott; Baskin and Detmers.
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Dorsal fins Eye

Location of pineal gland
Caudal fin Nostril

External gill slit Buccal funnel

Tail
Trunk
Region of urogenital papilla
(a)

Papillae

Teeth

Teeth on tongue

Heart (b)
Notochord Pericardial cavity
Myomere Junction with afferent branchial artery
Spinal cord Ventral aorta
Dorsal aorta Esophagus
Hypophyseal pouch
Brain
Olfactory sac
Pineal gland Nostril

Nasal canal
Cranial cartilage

Pleuroperitoneal cavity Sinus Branchial

Liver venosus tube
Velar Pharynx
Gonad Internal Tooth
tentacle Tongue
gill slit Papillae
Intestine Lingual cartilage
Internal Lingual muscle Buccal cavity
(c) jugular vein

FIGURE 3.6 The adult lamprey, Petromyzon. (a) External morphology of the adult lamprey. (b) Ventral view of the structure of the
mouth. (c) Midsagittal section of the anterior half of the body.
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Pineal gland
Olfactory sac
Hypophyseal pouch
FIGURE 3.8 Cross sections of the adult lamprey.
Cranial cartilage
(a) Section through the pineal gland and eyes.
Carotid artery
(b) Section through the 3rd or 4th branchial slit.Two
sets of gill lamellae are seen.The section passes
through the most lateral lamellae in the region of an
external gill slit.The medial lamellae are slanted
Lens of eye
laterally and caudally to communicate with a more
posterior gill slit. (c) Section through the liver and
Eye muscle
intestine. (d) Section through the tail region.

(a)

Notochord Dorsal aorta

Anterior cardinal vein Esophagus

Branchial tube
Gill lamellae

External gill opening

Fin rays
Branchial pouch
Ventral aorta

Inferior jugular vein

(b)

Spinal cord

Notochord
Myomere
Dorsal aorta Spinal cord
Myosepta
Posterior cardinal
vein
Notochord
Kidney

Caudal artery
Testis Caudal vein

Intestine Liver

(c) (d)
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Heart
Esophagus
Spinal cord Eyespot
Gallbladder
Ear vesicle Prosencephalon
Notochord Liver
Dorsal fin Intestine
Caudal fin

Oral tentacles
Velum
Anus
Gill filament
Gill slit
Myomere
(a)

Spinal cord
Notochord

Dorsal aorta
Spinal cord
Epibranchial
groove
Notochord
Gill filament

Pharynx Posterior cardinal

vein
Pronephric kidney
Intestine
Hemopoietic tissue

Subpharyngeal
gland

(b) (c)

FIGURE 3.10 Ammocoetes larva. (a) External morphology. (b) Cross section through the pharynx. (c) Cross section through the
intestine.
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Neural spine
Myoseptum
Dorsal rib
Horizontal Centrum
Neural arch
septum Neural arch
Neural tube
Neural canal
Notochord
Dorsal rib
Blood
Centrum vessels
Notochord Skin

Basapophysis Mesentery
Hemal arch
Intestine
Body wall
Hemal canal
Ventral rib Outer wall
of coelomic Ventral
rib Median
cavity ventral septum
Hemal spine
(a) Trunk vertebra (b) Caudal vertebra (c) Fish ribs

Prezygapophysis
Postzygapophysis

Diapophysis

Tuberculum

Parapophysis
Floating
rib Capitulum
Pleurocentrum
False rib Intercentrum

Costal segment

Sternal segment

(d) Sternum

FIGURE 5.4 Ribs. (a) Cross section of trunk vertebra of a fish. (b) Cross section of caudal vertebra of a fish. (c) In fishes, dorsal ribs
develop where myosepta intersect with the horizontal septum, and ventral ribs develop where myosepta meet the wall of the coelomic
cavity. (d) Amniote ribs. Ribs are named on the basis of their articulation with the sternum (true ribs), with each other (false ribs), or with
nothing ventrally (floating ribs). Primitively, ribs are bicipital, having two heads, a capitulum and a tuberculum, that articulate respectively with
the parapophysis on the intercentrum or the diapophysis on the neural arch.The body of the rib may differentiate into a dorsal part, the
vertebral rib or costal segment, and a ventral part, the sternal rib or segment that articulates with the sternum.
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Neural spine Interneural Nerve

arch foramen
Neural
arch Neural Neural
Neural arch canal
canal
Notochord
Centrum
Notochord
Centrum
Hemal arch

Hemal canal Basapophysis

Hemal spine Rib

Cross section of Trunk vertebrae

caudal vertebra

Squalus

FIGURE 5.7 The axial skeleton in the shark Squalus.The vertebral elements tend to enlarge in elasmobranchs, surpassing the
notochord as the major mechanical support for the body in modern sharks.

Neural spine

Ligament

Neural
arch

Interneural Notochord

Rib

Ventral arch
(a) Sturgeon vertebrae (b)
(lateral) Two part
neural
spine
Neural
arch Ligament
Ligament Basapophysis
Dorsal
Dorsal rib rib

Ventral
rib

(c) Teleost vertebrae (d) Teleost vertebra

(lateral) (end view)

FIGURE 5.8 Actinopterygian vertebrae. (a) Sturgeon vertebrae, lateral view. (b) Axial skeleton of the bowfin Amia calva. (c) Teleost
vertebrae, lateral view. (d) Teleost vertebra, end view.
(a, c) After Jollie; (b) after Jarvik.
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(a)

Neural spine

Postzygapophysis
Neural spine
Prezygapophysis

Postzygapophysis
Diapophysis
Prezygapophysis
Tuberculum

Hemal spine Rib

(b) Capitulum
Parapophysis
(c)

FIGURE 5.9 Skeleton of the mudpuppy, Necturus. (a) Skeleton, dorsal view. (b) Caudal vertebra. (c) Trunk vertebra with articulated
ribs. Cranial is to the right in both (b) and (c).
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Transverse process of Transverse process of

trunk vertebra sacral vertebra
Ilium

Urostyle FIGURE 5.10 Skeleton of a bullfrog; dorsal view.

