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LIVE GRAPH

Kt

Perspective view
of cavity

Dashed curves represent case where cavity contains

material having modulus of elasticity
E' perfectly bonded to body material having modulus
of elasticity E (Goodier 1933; Edwards 1951)

b/a
Chart 4.72 Stress concentration factors K, for an ellipsoidal cavity of circular cross section in an
infinite body in tension (mathematical analysis of Sadowsky and Sternberg 1947).
 LIVE GRAPH

Biaxially stressed element with spherical cavity

Ktg

v = 1/4
Single cavity
in an infinite
element with
thickness h
under biaxial
tension
v = 0.3
Single Circular cylinder with spherical cavity
cavity
in cylinder
under
tension

Row of
'cavities
in cylinder
.under
tension
Kfn
v = Poisson's Ratio

Koiter, 1957

dlh
Chart 4.73 Stress concentration factors Ktg and K1n for spherical cavities in finite-width flat elements
and cylinders (Ling 1959; Atsumi 1960).
 LIVE GRAPH

Top view

(Two spherical
cavities
v = 0.25
(Miyamoto 1957)

air = =o (Disk-shaped crack)

(Spherical cavity)
Kt
Kt0

Kto = Kf for single cavity

ale
Chart 4.74 Effect of spacing on the stress concentration factor of an infinite row of ellipsoidal
cavities in an infinite tension member (Miyamoto 1957).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt
I
"(B

'S
O
O
Q.
O)
2
o

t|32.

SI
D -5 _,

^x ®
^ r: r>
H

E §
CD
S
$
1

<c
D)
o
*c
D)
c
ro
O)

alb
Chart 4.75 Stress concentration factors AV for an infinite member in tension having a rigid elliptical cylindrical inclusion (Goodier 1933;
Donnell 1941; Nisitani 1968).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt0 = Kt for single inclusion

(circle)

Kt
Kf0

1 (circle)
a/c
Chart 4.76 Effect of spacing on the stress concentration factor of an infinite tension panel with an
infinite row of rigid cylindrical inclusions (Nisitani 1968).
 LIVE GRAPH

g
max
2wr
Surface

w = Weight per unit

volume of material

clr
Chart 4.77 Maximum peripheral stress in a cylindrical tunnel subjected to hydrostatic pressure due
to weight of material (Mindlin 1939).
 LIVE GRAPH

Surface

Kt
w = Weight per unit
volume of material

c/r

Chart 4.78 Stress concentration factors K, for a cylindrical tunnel subjected to hydrostatic pressure
due to weight of material (based on Chart 4.77).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt

(onom at edge of hole)

(Omax at edge of beam)

d/H
Chart 4.79 Stress concentration factors K, for bending of a thin beam with a central circular hole (Rowland and Stevenson 1933;
Heywood 1952).
 LIVE GRAPH

Ktg

c/e
Chart 4.80 Stress concentration factors K,g for bending of a thin beam with a circular hole displaced
from the center line (Isida 1952).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt

(circle)

a/H
Chart 4.81 Stress concentration factors K,g and K1n for bending of a beam with a central elliptical hole (from data of Isida 1953).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt values are approximate

where o = Applied bending

stress corresponding to MI

MI , A/2 are distributed moments,

with units of moments/length

Cylindrical bending
Mi =1 M2 = v

Kt

Simple bending

(1) Simple bending (M 1 =M,Ms = O)

(2) Cylindrical bending (Mi = M, M2 = vM)

(3) lsotropic bending (M-i = MZ = M)

Kt = 2(independent of d/h)

d/h
Chart 4.82 Stress concentration factors K, for bending of an infinite plate with a hole (Goodier
1936; Reissner 1945).
 LIVE GRAPH

Cylindrical bending: Simple bending:

Af1, M2 are distributed moments,

with units of moments/length

Kt
Cylindrical bending

Simple bending

d/H
Chart 4.83 Stress concentration factors K,g and K1n for bending of a finite-width plate with a circular
hole.
 LIVE GRAPH

