Measures of Central Tendency (AVERAGES) 1. _ Introduction It is difficult for every body to understand or remember a large set of facts. Therefore one would like to know certain values which will repr sent or summarise all these facts. After all, the basic purpose of statisti- cal analysis is to develop summary measures which can describe the data adequately. One of the important summary measures in statistical analysis is average or Measure of central tendency. 2. _ Definition . an Average is a single significant figure which sums up the charac- teristics of a group of figures. ‘It represents the whole series and con- veys general idea of the whole group. “An average is more or less a central value of a series around which other values of the series cluster. >) Itis a value lying between the minimum and maximum values of the series ~ < and is generally located at the centre or middle of the distribution. Gdccording ‘ogi “ An average is a figure that represents the whole group ” and“according to Croxton and Cowden “ An average is a single value within the range of the data that is used to represent all the values in the series. “Gince an average is somewhere within the range of the data it is sometimes called measure of central value ”.)) 3. Chief features ofan Average 1. It is a single figure which represents the whole series and sums up all the characteristics of the data. 2. It is neither the lowest value nor the highest value. It lies some where in the middle of the distribution. 3. Average is a part of the whole group. 4. Importance (or uses or functions ) of averages Averages play an important role in Statistics.. Many other statistical methods depend on this measure. Bowley says “ Statistics is the science, of: averages”. This is because averages are more widely used than any Other statistical measure. The important functions of an Average are 1 Averages give a general idea about the whole group: Averages Provide a simple and systematic description of the principal features ofa data. Thus they simplify the complexity of data. As a result of this, data can be easily understood. Scanned with CamScanner<5) Ish ~ should be amenable to further aly £2 edata: Averages make ‘cing th sed for summarising This number also reveals fe 2. Averages can be WS" 4 in a number average ma it convinient to express the dal For example, if We Cae Sai data. f re will reveal the salient features Orr fr il ferent subject's that figu he obtained by a stl : eral. efficiency of the student 19 gener can be used for comparing . Averages . 6 3. Averages help compar omparison of average income of Indi. two sets of data. For examp! mericans Will reveal that Americans are ans and average income of A economically better than Indians. synch making: Averages jelp in| in the 4. Averages help in Leeagiel ie if the average sales in a shop is very ‘on of policies. For examp! average are Games has to formulate policies to increase the sales. Pee test, a. . : Averages constitute the basis of ‘statistical analysis: The basic develop summary measures which urpose of statistical analysis is to n Will describe data adequately. Averages are used for this purpose. the universe: Average is a summary of mass of 6. Averages represent » haracteristics of whole group. So it represents facts. It possesses the cl the whole data. 5, Essential Properties (or characterestics) of a good average. 1. An average is regarded as a good average if it has the following properties. : (1) It should be clearly defined: That is, the meaning of an average must be clear. Ifitis not clearly and precisely defined there will be doubt and uncertainty. : (2) It should be based on all the observations of the data: An average will be true representative of a serie: if it i n s only if it takes observations of that series. 7 i ne (3) It should be easy to calculate and simple to follow: An average Sees and simple to follow. A good average should even th crdictee teeth, only it will become pe 4 Personith ordinary intelligence. Then 2 ane bali eae sampling fluctuations: A good aver- of the sample should not be signi ening Auctuations. ‘The average the universe, be significantly different from the average of should be amenable to further shouldbe suitable for further negro reat™ent, That is, good average Scanned with CamScannerE3 (6) Mt should not be affected by extreme items: A good average should fot be unduly influenced by abnormal values occuring rarely. 6, Important Measures of Central Tendency ‘The important measures of central tendency are (1) Arithmetic Mean (2) Median, (3) Mode (4) Geometric Mean (5) Harmonic Mean Of these, commonly used measures of central tendency are Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode. ‘Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean, and Harmonic Mean are math- ematical averages while Median is a positional average. ARITHMETICMEAN Arithmetic mean is one of the measures of central tendency. Itisa mathematical average. It is a method of representing the whole data by one figure. It is a simple measure and most widely used. ‘Arithmetic mean of a set of values is defined as the ratio between sum of those values and their number. ‘Arithmetic mean may be simple or weighted. Simple Arithmetic mean js the mean of items which are given equal importance. Weighted Arith- metic Mean is the mean of items which are given different weights in accordance with their relative importance. Simple Arithmetic mean is calculated in the following manner. Tx, Xp yn. Xy are ‘n’ individual values then the Arithmetic mean xy+x2+ Xn of them is a (1) Arithmetic Mean in Individual Series Arithmetic Mean in an Individual series can be calculated by (a) Direct Method (b) Short cut Method @ Direct Method Following steps are used in this method 1. Consider the given values as the value of a variable, x. 2 Add all the values and call the sum ‘5 x’ 3. Count the number of values. Let the number of values be ‘n’. 