(a)

Prezygapophysis
Neural spine
Neural arch Axis Atlas
Postzygapophysis Neural spine
Transverse process
Diapophysis Neural arch of axis
Neural arch Proatlas
Tuberculum
Neural
Vertebral rib arch of
Transverse Procoelous
centra atlas
process
Intermediate Odontoid
rib Parapophysis process
Hemal arch
Intercentrum
Capitulum
Sternal or costal rib of atlas
Hypocentrum
(b) (c) (d) Ribs

FIGURE 5.11 Skeleton of an alligator. (a) Lateral view of complete skeleton. (b) Two caudal vertebrae. (c) Oblique view of two
thoracic vertebrae. (d) Lateral view of cervical vertebrae. Cranial is to the right in (b–d).
(d) Redrawn from E. S. Goodrich, Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates.
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Cervical
vertebra

Trunk vertebra

Capitulum
of rib

Carapace

Caudal vertebra

FIGURE 5.12 Skeleton of a painted turtle, ventral view. The

plastron has been cut away to reveal the internal skeletal detail.
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Vertebral section of rib

Uncinate process
Sternal section of rib

Synsacrum

Postzygapophysis Prezygapophysis
Ilium

Transverse
process

Heterocoelous centra
Hypapophysis
(b) Cervical rib

(a)
Caudal vertebra

Pygostyle
(c)

FIGURE 5.13 Skeleton of a pigeon. (a) Articulated skeleton with the left member of paired structures not included for clarity.
(b) Cervical vertebrae, lateral view. (c) Synsacrum, ventral view; cranial is up.
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Intervertebral foramen

Hyoid

Manubrium

Clavicle

Xiphisternum
Sternebrae

AXIS Neural spine

Neural arch
(a)
Postzygapophysis

Transverse process Neural canal

Transverse formen Centrum

Prezygapophysis Neural spine

Odontoid process
Neural spine
Neural arch Prezygapophysis
Neural canal Neural canal
ATLAS Postzygapophysis Transverse process
Neural arch Prezygapophysis
Neural arch

Postzygapophysis Transverse foramen

Transverse Neural canal
process Full facet
Prezygapophysis
(b) Transverse process Demifacet Centrum
Tuberculum Centrum
(c) (d)
Neck
Angle
Neural spine
Postzygapophysis
Capitulum Mammillary process
Accessory process Neural spine
Postzygapophysis
Prezygapophysis Prezygapophysis

Intervertebral foramen Centrum

Body or shaft
Hemal arch
Transverse process Centrum
Articular surface
with ilium Centrum

(e) (f) (g) (h)

FIGURE 5.14 Axial column of a cat. (a) Complete skeleton, lateral view. (b) Atlas (bottom) and axis (top).All vertebrae
(b–d, f–h) are in oblique view, with the cranial end to the right. (c) More caudal cervical vertebra. (d) Thoracic vertebra. (e) Rib.
(f) Lumbar vertebra. (g) Sacral vertebra. (h) Caudal vertebra.
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(a)

Puboischiac bar Iliac process

1
Iliac process
1
1
Puboischiac bar
1

1
1 Coracoid bar
Propterygium
1
1 Scapular process
Metapterygium Propterygium
1 1
1 Scapular cartilage
Mesopterygium
Metapterygium 1

Radials 1

1 1
Radials Ceratotrichia

1
Ceratotrichia

1
Clasper

Female Male
(b) (c)

FIGURE 5.16 Right pelvic and right pectoral girdles of a shark. (a) Skeleton showing the general position of each girdle. (b) Female
(left) and male (right) pelvic girdles, ventral view. Note the elongate clasper of the male used for sperm transfer. (c) Pectoral girdle (similar
in males and females), ventral view.
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(a)

Suprascapular cartilage
Ischiac cartilage
Scapula
Ilium

Coracoid cartilage
Obturator foramen

Ischium Procoracoid cartilage

Pubic cartilage

Femur
Humerus

Metatarsal Carpals
Tibia
Phalanges Radius
Fibula
Metacarpal
Ulna
Tarsals Phalanges

(b) (c)

FIGURE 5.17 Right pelvic and right pectoral girdles of Necturus. (a) Skeleton showing the general position of each girdle. (b) Pelvic
girdle, oblique view. (c) Pectoral girdle, oblique view.
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(a)

Suprascapular cartilage

Scapula

Ilium

Head

Ischium
Femur

Pubis

Procoracoid
Humerus

Sternum
Fibula

Radius Interclavicle
Tibia
Ulna

Carpals

Calcaneus (fibulare) Metacarpals

Astragalus (tibiale) Phalanges
Metatarsals

Phalanges

Claws

(b) (c)

FIGURE 5.18 Right pelvic and right pectoral girdles of an alligator. (a) Skeleton showing the general position of each girdle. (b) Pelvic
girdle, lateral view. (c) Pectoral girdle, lateral view.
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Phalanges
I Carpals
II
Radiale
III Intermedium
Radius
IV
Humerus Acromion
V
Ulnare Ulna Scapula
Pisiform

Procoracoid Cervical
(c) vertebra

Trunk vertebra

Capitulum
of rib

Carapace

Epipubic cartilage Caudal vertebra

(b) Pubis
Prepubic process Pubic symphysis (a)
Femur
Obturator foramen
Tibia
Fibula Ischium
Ischiac symphysis
Astragalus Ilium
Calcanium
Metatarsal
Tarsal

V
I Phalanges
II III IV

FIGURE 5.19 Right pelvic and right pectoral girdles of a turtle. (a) Skeleton with plastron removed showing the general position of
each girdle. (b) Pelvic girdle, ventral view. (c) Pectoral girdle, ventral view.
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Phalanx
Metacarpal II & III
Phalanx
Metacarpal I
Phalanx Carpometacarpus
Radiale
Ulnare
Ulna
Radius
Olecranon process
Humerus Lesser tuberosity
Pneumatic foramen
Deltoid ridge

Greater tuberosity
Scapula

Procoracoid

Clavicle

Interclavicle
Furculum
(c)
Costal process
Anterior
xiphisternal
process

Sternum

Posterior
xiphisternal
process
Keel
Greater trochanter

Femur

Condyle
Patella
Fibula

Tibiotarsus

Malleolus
Tarsometatarsus
(a)
Phalanges
Hallux
(b)

FIGURE 5.20 Right pelvic and right pectoral girdles of a pigeon. (a) Skeleton showing the general position of each girdle.The left
element of paired structures is not shown for clarity. (b) Hindlimb, lateral view. (c) Partial pectoral girdle and forelimb, lateral view.
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(a)

Trochanteric fossa Greater

Greater trochanter Fovea capitis trochanter

Intertrochanteric
Wing of ilium Head line

Neck Lesser trochanter

Articular scar Posterior Articular scar
inferior
Iliopectineal spine Iliopectineal
eminence eminence Linea aspera
Body of ilium
Body of pubis
Acetabulum

Ischial spine Rami of pubis

Obturator foramen Rami of ischium

Intercondyloid fossa
Body of ischium
Pubic symphysis Ischial tuberosity Medial epicondyle
Lateral condyle
(b) (c) (d) Medial condyle (e)
Patellar surface
Popliteal notch Lateral epicondyle
Fibulare (calcaneum)
Medial condyle Lateral condyle
Tibial tuberosity Head of fibula Astagalus (talus)
First tarsale
Tibial crest Tarsalia Centralialand 2
4&5
First metatarsal
Patella
Second tarsale
Third tarsale
Tibia
Second metatarsal

Fibula Fibula
Phalanges

Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus

(f) (g) Dorsal projection (h) (i)

FIGURE 5.22 Right pelvic girdle and right hindlimb of a cat. (a) Lateral view of cat skeleton. (b) Innominate bone, dorsal view.
(c) Innominate bone, ventral view. (d) Femur, anterior view. (e) Femur, posterior view. (f) Patella. (g) Tibia and fibula, anterior view. (h) Tibia
and fibula, posterior view. (i) Hind foot, ventral view.
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Vertebral border

