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Nouns (mga pangngalan) have several functions.

  Identifying a noun’s grammatical case is


referring to the noun’s use or function in relation to the other words in the phrase, clause, or
sentence.
The most common cases of nouns are the subjective case (kaukulang palagyo), the objective
case (kaukulang palayon), and the possessive case (kaukulang paari).
Kaukulang Palagyo (Subjective or Nominative Case)
In the subjective or nominative case, the noun may be used as a subject of the sentence, a
subject complement, or an appositive.

1.  Noun as the subject of the sentence (simuno o paksa)


Nouns are often used as a subject (simuno o paksa) of the sentence.
Ang basura ay itinapon sa tamang lalagyan.
The word basura (trash) is a noun and it is the subject of the sentence.

2.  Noun as a subject complement (kaganapang pansimuno)


A subject complement or subjective complement is a word or phrase that follows a linking verb
and describes the subject of the sentence.  Since we are talking about the functions of nouns,
the subject complement we are interested here are nouns or noun phrases in the predicate that
renames or describes the subject of the sentence.

Ang basura ay problema sa ating pamayanan.  (problema = subject complement)

In this sentence, the noun problema (problem) is part of the predicate and it describes the
subject basura by referring to it as a problem.
In Filipino sentences, the subject complement (kaganapang pansimuno) usually comes after
the word ay if the sentence has the subject+predicate arrangement (di-karaniwang ayos). 
However, in a sentence with the predicate+subject arrangement (karaniwang ayos) where the
word ay is not used, the subject complement appears first in the sentence.
Problema ang basura sa ating pamayanan.  (problema = subject complement)

3.  Noun as an appositive (pamuno)


An appositive (pamuno) is a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause that renames or describes
another noun right beside it in the sentence.  An appositive is usually written in between
commas or has a comma before it.
Appositives can rename or describe nouns in the subject, a subject complement, or a direct
object.

Ang basura, isang problema sa ating pamayanan, ay nagdudulot ng mga sakit.


The entire phrase isang problema sa ating pamayanan is an appositive because it describes
the noun that came before it (basura).  The noun problema is the appositive of the
subject basura.
Ang pagkain namin ay halohalo, ang paboritong meryenda ni Carlo.
The noun meryenda (snack) renames the subject complement halohalo, so meryenda is the
appositive of halohalo.
Si Nanay ay nagluto ng adobong manok, ang paboritong ulam ni Mike.
The noun ulam renames the direct object adobong manok, so ulam is the appositive
of adobong manok.
Kaukulang Palayon (Objective Case)
In the objective case, the noun may be used as a direct object of the verb (tuwirang
layon o layon ng pandiwa) or as an object of the preposition (layon ng pang-ukol).
4.  Noun as the direct object (tuwirang layon o layon ng pandiwa)
A noun may be used as the direct object of an action verb.  The direct object receives the action
described by the verb.  The noun usually follows the action verb and answers the
question what or who.
Itinapon ang basura sa tamang lalagyan.
The verb in this sentence is itinapon (threw).  The noun that comes after the verb
is basura (trash) and it answers the question “Threw what?” or “Itinapon ang ano?”

5.  Noun as the object of the preposition (layon ng pang-ukol)


A noun may be used as the object of a preposition (pang-ukol).  Examples of Filipino
prepositions are sa, ng, para sa, para kay, tungkol sa, tungkol kay, ukol sa, ukol kay,
hinggil sa, hinggil kay, laban sa, laban kay, labag sa, labag kay, ayon sa, ayon kay,
alinsunod sa, alinsunod kay, nang may, nang wala, mula sa, and tungo sa.  The noun
that follows a preposition is the object of the preposition.
Itinapon ang basura sa tamang lalagyan.
The noun lalagyan (container) is the object of the preposition sa (into).
Kaukulang Paari (Possessive Case)

6.  Nouns in the possessive case (kaukulang paari) show ownership.  In Filipino sentences,
nouns in the possessive case come after the words ni, nina, kay or kina.
Si Jaime ay pinsan ni Tony.
Kay Jaime ang itim na bag.
Kaukulang Bokatibo (Vocative Case)

7.  The vocative case is the case used for nouns that identify or get the attention of the person
being addressed.
Grace, siya ay si Jaime.
The noun Grace is in the vocative case because the speaker is calling her attention.
Nagawa ko na po ang mga takdang-aralin ko, Itay.
The noun Itay (Dad) is in the vocative case because the speaker is calling the attention of his or
her dad.

KAUKULAN NG PANGNGALAN
3 URI NG KAUKULAN NG PANGNGALAN • PALAGYO-kung ang pangngalan ay ginagamit bilang:
 SIMUNO-ang pinag-uusapan sa pangungusap Hal: Ang Diyos ay mabuti.  PANTAWAG-
pangngalan sinasambit o tinatawag sa pangungusap. Hal: Panginoon,salamat po sa pagmamahal
mo sa amin.
• KAGANAPANG PANSIMUNO-ang simuno at ang isa pang pangngalan sa panaguri ay iisa. Hal:
Si Yahweh ay kinikilalang Diyos ng mga Hudyo. • PAMUNO-ang pangngalang tumutukoy sa
simuno at nasa bahagi rin ng simuno. Hal: Si Yahweh,ang ating Diyos ay laging gumagabay sa
atin.
• PALAYON-kung ang pangngalan ay ginagamit bilang: -LAYON NG PANDIWA-kung ang
pangngalan ay tagatanggap ng kilos. Hal: Ang Panginoon ay nagbibigay ng biyaya sa lahat. Ang
pagmamahal ng Diyos ang lakas niya sa buhay.
LAYON NG PANG-UKOL-kung ang pangngalan ay pinaglalaan ng kilos at kasunod ng pang-ukol.
Hal: Ang Diyos ay nagliligtas sa mga tao. Nagpapasiklab siya para kay Lola Everlyn.
• PAARI-kung may dalawang pangngalan magkasunod ,ang ikalawang pangngalan ay
nagpapakita ng pagmamay-ari. Hal: Ang pag-ibig ni Yahweh ay walang kapantay. Ang pamilya
ni Haya ay buo at matatag.
• Palagyo-nasa kaukulang ito ang pangngalan kung ito’y ginamit bilang simuno, kaganapang
pansimuno, pamuno at pantawag. • Palayon-pangngalang na maaari maging layon ng pang-ukol
at layon ng pandiwa.

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