4. Divide 5x byn. This is Arithmetic Mean and is denoted by x rx % | | Ex.1: Calculate Arithmetic mean of the daily incomes of S families: | Rs. 10, 90,85, 103, 11 | Ans: | Scanned with CamScannerE.4 Tncome @). 2 Here 5x =299andn=5 & 103 , Arithmetic Mean = ox = in 29 (b) Shortcut Method a Following steps are used in this method . 1, Take any one value from the series and call it assumed average, Denote it by ‘a’ 2. Subtract this assumed average from all the given values. These differences are denoted by ‘d’. 2 d= x-a Find the sum of all these differences and call it £d 4, Then divide 5d by n and add it to a, we get the actual mean of the series. “ Formula of AM isa+ =! Ex2: Find the Arithmetic mean of the following values: 45, 48, 50, 52, 60 w Take 50 as assumed average iea=50 50 d=x-50 - rd=5, a=50, n=5 SYSs a> Arithmetic Mean = a+ =4 =s0+2 =50 (ii) Arithmetic Mean in Discrete Series Arithmetic mean can be calculated by (a) Direct method (b) Shot cut method (c) Step deviation method (@) Direct method Let Xp, Xp.» X, be ‘n” observations with corresponding freque™ C1ES fh, fy vere fy Fespectively, Let fy +f + vat fy =N Then Arithmetic Mean (X) = {21+ %2f2+ Xf. EB {\¥ty tome ite N Ex.3: Calculate mean from the following da : Value: 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 Freq: 15 20 25 24 12 31 71 5 Scanned with CamScannerE.5 Ans: pale 5 iS 5 Mean B 35 = Ek _ 12600 4S N 251 = ~ 208 6 65 x 71=4615 5 75 x 52=3900 (0) Short cut method, Steps: 1. Call the values of the variable as ‘x’ values. 2 From all these values subtract an assumed average, say a, SO that wegetd ie d=x-a 3, Multiply ‘d? values with corresponding frequencies to get fd values. 4, Find the sum of the fd values call it ¥ fd. 5, Find the sum of frequencies ie 5 f. Take 5 fas N 6 Divide > fd byN 7. Mean is obtained by adding = with a. & Therefore formula for meanis: =a +2 Ex4: Calculate the Arithmetic Mean from the following data: Value :5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 Freq :15 20 25 24 12 31 71 52 Ans: Taking 35 as ‘a’. Thend=x—35 Values | Frequency = = ®) a) d=x-35 fd=fxd 5 15 30 450 1S 2» 20 —400 B 2b 10 -250 @5) a 0 0 45 2 10 120 55 31 20 6 1 30 Bs 2 40 N=250 850 Scanned with CamScannerE.6 7 3850 = = Mean(x)=a+ AP =35* : 7 © Seep deviation Method ' ifthe values have a common difference ‘c’ then take d= xa ie atte ord d’ xe f x= at tt formula becomes, X= at “vy xe Calculate mean from the following data: § 15 28 35 45 55 715 Fra: (15 20 23 Mm 31. 71. 52 ‘Ans: Taking 35 3s ‘a’ and ‘c’as 10 oeeeeeee | Values 7 ] | Frequency fd'=fx a ; 3] -40 25 0 2 a 213 208 . - ZL fa’ =385 x0=35+385 x 10=35+ 15.4= 504 (ii) Arithmetic i i = i ee . et in Continuous series (Exclusive type) . es series, we can write the mid value of the lasses asx. Therefore x= +4 i wooo ta ot fore x a where f, is the lower limit and 6 is the o ees oe caw Then we can find mean as in the case of 7 a “ get the following three formulae for mean weet Wor Gat 2 ye : third formula v Fe can be used when there is a common difference Ex6: Find theArithmeti Fone Oe ra ag emean from the following data. | 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 | No.of: 15 m 30 Becerra 3 75 100 «mo «S125 Scanned with CamScannerE7 Arithmetic mean (x) = Lhe . 31875 N 623 100 4500 = 51.16 years’ 50-60 | 110 6050 70 | US MIs 780_|_ 125 9375 N=623 ¥ f= 31875 Applying short cut formula Age | + Mid (x) fd=fxd 0-10 5 ~450—\Mean=a+ = 10-20 x 15 600 2030 | 53 | 25 330 = 35+ 1010 30-40] 75 | 35 0 40-50 | 100 | 45 45-35=10 | 1000 — =35+16.16 50-60 | 110 | 55 55-35=20 | 200 60-70 | 115 | 65 65-35=30 | 3450 = 5.16 years 7080 | 125 | 75 75-35=40_| 5000 B 10070 Herea=35, 5 fd=10070,N=623 3 Applying step deviation formula Age | fF] Mid@] a’'=@—35)10 | fa" to yey 5 | G=35) —45Arithmetic mean 1020] 30} 15 | (15-35)+10=-2 | -60 xe 2030] 53] 25 | (25-35)210=-1] -53 =at 2" xc 30.40] 75} 35 | (G5-35)z10=0 | 0 ‘ot 40-50 | 100) 45 | (45-35)+10=1 | 100 =35+ 18% x10 50-60 | 110) 55 | (55-35)+10=2 | 20 60-70 115] 65 | (65-35)+ YS =35+16.16 7080 | 125|__75_| (75-35)=10=4 | 500 © 1007 = S116 years Herea=35 and 5 fd’ = 1007 and N= 623 Ex.7; Find mean from the following frequency distribution. Class : Frequency : 4 n 1 4 0 2 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75 Scanned with CamScannerld . > : = 40+ 1 = 404.2 = 49) a Lil’ y= 40+ ah x 10 50 492 N Mean=at Arithmetic mean Note: Ifthe given data converted into Exclusive type. Given problem (Inclusive) sive series. : an in ee in the form of Inclusive type they may by See the following example: y 19.5-29.5 29.5-39.5 39.5-49.5 (Method: For all classes subtract 0.5 from the lower limit and add 0,5 with the upper limit. 