Infraspinous (a)
fossa

Tuberosity
of spine

Axillary Subscapular
border fossa
Olecranon
Metacromion process

Semilunar Head
notch
Glenoid Anterior
fossa border Metacromion Head
Supraspinous Bicipital
fossa tuberosity
Neck
Acromion
Bicipital
tuberosity
Coracoid
Clavicle process
Glenoid
Clavicle fossa
(b) (c)

Lesser
tuberosity

Greater
tuberosity Greater tuberosity
Head Interosseous
crest

Pectoral
ridge

Deltoid
ridge

(f) (g)
Styloid process Styloid process

Lesser multangular
Metacarpals
Greater multangular
Supracondyloid
(d) foramen (e) Scapholunar

Triquetral

Lateral Medial Pisiform Capitate

epicondyle Supracondyloid Hamate
epicondyle Claw
ridge
Trochlea Olecranon
fossa Phalanges
Capitulum (h)

FIGURE 5.24 Right scapula, clavicle, and forelimb skeleton of a cat. (a) Lateral view of cat skeleton. (b) Scapula and clavicle, lateral
view. (c) Scapula and clavicle, medial view. (d) Humerus, anterior view. (e) Humerus, posterior view. (f) Articulated radius and ulna, lateral
view. (g) Radius and ulna, anterior view. (h) Forefoot, dorsal view.
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Perilymphatic Superficial opthalmicforamina

foramen
Orbit Epiphyseal foramen

Precerebral cavity

Endolymphatic Supraorbital Rostrum

fossa Postorbital process crest
Antorbital process Nasal capsule
(a)
Otic capsule Basitrabecular
process

Rostral carina

Optic pedicel Anterior orbital

(b) shelf Nares
Basal plate
Notochord Nasal capsule
Occipital condyle
Rostral fenestra
Exit of vagus (X) nerve

Exit of glossopharyngeal
(IX) nerve

(c)
Foramen magnum

FIGURE 5.29 Chondrocranium and splanchnocranium of the shark. (a) Chondrocranium, dorsal view. (b) Chondrocranium, ventral
view. (c) Chondrocranium, posterior view. See page 70 for figure 5.29 d and e.
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Otic capsule Supraorbital

Adductor Optic crest
process pedicel Orbital process

Pharyngobranchial
Epibranchial

Nares
Ceratobranchial
Nasal capsule
Basibranchial Optic foramen

Labial cartilage
Hypobranchial
Hyomandibular
(d)
Ceratobranchial Hypobranchial

Basibranchial

Palatoquadrate

Meckel's cartilage

Ceratohyal

Basihyal

Labial cartilage

(e)

FIGURE 5.29 Continued. (d) Chondrocranium with attached splanchnocranium, lateral view. (e) Splanchnocranium, ventral view.
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Rostral
Supratemporal Premaxilla Nasal
Hyomandibula Anterior nostril Antorbital
Postparietal
Infraorbito-suborbitals Posterior nostril
Extrascapular ("postorbitals") Lacrimal
Posttemporal Intertemporal Jugal
Supracleithrum Lacrimal Parietal
Premaxilla Intertemporal
Jugal
Maxilla Postparietal
Opercular
Supramaxilla Supratemporal
Postcleithrum
Dentary Extrascapular
Cleithrum
Surangular Opercular
Subopercular Preopercular Gular
Quadrate Posttemporal
Branchiostegals Interopercular Angular
(a) (b)

FIGURE 5.30 Skull of the bowfin, Amia, a chondrostean. Lateral (a) and dorsal (b) views.
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Quadrate
Quadrate cartilage Frontal
Squamosal
Parietal
Premaxilla
Exoccipital
Basal plate Trabecular horn
Foramen magnum Ethmoid plate
Opisthotic
(a) Synotic Prootic Antorbital process
tectum

Pterygoid
Quadrate
Vomer
Prootic
Opisthotic
Premaxilla
Parasphenoid

(b)

Frontal Vomer
Pterygoid
Premaxilla
Parietal

Dentary
Ceratohyal
Hypohyal
Epibranchials Basibranchial
(c) Basibranchial Ceratobranchial

Hypohyal

Ceratohyal
Epibranchials

Basibranchials
(d) Ceratobranchial

FIGURE 5.31 Skull of Necturus. (a) Dorsal view.

Dermatocranium (top, shaded) and chondrocranium (lower,
unshaded). (b) Ventral view of skull with jaw removed. (c) Lateral
view of skull with splanchnocranium attached.
(d) Splanchnocranium, ventral view.
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Postorbital bar
(a)

Quadratojugal
Quadrate

Parietal External nares

Supratemporal fenestra
Nasal
Squamosal
Postorbital Premaxilla

Maxilla
Infratemporal fenestra
Condyle of quadrate
Prefrontal
Frontal Jugal Lacrimal

(b) Palatine process of pterygoids

Internal nares
Ectopterygoid Palatine process of palatines
Jugal
Posterior palatine vacuities
Quadratojugal
Palatine process of maxilla
Quadrate

Palatine process
of premaxilla

Incisive foramen

(c)
Location of interorbital septum
External auditory meatus Lacrimal canal
Nasal

Quadrate

Quadratojugal

Foramen ovale

Laterosphenoid
Maxilla
Premaxilla
Rostrum to the basisphenoid Ectopterygoid

Pterygoid

FIGURE 5.32 Skull of alligator. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view. See page 74 for figures 5.32 d, e, and f.
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(d)
Supraoccipital

Exoccipital

Foramen magnum

Tympanic bulla

Occipital condyle

Basioccipital

Basisphenoid

(e)
External mandibular fenestra
Articular
Surangular

Retroarticular process
Lateral View

Dentary
Angular

(f)
Articular Angular Coronoid

Mandibular foramen
Splenial

Medial View

FIGURE 5.32 Continued. (d) Posterior view. (e) Lateral view of jaw. (f ) Medial view of jaw.
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(a) Temporal emarginations

Parietal
Postorbital
Frontal

Prefrontal
Supraoccipital External nares Pterygoid
(b)
Posterior palatine vacuity

Palatine

Prootic
Foramina Incisive foramen
Opisthotic

Quadrate Basioccipital
Postorbital Exoccipital
Squamosal

Quadratojugal
Occipital condyle

Basisphenoid
Internal
nares
Quadrate

Supraoccipital Temporal emarginations Vomer

(c)

Postorbital
Jugal
Orbit

External nares

Squamosal Maxilla (covered by beak)

Quadratojugal
Premaxilla (covered by beak)
Stapes

Quadrate

Surangular

Dentary

Meckelian foramen
Coronoid Meckelian groove
(d) Articular
Splenial

Prearticular

Angular Dentary

FIGURE 5.33 Skull of turtle. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Lateral view of skull and jaw. (d) Medial view of jaw.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:13 AM Page 57

Sq Pt
Eo F
Qj Po L
Q J
P M
Pm M Pm
So
So
Frontal N Pal
Ps

Ops Q M
L V
J
Postorbital Bs Qj
Sq process
(a) (b) Jugal bar

F P
So

F
Po L
P N
So
Sq Ls
Pal Sq
Ops Q Pt

V M
Bs Qj J Eo
Sa Bo
Ar D

An

(c) (d)

