-     Alloy:

Mixture of metals (or another element but retaining the metallic character). It can be a
solid solution (1 phase) or a mixture of phases and substitutional or interstitial depending
on the atomic radius of elements. Types:
 Ferrous:
o Steel (<1.4 wt% C)
o Cast iron (3-4.5 wt% C)
 Non-ferrous: Cu, Al, Mg, Ti
-     Stress-strength diagram

Test performed by a machine that pulls from both extremes of a standardized probe. The
obtained result typically follows the trend below:

-     Young modulus:
Or simply “E”, is the slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve. It is usually
specific for a material (E=sigma/epsilon).
-     Ductility and tenacity:
Strain at which the material breaks or fractures (epsilon fracture). Typically, a ductile
material will have low E and will form necks before breaking at large epsilon, while a
brittle material will have a high E but will break at low epsilon without formation of necks.

-     Ceramic material:
Inorganic non-metallic solid material formed of a metal and a non-metal manufactured by
the use of heat. They are generally crystalline, hard and brittle, resistant to compression,
high temperatures and oxidation and good thermal and electrical insulators. They are
classified as: Glasses (optical glass), Clay (bricks or pottery), Refractories (brick for
furnaces), Abrasives (sandpaper), Cements and Advanced ceramics (engines,
bioceramics…).
-     Glass
Noncrystalline (amorphous) material made by silica (SiO2) with some impurity ions such as
Na+, Ca2+, Al3+ or B3+. It has a very high temperature of melting (ca. 1500 C) but it is
usually worked at lower temperatures (blowing, pressing, sheet forming, fiber drawing…).
It has very good optical properties and its colour can be modified by the addition of other
elements (Cr, Cu…). Its mechanical properties can be hugely improved by tempering it
(annealing and temperament process).