0.5 is half of the difference between the upper limit of class and the lower limit of the succeeding class. ] Ex.8: Calculate Mean from the following data showing Pocket expenses 0f 30 students Pocket expenses 20-29 30.39 40-49 50.59 60-69 No. of students : 10 8 6 4 Ans: Scanned with CamScannerEo rithmetic mean In cumulative (less than) serles : the given data is in the form of cumulative (less than) type It verted into exclusive type. See the following example A Note: If may be com ‘ Given problem (Inclusive) Corrected problem (Exclusive) Marks | Frequency Marks Frequency 3 | 0-10 4a 10-20 10-3=7 =| 20:30 25-1015 30-40 30-25=5 30 Ex 9: Find Arithmetic mean Marks No. of Students Less than 10 5 Less than 20 17 Less than 30 31 Less than 40 41 Less than 50 49 ‘Ans: Converting into Exclusive type: Reading the classes as 0-10, 10-20, 0-30, 30-40 and 40-50 and frequencies as 5-0=5, 17-5=12,31-17=14, 41-31 =10and49-41=8. Marks. f x (mid value) fx 0-10 5 5 10-20 2 20-30 4 30-40 10 40-50. 8 49 Arithmetic mean in Cumulative than) series Note: If the given data is in the fc f cumulative (more than) type it may also be converted into exclusive type. i Frequency Frequency Above 10) 4 10-20 8 Above 20 2 20-30 Above 30 2 => 30-40 Above 40 5 40-50 Ex. 10: Find Arithmetic mean . Marks No. of students More than 0 30 More than 2 28 More than 4 24 More than 6 18 More than 8 10 Scanned with CamScanner£10 Ans: Converting into exclusive type ‘and reading the classes as 0-2, 2 4, 4-6. 6-8, 8-10, Frequencies are 30-28 = 2, 28-24 4, 24-186, 18-195 Sand 10-0= 10 _. Corrected data is Mean = ¥ Lh. 190 N 30 = 633 an ataglance. {Formulae} Calculation of Arithmetic me ()) Individual series Direct Method Short cut Method Step deviation Method Ex a+ xa a+ ae xe (2) Discrete series Direct Method Short cut Method ] | Step deviation Method | ~_ (3) Continuous series Direct Method jort cut Methor Step deviation Method i a+ aa at ae xe HOME WORK 1. Following is the monthly income of eight families in a locality. 700, 100, '500, 750, 130, 250, 80, 422 Rs. Find out Arithmetic Mean of their income. 2. _ Following is the height of 10 students. Sudens : A BC DE F G.H I J Height(cm) : 155 153 168 160 162 166 167 180 157 165 Calculate Arithmetic mean of the heights. 3, Find mean of the following data SerialNo; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mark 25 32 18 20 35 40 70 49 50 24 4, Bight coins were tossed together. ‘The number of heads (x) resulting is give™ below. Find the mean of the distribution x :0 ! 23 4 5 6 fost 9 © 9 2 52° 2%6 [Hint: This is a discrete series} 5, The following data related to the distance travelled by 520 village! their weekly requirements 78 71 irs to buy ad Scanned with CamScannerEll Milestravelled: = 2 4 6 8 19 12 14 16 18 20 No.of villagers: 38 104 140° 78 48 42 28 24 16 2 Calculate the Arithmetic Average 6. Find out Mean of the following distributions, Marks + 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 $0-60 60-70 70-80 No. of students: 5 1 8 25 200 «15 8 5 7, Find out Arithmetic mean by direct method and step deviation method Class: 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 frequencies: 10 12 Bt ag 8, Calculate the Arithmetic mean of the following data Class + 10-20 20-40 40-70 70-120 120-200 rede: 4p. lO} 26 o 2 9, Find the Arithmetic mean of the following distribution using 5 as assumed average. Size : 108 86 64 42 20 Freq: 0 8 6 4 2 10, Calculate arithmetic mean from the following data: Temp °C No. of days © Temp °C No. of days 40 to-30 10 Oto 10 65 -30t0-20 28 10 to 20 180 -20to-10 30, 20t030 10 -10t0-0 42 11. Find mean from the following frequency distribution Class: .0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 Freq:20 40 52 6437 8 12. Calculate the mean of the age distribution given below Age group : 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-3920-29 10-19 Frequency: 2 2 6 20 56 40 42 32 13. Calculate Arithmetic mean from the following data ~ Marks (less than): 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 No.of Students : 5 13 20 32 60 80 90 100 14. Calculate arithmetic mean from the following data: Marks(lessthan): 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 No.ofstudents : 100 90 80 60 32 20 13 5 15. Find the average wage of labourers from the following table: Wages(inRs.) No. oflabourers — Wages(inRs.) No. of labourers Above 0 650 Above 40 300 "10 500- 50 215 "20 425 ” 60 250 "30 315 "70 100 16. The monthly profits in rupees of 100 shopes are distributed as fol-lows. Find the average profit per shop. Profit per shop: 0-100 0-200 0-300 0-400 0-500 0-600 No. of shops: De) 05g ete 100) Scanned with CamScanner a an rRBE.12 ANSWERS (1) 366.5 (2) 163.3 769 (6) 40 (7) 35.5 5 3.3 cms (3) 36.3 (4) 3.95 (5) 7.7 (8) 57, (9) 6.33 (10) 4.29 (11) 13.85 (12) 35.8 (13) 45 (14) 45 (15) 39.23 (16) 240 Merits of Arithmetic mean (Properties of Arithmetic mean) + Arithmetic mean is simple to understand. . Arithmetic mean can be easily calculated ith "Arithmetic mean can be determined in most of the cases. | Itis based on all the observations of ite series. . tis capable of more algebraic treatment. . Arithmetic mean is stable. It does not differ much from sample to sample. Demerits of Arithmetic a ty entbeme vila 1, Arithmetic mean is affected by ex! reme i x Os coincide with any of the observed values, 3, 4. Auawn- Usually mean does not y Ie for averaging ratios and percentages. . It is not suitab! $ ni r qualitative data which cannot be mea. It cannot be calculated for sured numerically. ' 1g and absurd results in some cases. For ex. 5. Itmay offer misleadin; 5 in some ample average number ‘of children per family