FIGURE 5.34 Bird skull. In the adult bird, sutures between skull bones fuse to obliterate identifiable borders. Dorsal (a), ventral (b),
lateral (c), and posterior (d) views of the skull of a young gosling (Anser) before bones fuse. Abbreviations: angular (An), articular (Ar),
basioccipital (Bo), basisphenoid (Bs), dentary (D), exoccipital (Eo), frontal (F), jugal (J), lacrimal (L), laterosphenoid (Ls), maxilla (M), nasal
(N), opisthootic (Ops), parietal (P), palatine (Pal), premaxilla (Pm), postorbital (Po), parasphenoid (Ps), pterygoid (Pt), quadrate (Q),
quadratojugal (Qj), surangular (Sa), supraoccipital (So), squamosal (Sq), and vomer (V).
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:16 AM Page 59

(a) Frontal
Parietal Maxilla
Occipital
bone Premaxilla

External nares
Tentorium Olfactory fossa
Cerebral Cribriform plate (d)
Nasal Cerebellar
fossa
fossa
Orbital process Frontal sinus
of maxilla
Turbinate
Interparietal Orbit bone

Temporal fenestra Postorbital

process
Zygomatic arch
Petrous part
of petromastoid

Internal auditory meatus

Temporal fossa Sella turcica Sphenoid
Squamous portion of temporal Pterygoid sinus
Zygomatic process of temporal process
(b)
Parietal Postorbital processes
Occipital bone Alisphenoid
Frontal
Interparietal
Lacrimal
Nasolacrimal canal

Nuchal Nasal
line
Orbital process of maxilla
Jugular
Frontal process
process
Premaxilla
Hamulus Jugal
Mastoid Alveolar process of maxilla
External
process Zygomatic Infraorbital
auditory Presphenoid
Tympanic meatus process canal
bulla Zygomatic of maxilla
process Coronoid process
Stylomastoid Basisphenoid of jugal Palatine (e)
foramen
Mandibular
Vomer Ramus
Tympanic fossa Condyloid
bulla Palatine process
(c) process
Occipital of maxilla
condyle Palatine
process
of premaxilla
Incisive Mental foramina
foramen Angular process Body
Lateral View
Posterior
palatine (f)
Foramen foramen
magnum Palatine Coronoid
process process Mandibular foramen
of palatine
Basisphenoid Pterygoid
process
Presphenoid
Eustachian Condyloid
canal process
Mandibular
symphysis
Angular process Medial View

FIGURE 5.35 Skull of a cat. (a) Dorsal view. (b) Lateral view without the lower jaw. (c) Ventral view without the lower jaw.
(d) Sagittal view. (e) Lateral view of jaw. (f) Medial view of jaw.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:16 AM Page 61

Dorsal longitudinal bundle Cucullaris

Myomeres Dorsal constrictors
Myosepta Second dorsal constrictor
Horizontal septum
Levator hyomandibulae (epihyoideus)
Scapular process Raphe Hyomandibular nerve

Spiracularis
Spiracle
Levator palatoquadrati
Superior rectus
Superior oblique

Nasal capsule

Inferior oblique
Preorbitalis
Intermandibularis
Ventral constrictors Inferior rectus

Gill slits Adductor mandibulae

Extensors

Lateral longitudinal bundle

Ventral longitudinal bundle

FIGURE 6.6 Lateral view of the trunk, branchial, and cephalic musculature of a shark.
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Flexors

Siphon

Cloaca

Clasper

FIGURE 6.7 Ventral view of the pelvic fins of a male (left) and female (right) shark.
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Nasal capsule

Inferior oblique

Inferior rectus

Meckel's cartilage

Thyroid gland
Adductor mandibulae

Interhyoideus

Intermandibularis

Coracomandibularis
Coracohyoid

Ventral constrictors

Common coracoarcual

Coracoid bar
Ventral longitudinal bundle

Flexors (ventral side of fin)

Linea alba

(a)
FIGURE 6.9 Trunk, branchial, and cephalic musculature of a shark. (a) Ventral view and (b) dorsal view.
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Superior oblique

Superior rectus

Lateral rectus

Levator palatoquadrati

Spiracularis

Adductor mandibulae

Spiracle Levator hyomandibulae

(epihyoideus)
Pharyngobranchial cartilage

Epibranchial cartilage

Interarcuals Gill slits

Dorsal longitudinal bundles

Dorsal constrictors
Horizontal septum

Lateral longitudinal bundle Cucullaris

Ventral longitudinal bundle Scapular process

Extensors
(dorsal side of fin)

(b)

FIGURE 6.9 Continued.

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Superior
ophthalmic nerve Nasal sac
Epiphysis
Infraorbital nerve
Inferior oblique
Optic nerve
Superior oblique

Trochlear nerve (4)

Superior rectus
Medial rectus Mandibular nerve (5)
Lateral rectus
Oculomotor Hyomandibular nerve (7)
nerve (3)

Glossopharyngeal nerve (9)

Vagus nerve (10)

Hypobranchial nerve

FIGURE 6.10 Extrinsic eye musculature of a shark (dorsal view).The extrinsic eye muscles are derived from somitomeres and rotate
the eyeball within the orbit in order to direct the gaze.The roof of the chondrocranium has been removed to expose several extrinsic
muscles (left).The superior oblique, superior rectus, medial rectus, and lateral rectus muscles have been cut to expose the deeper
extrinsic muscles (right).
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:22 AM Page 71

Branchiohyoideus

Gular fold
Humeroantebrachialis
Interhyoideus

Coracobrachialis Geniohyoid

Intermandibularis

Pectoralis
Subarcual
Rectus
abdominis Rectus
cervicis
Linea alba
Procoracohumeralis
Omoarcual

Supracoracoideus

FIGURE 6.11 Ventral trunk, branchial, and cephalic musculature of Necturus.

kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:25 AM Page 73

Dorsalis scapulae
Latissimus dorsi Dilatator laryngis Branchiohyoideus
Dorsalis trunci Levatores arcuum Depressor mandibulae
Horizontal septum Levator mandibular externus

Intermandibularis
Interhyoideus
Procoracohumeralis
Rectus cervicis
Triceps brachii
Pectoriscapularis
Cucullaris

Extensors Humeroantebrachialis

(a)

Cut ends of gills

Levators arcuum Dorsalis trunci

Dilatator laryngis Levator mandibulae externus

Levator mandibulae anterior

Branchiohyoideus

(b) Depressor mandibulae

FIGURE 6.12 Trunk, branchial, and cephalic musculature of Necturus. (a) Lateral and (b) dorsal view.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:32 AM Page 75

External oblique
Dorsalis trunci
Horizontal septum

Caudocruralis
Iliotibialis
Caudofemoralis Ilioextensorius
Pubo-ischio-femoralis internus
Pubotibialis

FIGURE 6.13 Lateral trunk and hindlimb musculature of Necturus.

