Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Tool Geometry, Tool Angles
• Systems for Tool nomenclature
‐ ISO System ‐ ORS/NRS
‐ American Standards System ‐ ASA
Prof. S. S. Pande
• Tool Angle Conversion: ISO ASA
Mechanical Engineering Department
‐ Mathematical Basis
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Basic Tool Shape Cutting Efficiency
P P
Tool
Tool
2β
2β
R R
Work P = 2R sinβ
Cutting Efficiency =
Wedge angle : 2β
Orthogonal Cutting Geometry Orthogonal Cutting
Velocity V
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Orthogonal Cutting Oblique Cutting
Characteristics Tool
• Cutting edge Perpendicular to λ
cutting Velocity Vector Chip
• 2D cutting phenomenon V Work piece
• No Spread of material across
Oblique Cutting Free and Restricted Cutting
Characteristics
• Cutting edge at an angle(λ) to the normal
to velocity vector in the cutting plane
• Inclination angle λ
‐ modifies Tool angles
Feed
‐ governs Direction of chip flow Motion
Stabler’s Law for Chip flow Tool
nc = k. λ nc = chip flow angle
K = 0.8 – 1.0
Chip Flow Classification of Cutting Tools
• Single Point tools
• Turning, Shaping, Boring
• Two Point tools
• Twist Drills, Core drills
• Multi Point tools
Free Restricted • Milling cutters, Taps, Reamers
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Single Point Cutting Tool Tool Inserts
Insert Shapes Twist Drills and End Mills
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Single Point Tool Geometry Tool Nomenclature Systems
Tool in Hand
• ISO System : ORS/ NRS
- Orthogonal/ Normal Reference System
• American Standards Association (ASA)
system
Tool in Machine
• Tool /Insert setting in fixture
Tool Angle Reference Systems Tool Reference Planes
(ORS and ASA)
πc πo
ASA Cutting Orthogonal
γx
ORS v axis
ORS γo
ASA
γy Feed
λ
Tool
πB
Basic
Trace
of πc
πc πo
πB
πB πc πo
πB
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πy
Y
X Øe
X
Ø
Øs
Y View in πy Plane
X Ø = Plan Approach angle
Øs = Side cutting Edge angle
Øe = End cutting Edge angle
Ø = 90 ‐ Øs
Tool Designation Tool Angle Conversion
ASA System
ORS ASA
γy , γx , αy , αx , Øe , Øs , r
(γo, λ) (γx , γy )
γy : Back rake angle
γx : Side rake angle
αy : Front clearance angle
αx : Side clearance angle
Øe : End cutting Edge angle
Øs : Side cutting Edge angle
Ø = Plan approach angle
r : Nose radius (mm)
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Tool Angle Conversion
ASA ORS
(γx , γy ) (γo, λ)
Does Orthogonal Plane πo
represent True rake angle?
Ø = Plan approach angle
Orthogonal and Normal Reference Planes Tool Angle Conversion
πc ORS NRS
πn πo
γo γn
λ
Tool in Machine System Inserts in Tool Holder
Static angles on Tool/Insert change
due to
• Setting in tool Holders/ Fixtures
• Tool/ Work relative motion.
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Inserts and Tool Angles Tool Setup on Machine