in a village may work out as 3.2 which is impossible. In the case of frequency distributions with open end classes, the mid values of all classes cannot be obtained. Therefore in such distributions, mean cannot be calculated accurately. Why is Arithmetic mean considered to be the best average ? ‘Arithmetic mean can be easily calculated. It is simple to under- stand. It is well defined. It can be determined in most of the cases. It is capable of more algebraic treatment. It is based on all observations of the data. It can be located even without arraying data. It is stable as it does not differ from sample to sample when the sample selected is suffi- ciently large. Thus’mean satisfies many of the properties of a good average. That is why Arithmetic mean is considered to be the best among commonly used averages. It has become an average of every day life. It is used in the study of many social and economic problems. How does Arithmetic mean describe a frequency distribution ? Arithmetic mean shows the value around, which most of the values of the series are centred, For example, if the mean height of students ina class is 160 cm, then it would mean that most of the students of the class will have a height nearer to 160. cm. So central tendency or concentration in the series is around 160cm. Arithmetic mean compares two or more frequency distributions. For example, when we say Americans are economically better than Indi- ans, it means average income of Americans is greater than the average Scanned with CamScannerE.13 income of Indians. There may be few Indians who are economically better than some Americans. But most of the Indians are not so. We usually make comparison of the general state of affairs. Arithmetic mean thus helps to compare general position. Mathematical properties of Arithmetic mean 1. Algebraic sum of the deviations ofa set of values from their mean is zero. 2 The sum of squares of the deviations of a set of values from their mean is the least. 3, If X, Xz, -- Xk are means of k samples of size ny ,n nyXy +n9X2 PHN? Foes FN 4. If we take deviations of all the values of a series from an assumed mean, then the mean of the given series is the assumed ‘mean + the mean ofthe deviations ie x =a+ d where ais the assumed meanand d isthe mean af the deviations. . the mean ofall the samples taken together is Scanned with CamScannerWeighted Mean Simple arithmetic mean attaches equal importance to all the items. Some times the items in a series may not have equal importance. So the simple Arithmetic mean is not suitable for those series and weighted average will be appropriate. Weighed average plays an important role in economic studies. It is used whenever the relative importance of the items in a series differs. While calculating the weighed mean each item is given a weight judged by its relative importance. Weighted Means are obtained by taking into account these weights (or importance). Each value is multiplied by its weight and sum of these products is divided by the total weight to get weighted mean. Weighted average often gives a fair measure of central tendency. In many cases it is better to have weighted average than a simple average. ~ Itis invariably used in the following circumstances. 1. When the importance of all the items in a series are not equal. We associate weights to the items. For instance, if we want to find the average expenditure of students in colleges in Kerala, the strength of students in each college is to be taken as the weight. Scanned with CamScannerE18 4 For comparing the average of one group with the average of .. other group, when the frequencies in the two groups are diffe... weighted averages are used. For example, when salary of oo}, lecturers in Kerala and Tamil Nadu are to be compared we yy" strength of Lecturers in two colleges as weights. ie 3. When ratios, percentages and rates are to be averaged Weightes average is used. 4. When the average of a number of series is to be found out togerhe, weighted average is used. 5. Weighted averages are used in the calculation of birth and dese, rates, Index numbers etc. Formula: Let x}, X9, ...... X, ben values with corresponding wej Wyy Woy veseeoee w,, Then the weighted average st EWE =Iw Ex. 18: A candidate obtained the following percentage of marks. Ex- glish: 60, Hindi: 75, Mathematics: 63, Physics: 60, Chemistry 55: Find the weighted mean if weights are 1, 1, 2, 3, 3 respectively allotted to _ Subjects. . Ans: English Hindi Mathematics Physics Chemistry 606 Scanned with CamScanner[ MEDIAN ] Definition Median of a series is the size of that item of the series which occu- pies the central position of the series when the items are arranged in the ascending or descending order of their magnitude. Therefore equal num- Scanned with CamScannerE.20 ber of items lie above and below the median. That is, number often, greater than median and number of items less than mes ae are equal For example, if there are five values 5, 10, 15,20, Aas There are two items whose values are more than median and two item, Jess than median. : eo oaie 8 Connor “The median is that value of the variabje Which divides the values of the variable into two equal parts, one p, containing all values greater than the median value and the other pa containing all the values smaller than the median values”. Median is a positional average. (@) Median in Individual Series Formula: Median = Size of “+ th item when the items are arranged in the ascending or descending order of their magnitude. Steps ; 1. Arrange the values in the ascending order or decreasing order 2, Find out the value of middle item. It is also called size of +1 item. Itis the median a Ex.19: Find the median for the following values: 4, 45, 60, 20, 83, 19, 26, 11, 27, 12, 52 ‘Ans: Writing the values in the ascending order 4,11, 12, 19, 20,26,27, 45,52, 60, 83 fs Median = Size of £5 "item= 6titem = 26 When ‘n’is even, there are two middle items, Take the average of them. Ex.20: Calculate median 35, 23, 45, 50, 80, 61, 92, 40, 52, 61 Ans: Writing the values in the ascending order 23,35, 40,45, 50, 52,61, 61,80, 92 Median = Size of 52) “item = sizeof (+1 * item = size of 5. Sthitem Here there are two middle items Sth and 6th. Therefore take the average of those two, Median = Gey = 51 (®) Median in Discrete series Formula: Median = Size of “+ th item, where N= 5 f Scanned with CamScannerE21 Ex.21: Calculate median Size : 5 8 10.15 20 25 Frequency 23-128 745-4 Ans: Size Frequency (f)_|_ Cumulative frequency 5 3 8 2 3+12=15 10 8 1548-23 MHt 1S 7 23+7=30 » 5 30+5=35 3 4 35+4=39 N=39 Median = Size of “S$ th item = size of 9) th item = size of 208 item Median corresponds to 20! item of the series. The first cumulative frequency which includes 20 is 23. The size of item for which cumulative frequency is23= 10 Median = 10 Ex.22: Find median from the following Wages(®s) : 10 12 15 18 20.25 30 No of workers : 3 5s 8 12 13 12207 Ans: Wages | Frequency () ea 10 3 3 12 5 8 15 8 6 18 12 20 B a: 25 12 7 30 7 60 56 Median= Size of 5) th item = size of {512 th item~size of 30.5 * item Median corresponds to 30.5 item. ‘The cumulative frequency which includes 30.5 is 41. ‘The wage for which cumulative frequency is 41, is 20 :. Median = 20, . (©) Median in Continuous Series, steps (Exclusive type) 1. Form the cumulative frequency column 2 Find N/2. Median class corresponds to the cumulative frequency which includes N/2 3.. After getting Median class, find median by using the following interpolation formula Scanned with CamScanner eT RT MOREE DL LATIN DOS RTGS ELE 20 BU DED OT ST OOO SG BY ODT NO NY ARAL BL ART a OP YB a BY aE oe OeE.22 Noh Median = 4+ (2~* Where § is the lower limit of median class. ‘cf is the CUMULatiyg frequency of the class just proceeding the median class, es isthe fe uency of the median class, ‘c’ is the interval of median class, Ex.23: Compute median xe 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-79 Class : 00 Frequency : 8 12 20 23 18 7 2 Ans: - Class_[ Frequency] Cumulative frequency O10, 8 3 10-20] 12 a0 20-30 20 N 30-40] 23 ae} 40-50] 18 81 50-60 7 88 60-70 2 90 90 Median = Size of (3!) item =size of (%0)"" item =size of 45 8item 45 is included in the cumulative frequency 63. The class having cumula- tive frequency 63 is 30-40 30-40 is the median class: Applying interpolation formula , N Median = 4 + ee xe Here 4 =30,N/2=45, cf= 40, f=23,¢=10 Median =30+ “= 4), 19=30+ 99 =3042.7- 3217 @ Median in inclusive series Ex. 24: Calculate Median of the following data 5 Marks I-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 No. of students: 7 10 13 26. 35 22 5 Ans: This is an inclusive type series. So convert it into an exclusive Series as shown below and then find median . Class [of [ 10.5-15.5 7 15.5-20.5 7 20.5-25.5 30 25.5-30.5 sO 30.5-35.5 12 (x) 35.5~40.5 113 2 40.5-45.5 124 45.5-50.5 129 Scanned with CamScannerE.23 Median = Size of (31) Sitem = sizeof (132)" item = size of 64.58 item ‘The cumulative frequency which includes 64.5 is 91 which corresponds tothe class 30.5-35.5 Using the interpolation formula f) Median = 4+ xe Here = 30.5, $= 12 = 64.5, cf=56,f=35,c=5 5+ GS=) 5 52305488 = 305412 = 17 Median in Cumulative frequency distribution Ex.25: Calculate Median Wage(lessthan)Rs : 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 - No. of workers : 15 35 60 84 96 127 198 250 Ans:_Converting the series into @xclusive type f | Wage. cf 0-10 15 6 a 1020 35-15 =20 | 35 2030 @ 3040 a 96 1277-96-31 | 7 ON 198-127=71 | 198 2) 250-198=52 | 250 ve ‘The cumulative frequency 127 includes 125. The class having cumula- tive frequency 127 is 50-60 -. Median class is 50-60 Median = 4+ xo 50+ O25 —99) , | 29 * =30+ = = 59.35 0+ x10 Median in mid value series. Ex.26; Find median of the following data: Midx: 10 15 20 25 30 35 Freq: 8 12 10 9 4 3 Ans: [Hint: Since there is common difference of $ for values, assume the imerval as 5. From each mid value subtract 5/2 and add 5/2. For example, for first mid value 5 subtracting 2.5 and adding 2.5, we get the class 7.5-12.5. Simi- larly other classes can be formed.} Scanned with CamScanner_Em Marks f of 75212.5 8 8 125-175 12 » 175.225 10 Den 225.215 9 9 275325 4 4% 325.375 3 4 % Median = Size of th item= size of 23 item Median class is 175-22.5 Applying interpolation formula N - Median= 4+ 279 o=175+ BAM x 5= 175415 = 19 Median in open end class frequency,distribution ooo Ex.27: Find out the most appropriate average of the following distribu- tion. Sizeofthefarm(Acres) No.of occupiers upto50 57 50-100 256 100-150 132 150-200 25 200-250 10 over 250 12 Ans: (Hint: First and last classes are not closed. So this distribution is called frequency distribution of open end classes Median is the appro- priate average for such distributions. Read the first class as 0-50 and last class.as 250-300] Size No. | Cumulative frequency | 050 | 57 37 50-100 } 256, 313 100-150 | 132 445 150-200 yay 470 200250] 10 |. 