Cloacal gland
Pubo-ischio-femoralis externus
Ischiocaudalis

Caudocruralis
Rectus abdominis
Cloacal opening Linea alba

Pubo-ischio-tibialis
Pubotibialis
Ischioflexorius
Pubo-ischio-femoralis internus

FIGURE 6.14 Ventral trunk and hindlimb musculature of Necturus.

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Digastric

Mylohyoid

Masseter

Geniohyoid
Lymph node

Salivary glands

Sternohyoid

Sternomastoid

Clavotrapezius

Cleidomastoid

Pectoralis major

Pectoantebrachialis

Clavobrachialis

Pectoralis major

Epitrochlearis

Pectoralis minor

Latissimus dorsi

Xiphihumeralis

FIGURE 6.15 Superficial (viewer’s left) and deep (viewer’s right) ventral trunk, branchial, and cephalic musculature of a cat.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:32 AM Page 79

Digastric

Geniohyoid

Sternomastoid
Hyoglossus

Pectoralis minor

Thyrohyoid
Reflected end of
pectoralis major
Levator scapulae ventralis

Reflected end of Sternohyoid

pectoantebrachialis
Sternothyroid

Coracobrachialis
Subscapularis

Transversus costarum
Biceps brachii
Teres major

Medial head
of triceps brachii
Long head of
triceps brachii
Scalenus
Serratus ventralis
Rectus abdominis
External intercostal
Latissimus dorsi

Transversus
Xiphihumeralis
Internal oblique

External oblique

FIGURE 6.15 Continued, deep (viewer’s right) ventral trunk, branchial, and cephalic musculature of a cat.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:32 AM Page 81

Digastric

Masseter Mylohyoid

Geniohyoid
Lymph node

Parotid gland Hyoglossus

Hyoid

Submaxillary gland
Transverse jugular vein

Thyroid cartilage Thyrohyoid

Sternothyroid

Sternohyoid
External jugular vein

Pectoralis major
Sternomastoid
Pectoantebrachialis
Clavotrapezius

Cleidomastoid

Clavicle

Clavobrachialis

(a)

FIGURE 6.16 Superficial (viewer’s right) and deep (viewer’s left) head and neck musculature of a cat. (a) Ventral view. (b) Diagram
indicating the origination of the names of some neck muscles based upon their origins and insertions.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:32 AM Page 83

Geniohyoid

Chin (genio = chin)

Hyoglossus

Base of tongue (glossus = tongue)

Hyoid
Cricothyroid

Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage

Sternothyroid

(b) Sternohyoid

FIGURE 6.16 Superficial (viewer’s right) and deep (viewer’s left) head and neck musculature of a cat. (a) Ventral view. (b) Diagram
indicating the origination of the names of some neck muscles based upon their origins and insertions.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:32 AM Page 85

Parotid gland
Submaxillary gland
Temporalis
Sternomastoid
Latissimus dorsi
Clavotrapezius
Acromiotrapezius
Levator scapulae ventralis
Spinotrapezius

Spinodeltoid

Parotid duct

Masseter

Lymph node

Anterior facial vein

Posterior facial vein

External jugular vein

Clavobrachialis
Acromiodeltoid

Lateral head of triceps brachii

Long head of triceps brachii

FIGURE 6.17 Superficial neck and shoulder musculature of a cat, lateral view.
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Temporalis

Clavotrapezius

Acromiotrapezius
Levator scapulae ventralis
Brachioradialis Clavobrachialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Acromiodeltoid

Spinodeltoid

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digitorum lateralis

Extensor digitorum communis

Lateral head of triceps brachii

Long head of triceps brachii

Spinotrapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Lumbodorsal fascia

FIGURE 6.18 Musculature of the dorsal left forelimb of a cat. Superficial.

kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:32 AM Page 89

Splenius

Rhomboideus capitis

Rhomboideus
Supraspinatus

Head of humerus

Spine of scapula
Infraspinatus

Medial head of triceps brachii

Brachialis

Extensor carpi
radialis longus

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Supinator

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Reflected end of extensor digitorum lateralis

Reflected end of extensor digitorum communis Teres major Serratus ventralis

Long head of triceps brachii

FIGURE 6.18 continued, Musculature of the dorsal left forelimb of a cat. Deep.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:32 AM Page 91

Temporalis

Rhomboideus capitis

Rhomboideus

Splenius

Serratus ventralis

Masseter

Scalenus posterior

Scalenus anterior

Scalenus medius

Transversus costarum

Rectus abdominis

FIGURE 6.19 Lateral thoracic muscles of a cat.

kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:33 AM Page 93

Clavotrapezius
Levator
Clavobrachialis scapulae
Extensor carpi radialis brevis ventralis
Acromiodeltoid
Extensor
digitorum Extensor Spinodeltoid
lateralis digitorum
communis Brachialis

Brachioradialis
Extensor retinaculum

Flexor digitorum profundus

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor
carpi radialis
longus Lateral head
of triceps brachii

Long head
of triceps brachii
Extensor digitorum lateralis
Extensor carpi ulnaris (a)
Flexor digitorum profundus
Brachioradialis

Extensor digitorum communis

(b) Supinator

FIGURE 6.20 Musculature of the dorsal left forelimb of a cat. (a) Superficial and (b) deep.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:33 AM Page 95

Clavobrachialis
Pectoantebrachialis

Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum
superficialis long head
Epitrochlearis

Flexor retinaculum
(a)
Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor digitorum
profundus humeral heads Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum
profundus radial head
Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum Flexor digitorum

superficialis long head Flexor digitorum superficialis long head
superficialis deep head Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum
(b) profundus ulnar head

FIGURE 6.21 Musculature of the ventral left forelimb of a cat. (a) Superficial and (b) deep.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:33 AM Page 97

Sartorius

Tensor fasciae latae

Fascia lata

Caudofemoralis

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior

(a) Peroneus Soleus

Extensor digitorum longus

Retinaculum

FIGURE 6.22 Lateral musculature of cat hindlimb. Superficial.

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Reflected edge of tensor fasciae latae

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Sartorius

Vastus lateralis

Caudofemoralis

Adductor femoris

Reflected edge of biceps femoris

Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior

Soleus
Sciatic nerve
Peroneus
Semitendinosus
Extensor digitorum longus
Tenuissimus
Retinaculum
(b) Semimembranosus

FIGURE 6.22 continued, Lateral view of cat hindlimb. Deep.

kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:35 AM Page 101

Rectus abdominis

External oblique

Iliopsoas
Pectineus

Adductor longus
Vastus medialis

Adductor femoris

Sartorius

Gracilis
Semitendinosus

Gastrocnemius
Flexor digitorum longus

Tibialis anterior
Plantaris
Tibia

(a) Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of tibialis posterior

Tendon of tibialis anterior
Tendons of extensor digitorum longus

FIGURE 6.23 Medial musculature of cat hindlimb. Superficial.

kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:35 AM Page 103

Rectus abdominis

External oblique

Tensor fasciae latae

Iliopsoas

Rectus femoris
Pectineus
Vastus medialis

Fascia lata
Semimembranosus

Reflected end of sartorius

Reflected end of gracilis

Adductor longus
Reflected end of semitendinosus
Adductor femoris
Tibia
Gastrocnemius

Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior

Tibialis anterior
(b) Plantaris

FIGURE 6.23 continued, Medial musculature of cat hindlimb. Deep.

kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/14/01 6:05 PM Page 105

Hepatic portal vein Transverse septum

Median lobe of the liver

Gastrohepatoduodenal ligament
Gall bladder
Hepatic artery
Left lobe of the liver
Pancreaticomesenteric Papillae of the esophagus
artery and vein
Gonad (testis or ovary)
Hepatoduodenal Celiac artery
ligament
Rugae of the stomach
Ventral lobe of
the pancreas

Posterior cardinal vein

Dorsal aorta with
Anterior lienogastric vein intersegmental arteries
Duodenum Gastric artery and vein
Gastrohepatic ligament
Anterior intestinal artery and vein
Ventral gastric artery and vein

Lienomesenteric vein Pylorus of stomach

Lesser curvature of the stomach

Posterior intestinal vein
Body of stomach
Spiral valve
Greater curvature of the stomach

Gastrosplenic (lienogastric) artery Dorsal lobe of the pancreas

Anterior mesenteric artery Spleen

Posterior lienogastric vein

Valvular intestine

Rectal gland Kidney

Colon Posterior mesenteric artery

Mesorectum

Iliac artery

Cloaca

FIGURE 7.3 Ventral view of the pleuroperitoneal cavity of a shark.

kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/14/01 6:06 PM Page 107

Median lobe of the liver

Gall bladder
Hepatic artery
Celiac artery

Dorsal gastric artery and vein

Hepatic portal vein

Ventral gastric artery and vein

Right lobe of the liver

Choledochal vein

Gastric artery and vein

Common bile duct

Pancreaticomesenteric artery
Pancreaticomesenteric vein

Isthmus
Ventral lobe of the pancreas
Dorsal gastric
Anterior intestinal artery and vein
artery and vein
Duodenum Anterior lienogastric vein

Lienomesenteric vein

Dorsal lobe of the pancreas

Spleen
Anterior mesenteric artery Posterior lienogastric vein

Posterior intestinal vein

Gastrosplenic (lienogastric) artery

Valvular intestine

Kidney

Posterior mesenteric artery

Rectal gland

Colon

FIGURE 7.4 Blood supply of the shark digestive system.

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Left atrium

Ventricle

Transverse septum

Gastrohepatic ligament
Gastric artery

Left lung

Spleen
Gastrosplenic ligament Pulmonary ligament
Ventral gastric artery Oviduct
Pulmonary vein
Rugae Mesotubarium
Stomach Parietal vein joining the left
Hepatic portal vein posterior cardinal vein
Pancreaticoduodenal Dorsal aorta
artery
Pyloric sphincter

Gastrosplenic vein
Splenic artery
Pancreas
Celiacomesenteric artery
Duodenum
Liver
Hepatic artery Mesenteric branch of celiacomesenteric
Ovary
Gall bladder
Mesovarium
Mesenteric artery
Ovarian artery and vein
Plicae Mesenteric vein

Postcaval vein (postcava)

Ventral abdominal vein
Intestinal vein
Renal artery and vein
Mesentery
Kidney
Small intestine Pelvic vein
Pelvic vein Epigastric artery

Urinary bladder
Femoral artery and vein
Hypogastric artery

Large intestine
Iliac artery Cloacal gland
Cloaca

FIGURE 7.6 Ventral view of the pleuroperitoneal cavity of Necturus.

kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/14/01 6:07 PM Page 111

Branch of the facial nerve

Parotid gland

Submaxillary gland

Posterior facial vein

Clavotrapezius

Mandible
External jugular vein

Transverse jugular vein Molar gland

Sublingual gland Masseter

Parotid duct
Anterior facial vein
Digastric
Branch of the facial nerve

FIGURE 7.7 Lateral view of the neck and face of a cat.

kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:37 AM Page 113

Cerebrum

Massa intermedia

Internal nares
Cerebellum

Esophagus

Spinal cord

Labia

Hard palate

Buccal cavity

Soft palate

Nasopharynx
Sublingual papilla
Oropharynx

C-shaped cartilages of the trachea Openings into the auditory tubes

Arytenoid cartilage Laryngopharynx

Palatine tonsils
Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
(a)

Fungiform papillae Filiform papillae

Vallate papillae
Foliate papillae
(b)

FIGURE 7.8 Oral and pharyngeal structures of a cat. (a) Midsagittal section. (b) Dorsal three-quarter view of the tongue.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:37 AM Page 115

Thymus
Left anterior lobe of the lung

Right anterior lobe of the lung Heart

Right middle lobe of the lung Left middle lobe of the lung
Right posterior lobe of the lung Left posterior lobe of the lung

Diaphragm

Left medial lobe of the liver

Gall bladder
Quadrate lobe of the liver
Right medial lobe of the liver
Left lateral lobe of the liver

Spleen
Small intestine covered
by the greater omentum
Epiglottis

Urinary bladder Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage
(a)

Trachea

(b)

FIGURE 7.9 Ventral view of the coelomic cavity of a cat. (a) Viscera of thoracic and abdominal regions. (b) Ventral view of larynx.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/16/01 8:37 AM Page 117

Right anterior lobe of the lung Left anterior lobe

of the lung
Right atrium Left atrium

Coronary artery
Left middle lobe
Right middle of the lung
lobe of the lung
Right posterior
lobe of the lung Left posterior lobe
of the lung
Gall bladder Diaphragm
Left medial lobe
Right medial lobe of the liver of the liver
Quadrate lobe
Anterior part of the right of the liver
lateral lobe of the liver
Left lateral lobe
of the liver
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Body or corpus
Posterior part of the right of the stomach
lateral lobe of the liver
Gastrohepatic ligament
Lesser curvature
Hepatorenal ligament of the stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Duodenum Greater curvature
of the stomach
Kidney Gastrosplenic ligament
Spleen
Head of the pancreas

Pyloric region of the stomach

Small intestine

Transverse colon Mesentery

Ascending colon

Vermiform appendix or caecum Descending colon

Urinary bladder

Rectum

FIGURE 7.10 Abdominal structures in a cat, viewed ventrally upon initial inspection.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/18/01 11:33 AM Page 119

Ventral aorta
Afferent branchial arteries
Conus arteriosus
Atrium
Sinus venosus
Coronary artery
Common cardinal vein Ventricle
Subclavian vein
Hepatic sinus

Subscapular vein

Lateral abdominal vein Left lobe of liver

Esophagus

FIGURE 8.2 Ventral view of the shark heart and associated blood vessels.
 Efferent
spiracular
artery Afferent spiracular artery
Stapedial artery
Spiracle

Internal
carotid
artery

Hyoidean artery

Spiracle
Paired External carotid artery
dorsal
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/18/01 11:33 AM Page 121

aortae 1st afferent branchial artery

2nd afferent branchial artery
Gill raker
Ventral aorta
Efferent Commissural artery
branchial
3rd afferent branchial artery
artery

4th afferent branchial artery

Internal gill
slit Coronary artery

Gill pouch Coracobranchial

Conus arteriosus
External gill
slit 5th afferent branchial artery
Atrium
Adductor
muscle

Epibranchial
cartilage

Interbranchial
septum

Intertrematic branch
Gill lamellae
Posttrematic branch
Efferent collector loop
Coracoid bar Pretrematic branch

Subclavian artery

Dorsal aorta

FIGURE 8.3 Ventral view of the branchial structure and vascular supply in a shark.The floor of the pharynx has been cut free caudal to the heart and along the right pharyngeal side.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/18/01 11:33 AM Page 123

Paired dorsal aorta

Internal carotid artery

Efferent spiracular artery
Stapedial artery
Spiracle
Internal carotid artery
Afferent spiracular artery
Hyoidean artery
External carotid artery
Pretrematic branch
Posttrematic branch
Intertrematic branch
Commissural artery
Coronary artery
Efferent
branchial Sinus venosus
artery
Hepatic sinus
Subclavian artery
Inferior jugular vein
Dorsal aorta
Common cardinal vein
Celiac artery Subclavian vein
Lateral abdominal
Genital arteries
vein
Hepatic artery Brachial vein
Ventral gastric artery
Dorsal gastric artery
Pancreaticomesenteric artery Subscapular vein

Duodenal artery Posterior cardinal sinus

Unnamed branches to pylorus and Posterior cardinal vein
ventral lobe of the pancreas
Anterior intestinal artery
Anterior mesenteric artery
Gastrosplenic (lienogastric) artery

Posterior mesenteric artery

Iliac artery
Posterior cardinal vein

Caudal artery Efferent renal vein

(a)
Afferent renal vein

Renal portal vein

Caudal vein
(b)

FIGURE 8.5 Artery (a), vein (b), and hepatic portal vein (c, next page) maps in a shark, ventral view.The floor of the pharynx was
rotated to the viewer’s right.
kar09579_notebook.qxd 6/18/01 11:33 AM Page 125

Hepatic
portal
vein

Choledochal
vein
Ventral
gastric
vein
Dorsal
Pancreaticomesenteric gastric
vein vein
Pyloric
Anterior vein
intestinal Anterior
vein lienogastric
vein
Lienomesenteric
vein
Posterior
intestinal vein
Posterior
lienogastric
vein

(c)

FIGURE 8.5 Continued.

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Thyroid gland
External carotid artery

Left branch of the ventral aorta

Bulbus arteriosus
Right atrium Left atrium

Conus arteriosus Afferent branchial arteries

Ventricle
Common cardinal vein
Postcaval vein
External gills

(a)

Roof of the mouth

Internal carotid artery

Vertebral artery

Roots or radices of the aorta

Efferent branchial arteries

Pulmonary artery

Subclavian artery

Dorsal aorta

(b)

FIGURE 8.6 Heart chambers and associated blood vessels in Necturus. (a) Ventral view of heart and associated blood vessels.
(b) Ventral view of blood vessels in the roof of the mouth.
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Internal carotid artery

Vertebral artery

External carotid artery

Efferent
branchial
arteries

Pulmonary artery

Dorsal aorta Roots or radices

of the aorta
Common cardinal vein
Subclavian artery
Sinus venosus
Hepatic sinus

Gastric artery

Dorsal gastric artery

Ventral gastric artery

Celiacomesenteric artery Splenic artery Hepatic veins

Hepatic artery Postcaval vein

Mesenteric arteries
Posterior cardinal vein

Pancreaticoduodenal
artery
Mesenteric branch of the
Genital celiacomesenteric artery
arteries

Posterior cardinal vein

Postcaval vein
Renal arteries
Genital vein

Iliac artery
Epigastric artery
Femoral artery

Hypogastric artery
Renal vein
Cloacal artery
(a) Caudal artery Pelvic vein
Femoral vein
(b)
Caudal vein

FIGURE 8.9 Artery (a), vein (b), and hepatic portal vein (c) maps in Necturus, ventral view.
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Hepatic portal vein

Pancreaticoduodenal
Gastrosplenic
vein
vein
Mesenteric vein
Intestinal veins
Ventral
abdominal
vein
Pelvic vein
Femoral vein Common carotid artery
(c) Caudal vein Trachea
Internal jugular vein Esophagus
External jugular vein
FIGURE 8.9 Continued. Internal jugular vein
Thyroid artery and vein
Right transverse scapular artery and vein External jugular vein

Subscapular nerve Ventral thoracic vein

Axillary nerve Left vertebral artery

and vein
Ventral thoracic artery and vein
Left thyrocervical artery
Axillary artery and vein
Subscapular artery and vein Left costocervical artery
and vein
Anterior humeral circumflex
artery and vein Left axillary artery
Biceps brachii
Deep brachial artery Common carotid artery
and vein
Innominate vein

Internal mammary artery

Subclavian artery

Phrenic nerve

Vagus nerve

Internal mammary vein

Innominate
(=brachiocephalic)
Median nerve artery

Ulnar nerve Aortic arch

Brachial artery and vein Pulmonary trunk

Thoracodorsal shunt Right atrium

Thoracodorsal artery and vein Left atrium

Long thoracic artery and vein Right ventricle

Subclavian vein Coronary arteries

and veins
Internal mammary artery

Precava Left ventricle

Latissimus dorsi

FIGURE 8.10 Ventral view of thoracic components of the circulatory system in a cat.
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Vagus nerve

Thyroid artery

Ventral thoracic artery Transverse scapular artery

Long thoracic artery Axillary artery

Subscapular artery

Anterior humeral
circumflex artery

Left vertebral artery

Biceps brachii
Left thyrocervical artery
Thoracodorsal artery

Deep brachial artery Left costocervical artery

Left axillary artery

Trachea

Internal mammary arteries

Left common carotid artery

Innominate
(=brachiocephalic) artery

Subclavian artery

Cut base of the precava

Brachial artery Aortic arch

Median nerve Pulmonary trunk

Ulnar nerve Left atrium

Thoracodorsal artery Right atrium

Right ventricle
Phrenic nerve
Coronary arteries
and veins

Latissimus dorsi
Left ventricle

FIGURE 8.11 Ventral view of aortic arch distribution, precava and its tributaries removed, in a cat.
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External carotid artery

Maxillary artery
Superior temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery Lingual artery
Occipital artery External maxillary artery
Muscular artery Ascending pharyngeal artery
Transverse scapular artery Laryngeal artery
Thyroid artery Superior thyroid artery
Costocervical artery Common carotid arteries
Thyrocervical artery Vertebral artery
Ventral thoracic artery Costocervical artery
Subscapular artery Thyrocervical artery
Subscapular artery
Anterior humeral circumflex artery Thoracodorsal artery
Brachial artery
Long thoracic artery
Deep brachial artery Ventral thoracic artery
Thoracodorsal artery Internal mammary artery
Long thoracic artery
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Innominate (=brachiocephalic) artery
Subclavian artery
Internal mammary artery Intercostal arteries
Dorsal aorta
Esophageal arteries
(a1)
Hepatic artery