480 250-300. 12 492. 42 — hoe. h Median = Size of (§) item = Size of (492)' item = Size of 246% item Median class is 50-100 Q-p x0 50+ A550) 59 = 504 189 50 Median = f+ 256 t =50+(0.738x 50)=50+36.91 = 86.91 Scanned with CamScannerMerits of Median 1. Itis very simple measure 2 Some times it can be located even by a mere glance. 3. It isnot affected by extreme items 4. It is suitable for even such data which are not capable of numerical expression 5. Itcan be determined graphically also. 6 Median is the suitable average in the case of open end class series. Demerits of Median 1. Median is not based on all the observations. 2 — It is not capable of algebraic treatments. 3. It requires arraying (ie writing in the ascending or descending or- der) also. 4, Inthe case of continuous series interpolation formula is to be used. The value thus obtained may give only an approximate value. Scanned with CamScannerE.29 wore ‘h irs most fre- is the value of that item of a series which occu! = quent ihe ees Therefore model value has highest frequency. re example, if out of 100 students in a class, 70 students have the ag years, then the mode is 15 years. . A Suppose a set of students of a class report the following number o} video movies they see in a month. No. ofmovies: 10, 15,20, 15, 15, 15,8 . A glance at the series reveals that mostly the students see 15 movie inamonth. Therefore mode = 15. According to Kenny “ The value of the variable which occurs most frequently in a distribution is called the mode”. (a) Mode in Individual Series. Arrange the values in the ascending order. Then by inspection identify the value which occurs more number of times. Ex31: Findmode 23,35, 28, 42, 62, 53, 35,28, 42, 35, 23, 42, 35 Ans: Writing the values in the ascending order 23,23, 28, 28, 35, 35,35,35, 42, 42, 42, 53,62 35 appears more number oftimes. -. Mode = 35 Note: When no item appears more number of times than others we say mode is ill defined. In that case mode is obtained by the formula , Mode = 3 Median -2 Mean Ex.32: Find mode from the values 40 25, 60, 35, 81,75, 90, 10. Ans: All items appear equal number of times. So mode is illdefined. “Mode is obtained by the formula, Mode = 3 Median —2 Mean, x my uke. 416 2 Mean = 2X = 416 = 59 35 Median =Size of ©+) tite, a 0 = Size of 4.5th item = 40+ 60 = 59 5 81 Mode = 3 Median -2 Mean, . 0 = (3x 50)-(@x 52) = 150-104= 4g 416 Scanned with CamScannerE.30 ) Mode in the case of Discrete Series : In Discrete series the value having highest frequency is taken .. Mode. A glance at the series can reveal which is the highest frequency, So we get mode by mere inspection. So this method is called inspectic, method. Ex.33; Find mode. Size: 5 8 10 12 29 35 40 46 No.ofitems: 3 12 25 40 31 20 18 7 ‘Ans: The value 12 has the highest frequency. Therefore 12 is the mode, Grouping and Analysis Method In the case of certain series, there may be more than one highest frequency. In the case of some other series, the frequency may not be increasing and decreasing in the systematic manner. In some cases con- centration of frequencies may be more around a frequency which is less than the highest frequency. In these cases Inspection Method may not beasuitable method. Therefore, we apply a method called Grouping and Analysis Method. See the following example: Ex.34: Findmode Size: 3 8 10.12 15 20 25 30 Frequency: 2 7 15 27 12.4 3 2 Ans: Grouping Table Sz o ®/@).@| O16 3 7/9] | 2 10 15 42 |* 49 R 27 |, ip 54 15 2 16 43 » 4 fo 5 3} ,] 7 9 30 2 Analysis Table se (i) | @ |G) | @ |S [©] totat 0 8 x 1 10 x x |x] 3 2 x x x x x x 6 1S x x x 3 2 : 1 oy 0 0 0 Scanned with CamScannerE31 Highest number in the last column is 6. It refers to the size, 12, Mode 12 ‘ How to prepare Grouping table and Analysis table ? InGrouping Table In column (1) -» given frequencies are shown In column (2) -» frequencies added in twos, starting from the top. fie2+7°9, 15427" 42, 1244-16, 3+2-5] In column (3) -» frequencies added in twos, leaving the first [7415=22, 2741239, 443 =7]° In column (4) -» frequencies added in threes, starting from the top. [247415 =24, 274 12+4=43] : Incolumn (5) -» frequencies added in threes, leaving the first frequency [7415 +27=49, 12+443=19] In column (6) -» frequencies added in threes, leaving the first and the second (15 +27 +12=54, 4+3+2=9] In Analysis Table ‘We mark ‘x’ against values having highest frequency. For example, - in column (1) of the above grouping table highest frequency is 27 and it relates to the value 12. So mark ‘x’ against 12 in the column (1) ofanalysis table. Similarly in column (2) of the grouping table highest frequency is 42 which relates to the sizes 10 and 12. So in the analysis table mark ‘x’ against the values 10 and 12. Similarly mark ‘x’ in all the six columns. ‘Count this mark. ‘The size having more number of times the mark ‘x’, is the mode. (. Mode in the case of Continuous Series (Exclusive type) Mode lies in the class having the highest frequency. This method of identifying the modal class isthe inspection method. From the modal class mode is calculated using the interpolation formula. fy - fe Mode (+ 472%" where isthe lower limit of model class fy fy are respectively the frequencies of classes just preceeding and succeeding model class, f, is the frequency of the model class, Note: We shall apply Grouping and