Cystic artery Dorsal aorta

Left gastric artery
Gastroduodenal artery
Celiac artery
Pyloric artery
Right gastroepiploic artery Splenic artery
Anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery Anterior splenic artery
Posterior splenic artery Superior mesenteric artery
Adrenolumbar artery
Posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Renal artery
Middle colic artery
Ileocolic artery
Intestinal arteries
Internal spermatic
or ovarian artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

Lumbar arteries

Iliolumbar artery

External iliac artery

Umbilical artery
Internal iliac artery
Superior gluteal artery
Inferior epigastric artery
Femoral artery
Deep femoral artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Caudal artery
(a2) Middle hemorrhoidal artery

FIGURE 8.13 Artery (a), vein (b), and hepatic portal vein (c) maps in a cat, ventral view.
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Anterior facial vein

Posterior facial vein Transverse jugular vein

External jugular vein
Internal jugular vein
Transverse scapular vein
Thyroid vein
Vertebral vein
Subclavian vein
Ventral thoracic vein
Axillary vein
Subscapular vein
Posterior humeral circumflex vein
Brachial vein
Deep brachial vein
Thoracodorsal shunt
Thoracodorsal vein
Long thoracic vein
Costocervical vein
Innominate vein
Precava
Internal mammary vein
Postcava

(b1)

Superior phrenic vein

Postcava Hepatic vein

Inferior phrenic vein

Right phrenic vein
Right adrenolumbar vein Left adrenolumbar vein
Renal vein

Left internal spermatic

or ovarian vein

Right internal spermatic or ovarian vein

Lumbar veins

Iliolumbar vein
Common iliac vein
Caudal vein

External iliac vein

Internal iliac vein
Femoral vein
Deep femoral vein
Inferior gluteal vein
(b2) Middle hemorrhoidal vein

FIGURE 8.13 Continued.

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Hepatic veins
Cut end of esophagus
Celiac artery
Dorsal aorta
Superior mesenteric artery
Postcava

Inferior phrenic artery and vein

Adrenal gland

Adrenolumbar artery and vein

Renal artery

Renal vein

Kidney

Ovarian vein

Ovary

Ovarian artery

Inferior mesenteric
artery
Cut end of Iliolumbar artery and vein
descending colon

Ureter

Urinary bladder
Uterine horn

Body of the uterus

Urethra

FIGURE 8.14 Ventral view of branches off the dorsal aorta and tributaries to the postcava in the trunk of a cat.
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Inferior mesenteric artery

Dorsal aorta

Postcava

Iliolumbar artery and vein

External iliac artery

Common iliac vein Umbilical artery

Internal iliac artery

Caudal artery and vein
and vein
External iliac vein

Superior gluteal
artery

Femoral artery
and vein

Deep femoral artery

and vein

Inferior epigastric artery

FIGURE 8.15 Blood vessels of the medial hindlimb of a cat, ventral view.
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Epididymis

Testis

Mesorchium

Leydig's gland
Ductus deferens

Kidney

Accessory urinary duct Seminal vesicle

Colon
Sperm sac

Coprodeum Cloaca

Urodeum Urinary papilla

FIGURE 9.3 Ventral view of the urogenital system of a male shark, with the digestive tract removed.
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Shell gland (dorsal to the ovary) Ostium

Cut end of the esophagus

Mesovarium

Ovary

Oviduct

Mesotubarium

Kidney (dorsal to
the mesotubarium)

Mesonephric duct
Uterus
Cut end of the colon

Cloaca
Coprodeum

Urodeum Urinary papilla

FIGURE 9.4 Ventral view of the urogenital system of a female shark, with the digestive tract removed.
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Müllerian duct

Efferent ductules

Epididymis

Mesorchium

Ductus deferens

Testis

Dorsal aorta

Renal arteries

Urinary collecting tubules

Kidney

Cut end of intestine

Urinary bladder

Cloacal glands Cloaca

FIGURE 9.5 Ventral view of the urogenital system of a male Necturus, with the digestive tract removed.
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Ostium

Oviduct

Ovarian arteries and veins

Ova

Ovary

Mesovarium

Kidney

Urinary collecting tubules

Renal artery Dorsal aorta

Mesonephric duct

Cut end of intestine

Urinary bladder

Cloaca

FIGURE 9.6 Ventral view of the urogenital system of a female Necturus, with the digestive tract removed.
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Hilus of the kidney

Cortex

Renal sinus

Medulla

Ureter

Cut end of
descending colon

Vertex of the
urinary bladder
Ductus deferens
Fundus of the
urinary bladder Prostate gland

Urogenital canal

Urethra Bulbourethral
gland
Penis

Head of epididymis

Body of epididymis
Testis
Tail of epididymis

FIGURE 9.7 Ventral view of the urogenital system of a male cat, with the digestive tract removed.
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Hilus of the kidney

Ureter

Oviduct Mesosalpinx

Ovary

Fimbriae

Cut end of Mesometrium

descending colon
Uterine horn

Vertex of the
urinary bladder

Fundus of the Body of the uterus

urinary bladder
Urethra

Vagina

Urogenital sinus

Urogenital aperture

Anus

FIGURE 9.9 Ventral view of the urogenital system of a female cat, with the digestive tract removed.
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Sulcus

Gyrus

Cerebral hemisphere

Median sulcus

Flocculus of the cerebellum

Folia
Hemisphere of the cerebellum

Vermis of the cerebellum

Spinal cord

FIGURE 10.11 Dorsal view of the sheep brain.

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Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

Lateral olfactory stria

Medial olfactory stria
Optic nerve (II)

Optic chiasm

Infundibulum
Tuber cinereum

Internal carotid artery

Pyriform lobe

Mammillary body
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Rhinal fissure

Cerebral peduncle
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Circle of Willis

Abducens nerve (VI)

Trigeminal nerve (V) Pons

Facial nerve (VII)

Auditory nerve (VIII) Medulla oblongata

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Cerebellum
Vagus nerve (X)
Spinal accessory nerve (XI)

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Spinal cord

FIGURE 10.12 Ventral view of the sheep brain.

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Splenium

Pineal body
Superior colliculus Tela choroidea

Inferior colliculus Habenular trigone

Corpus callosum

arbor vitae Massa intermedia

Fornix
Septum
pellucidum
Cerebellar cortex
Genu
Central canal of
the spinal cord

Fourth ventricle

Medulla oblongata
Anterior commissure
Medullary vellum Lamina terminalis
Pons Optic chiasm

Aqueduct Third ventricle

Pituitary gland
Lamina quadrigemina
Mammillary body
Tegmentum (cerebral peduncles) Posterior commissure

FIGURE 10.13 Sagittal view of the sheep brain.

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Massa intermedia
Habenular trigone

Pineal body

Pulvinar nucleus Region of cut between the

thalamus and the cerebrum

Medial geniculate body

Superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Anterior cerebellar peduncle

Fourth ventricle

Posterior cerebellar peduncle

Acoustic stria

FIGURE 10.14 Dorsal view of the brain stem of a sheep brain. Cerebellum removed at cerebellar peduncles.