Analysis table in all problems of Srequency distributions. Ex.35: Calculate mode from the following data: Size: 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50. | Freq: 4 8818 3-20 0 5s 2 Ans: 8 Scanned with CamScannerGrouping Table a { Lo : P a] @| © 1015 [4 ®1® 1520 | R nD 20-25 | 18 ab 6 56 7 25-30 | 30 Ps 30-35 | 20 o 60 * 35-40 | 10 : ” 4045 | 5 45-50 | 2 1 Analysis Table m= Lolo [ol] |o} o Toul 10-15 15:20 fr i 2025 x x x q 25-30 x ex |x fe fa} x4}— 3035 x |x x| 3 35-40 2 1 40-45 45-50 7 oor ee be higheet number of x’ m =, Modal class is 25-30 since it has highest number of *x’ marks. Here 4 =25, f, = 30, fy=18, £,=20,¢ = 5. (fy -foxe (0-18) x5 Mode = 4+ 94-4, -f ~25+ “Go=ig—20 ~25* 22 = 2B nis Ex.36: Computemode Marks (under) : 5 10: 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 _— No, of Students : 20 44 76. 104 124 140 174 184 192 Ans: Converting the problem into exclusive series. 5 Grouping Table Se T® [TOTO] @1o1® 5 [ma 5-10 | 24 4 fa 10-15 | 32 56 : 15-20 | 28 60 2025 | » a bipy 80 , 25:30 | "16. 3035 | 34 50 | @ 3540°| 10. S 4045 | _ 8. 18 wets | TR} ] Scanned with CamScannerE.33 St. © | Total | O x 3 x 1 0 1 0 5. 0 Mode lies in the class10-15 Applying interpolation formula, (f = fo) xe 32 - 24) x 5 Mode= 4+ 26,=f)=f ~10* Gate 710+ AS =10+ #9 =10+3.33= 133 Merits of Mode: 1. Mode is very simple among Measures of central tendency. Even a glance at the series is enough to locate the modal value. It is a popular average. Mode is less affected by extreme values in the series. Mode can be located graphically also. ~ Usually mode coincides with one of the values of the series. Mode is the value which occurs most frequently. So mode is the best representative Demerits of Mode: 1. Mode is uncertain and vague measure of central tendency. It is ill defined in some cases. Mode is not capable of further algebraic treatment. Some times grouping becomes necessary to identify the Modal value. Mode is not based on all the values of the series. When the extreme value appears most frequently it becomes mode which gives an absurd result. For example: If Zero appears more number of times, then mode is zero. This is not a representative value. Uses of Mode Mode is used as the average in many fields. For example, in trading Sector, average expenditure, average income etc are modal values. Simi- larly in Metelorgical Department, average rainfall or average temperature ofaplace means mode of the rainfalls. In other spheres of life as well, the use and applications of Mode are gaining popularity. yeeD weeny Scanned with CaiE34 de Graphic Method of finding Me Following steps are involved fa Histogram. 1. Present the data in the form o ae aht 2 Identify the rectangle of maxirinne yh the immediately nex, som itten ae fro he i we, ers of the adj ' eats angle and left comer to the left adjacent rectang es ies dew pre : 4, From the point of intersection of these i is mode. dicular down to x - axis. The foot of the perpendicular is mode. See the following. example: / 7 Ex.37: Represent the following frequency table by Histogram. Size 10-15 8 15-20 20 20-25 47 25-30 38 30-35 10 : Estimate the value of the mode. ; eZ 50 g 40 g 3 30 : : Mode = 23.8 Z 10 3101520253035 Marks When model class is illdefined = Suppose the Analysis table shows more than one modal class, then © is said to be illdefined. In that case find mean and median and use the formula Mode = 3 Median —2 Mean. Ex. 38: Find out mode from the following series Size of item: Frequency: "gp, 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 ; Mii, oo ea 4s Scanned with CamScannerTotal T 3 4 2 0 2 4 7080 x x12 There are two model classes namely 20-30 and 60-70 Mode is illdefined. Find Mode using the formula Mode = 3 median —2 mean size fy] xa) ta ‘Cumulative frequencies 1020 | 10. 5 [3 | 0 10 2030] 4/15 |2 | 28 a 2030} 16] 25 }-1 | -16 4” 3040 | 14] 35 | 0 0 4 4050} | 45 | 1 nN 65 060} 1B) 55} 2.) 26 B 070! 7/6 }3 | si % no | bis] 4 | 2 108, 108 6 Mean=a+ 2’ c= 35+ 766 x 10=35+ $60 =35+6.11= aut Median = Size of (*¢)thitem = size of S4th item. Median class is 30-40 Median= , jt BoD cn30+ (=H) #10 2394 M0 =30+ 10-40 f Scanned with CamScannerE36 Mode 3 median —2 mean * Bx40)—Qy 41.11) 120--82,22 37.78 Note: When the value of the mode Hes out side the model class, mogg Can be computed by the following interpolation formula of Mode = 4 + my Ex.39: Find Mode Class: 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 Freq: 50 70 «80 «180 170 120 70 59 Grouping Table Six | | @] @[ @]| O TO 5-10 » 120 10-15 | 70 150 200 1520 | 9 260 330 430 20-25 180 350 25:30 | 170 290 3035 | 120 190 470 360 3540] 0 | 9 240 IS. YS a rT Size O1®1@T@T OL © [toa 5-10 7 10-15 0 15-20 : 1 ae x =] x xe] 4 25:30 x x . x : 3 3035 : o1 3 35-40 < ; 40-45 b Modelclass=25-39 -————t__|__| | 0 | (fy~f9) Mode= 4 +5Mi-fo) (170 ~ 180) 4 T= Ty=fy xC=25 + STs x5 "254 cl0xS oe i 340 = 300 “HW =25-1.25=23.75 whi : the model class, : S which falls outside Mode is calculated by the second formula f; Mode=4 + 2 _ 7 4+ eR 8+ T= + MO 5 Scanned with CamScannerMean, Median and Mode - A combined Study How doyou choose an appropriate average ? The choice ofan average is an important and difficult problem, Ifwe choose a wrong average , inaccurate conclusions are likely to follow, The choice of a particular average depends on the distribution of data and the purpose for which the measure is to be used. Arithmetic mean is generally a good average. But it is not to be used when (i) the distribution is highly skewed. (ii) the distribution has open end classes. (iii) the average required is for rates , ratios and percnetages. When the data are not capable of direct measurement or when the distribution is of open end classes, Median is suitable. Mode is very often illdefined. It can be used in problems involving the expression of preferences, What are positional averages and mathematical averages ? When an average is determined on the basis of the position it en- Joys, it is called a positional average. It lies at the middle position. A mathematical average is obtained by applying som mathematical tech- niques. Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and Harmonic mean are math- ematical averages. The value of Positional average need not change along with changes in other values while mathematical averages change along with changes with values of the series, Scanned with CamScannerE.39 Compare and Contrast Mean, Median and Mode. Mean is a mathematical Average while Median and mode are not. Mean is based on all observations while median is the middle item and mode is commonly found item, Mean is capable of further mathematical treatment while median and mode are Not capable of more mathematical Ex40: Calculate mean, median an 1d mode from the marks obtained by ten students given below RollNo : 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 Marks + 23 32 25 38 56 12 32 38 48 70 Ans: Hint: This is an idual series, =x 374 _ aX = Th =374 Median = Size of (941) item =size of5.Stitem 32438 _ 70 _ + PD = 35 Each item appears only once 2. Mode isilldefined :.Mode=3 median—2 mean =Gx35)—@x37.4)= 105-74.8= 302 fm Ex. 41; Find mean and median for: the following data Size + 10 12 15 20 22 28 30 Freq, + 39 12 25 18 7 6 Ans: x Tf fk of 10 3 » | 3 2 9 108 2 15 2 130 | 24 » 3 | so | 4 2 w | 39 | 6 B 1 16 | 74 30. 6 180 0. 0 | 1590 wesw nen ceca ee resemereete tenn Scanned with CamScannerF.40 = EH. 1590 Mean = "5 = 1590 = 19,875 Median = Size of (*-$-1)'item = size of (4) item = size of 40.Sth item = 20, Ex. 42: Find mean, median and mode from the following data, Marks 0-10 0-20 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-60 0-70 No. of students : 3 13 28 48 60 ; 60 70 Ans: [Hint: This is a cumulative less than type series. Convert the data into an exclusive type class freq. | mid d’ fa | of @ |= 0-10 3 5 3 9 3 10-20 10 15 2 20 | 2B 20-30 15 ab -l1 -15 B 3040 2 35 0 0 48 40-50 R 45 1 2 a 50-60 7 55 2 . 4 7 60-70 3 3 9 Dn 2 I 9 Mean=a+ 2M ¢=354 32 x 10=35- 2 =35-1.29= 3371 Median = size of (3 Xh item = size of 35% item Median class is 30-40 ' N—of (20 - 28, Median= + 2—) weno B29), 10= 335 Scanned with CamScannerClass Q@ v0 10-20 20-30 30-40 x 40-50 50-60 60-70 The class 30-40 has the highest number of markings. Therefore Modal class is 30-40. Applying interpolation formula, Total 0 1 3 6 3 1 0 cet a . Mode=4 + ms xo=30+ OI, 108304 sey =30+ #} =30+3.85= 3385 Frequency Distribution with Unequal class intervals Ex 43: Find mean and median from the following data: Size: 0-10 10-20 20-40 40-60 60-90 Freq: oa) 168 12) 24 Ans: Siz | f | Midx[ & [cf o10 | 3 5 isaalie3) 1020] 5 | Is B | 8 2040] 16| 30 | 490° | 2% 460] 2| 90 | 60 | % 050 | 4} 75 | 30 | 0 40 | 1470 Mean= 5S = 1470 = 3675 Median = Size of ( 5} item = 20th item Median lies in the class 20-40 cf) xc=20+ HOMEWORK 1. Find mean, mode and median of the following sizes. 61, 62, 62, 63, 61, 63, 64, 64, 60, 65, 63, 64, 65, 66, 64, 60, 66, $9, 68, 67 and 70. 2. Calculate mean, Median and mode from the following data: 202 , 20=20+15= 35 Scanned with CamScannerE.42 S.No. Marks §,No. Marks S.No Marks 1 54 4 52 a n 2 1 5 49 8 37 3 37 6 45 9 a _U Hint: This is an Individual series ] Find the mean and median for the following data. mat 2 30 «4050 70 - fe 8 12 20 «+10 6 4 4. Calculate mean, median and mode from the following data: Marks: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Freq. 5 «15 0 40, 322 - 5. Compute Arithmetic mean and median of the following frequency distribu. tion. Class limits 130-134 135-139 140-144 145-149 150-154 155-159 160-164 Frequency 5 15 28h 17 10 1 6. Find Median and Mode of the following series. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 No of days absent (less than) ud 29 224 465 582 634 644 650 653655 No of students. 8 7. Calculate Median and Mode from the following data Marks No. of students Marks —_No. of students Above 0 80 Above 50 43 10 77 ”* 60 28 " 20 72 ” 70 16 " 30 65 " 80 10 " 40 55 ” 90 8 8. Calculate Mean and Mode from the following data: Marks below: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 No of students: 50 45 40 30 16 10 7 3 9. Find Arithmetic mean , median and mode from the following. Marks above: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 No of students:250 235 215 190 166 154 123 52 0 10. Compute mean, mode and median of the following frequency distribution of marks in statistics Marks (Midx)5 10 15 20.25 30 35 40 45 50 No. of students22 45 72 75 71 44 38 10 8 7 11. Calculate mean , median and mode for the following data: Marks No, of students. Marks No. of students Less thea 1 0 4 Less than 60 30 20 9 "70 38 "30 15 "80 50 "40 18 ”90 54 “50 26 "100 55 12. Form an ordinary frequency table from th i ivedistri ; ; \¢ following cumulativedistri- bution of marks obtained by 22 students and calculate (i) Mean (ii) Median Scanned with CamScanner