Bending about v-axis: Bending about x-axis:

(1) Simple bending

(2) Cylindrical bending

(2) Cylindrical bending

Simple bending
M1 = 1, M2 = O
Two holes,
MI bending
about .y-axis
Cylindrical bending

Kt
M1 bending MI bending
about x-axis about y-axis

M1, M2 are distributed moments,

with units of moments/length
Poisson's ratio = 0.3

Two holes same as

infinite row

M1 bending about x-axis

Af1 bending about y-axis

dll
Chart 4.84 Stress concentration factors for an infinite row of circular holes in an infinite plate in
bending (Tamate 1957 and 1958).
 LIVE GRAPH

(1) Simple bending

Cylindrical bending

(2) Cylindrical bending Simple bending

lsolropic bending
KI - 2 (constant)

M1, M2 are distributed moments,

Kt with units of moments/length

Surface stress from M-)

in plate without hole

(sheet)

alb
Chart 4.85 Stress concentration factors K, for bending of an infinite plate having an elliptical hole (Neuber 1958; Nisitani 1968).
 LIVE GRAPH

M1 = distributed bending moment

with units of moment /length

for single hole Bending about axis y-axis

o = Bending stress in plate without hole

Notch (Shioya 1963)

K
tg
K
(circle)
tog

K-tn
Kfon

Bending about axis .r-axis

ale

Chart 4.86 Effects of spacing on the stress concentration factors of an infinite row of elliptical
holes in an infinite plate in bending (Nisitani 1968; Tamate 1958).
 LIVE GRAPH

K
tg
or
Kfn

Bar of solid circular cross section

(Bar of solid circular cross section)

Assuming rectangular
hole cross section

d/D
Chart 4.87 Stress concentration factors Ktgand K1n for bending of a bar of solid circular cross
section or tube with a transverse hole (Jessop, Snell, and Allison 1959; ESDU 1965); bar of solid
circular cross section (Thum and Kirmser 1943).
 LIVE GRAPH

(Godfrey 1959)

Kt

(Godfrey 1959)

Note:

alb
Chart 4.88 Stress concentration factors for an elliptical hole in an infinite thin element subjected
to shear stress.
 LIVE GRAPH
A1. is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement

Kt

Ar
(a + b)h
Chart 4.89 Stress concentration factors K1 for elliptical holes with symmetrical reinforcement in
an infinite thin element subjected to shear stress (Wittrick 1959a, b; Houghton and Rothwell 1961;
ESDU 1981).
 LIVE GRAPH

(square hole)

Kt

Ovaloid

Note:

Circle

r/a
Chart 4.90 Stress concentration factors K, for a rectangular hole with rounded corners in an infinitely wide thin element subjected
to shear stress (Sobey 1963; ESDU 1970).
 LIVE GRAPH
Ar is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement

Kt

Ar/ah

Chart 4.91 Stress concentration factor K, for square holes with symmetrical reinforcement in an
infinite thin element subject to pure shear stress (Sobey 1968; ESDU 1981).
 (a) a =0° LIVE GRAPH

Kfga
and
K
tgb

a/c

<%iax (smaller hole) is located close to A when a/c is high; omax shifts
close to points at a/c low.
Omax (larger hole) is located close to point C.
Stresses at points A', B' and C" are equal in magnitude, but opposite
in sign to those at A, B, and C.
Chart 4.92a Stress concentration factors Ktg for pure shear in an infinite thin element with two
circular holes of unequal diameter (Haddon 1967; ESDU 1981). (a) a = 0°.
 (b) a =135° LIVE GRAPH

Kfga
and
Ktgb

ale
tfmax (smaller hole) is located close to A for all values of bIa and ale.
Cmax (larger hole) is located between the points B and C when a/c> 0.6,
at points B and D when ale < 0.6.
Chart 4.92b Stress concentration factors A^ for pure shear in an infinite thin element with two
circular holes of unequal diameter (Haddon 1967; ESDU 1981). (b) a = 135°.
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt

Two holes (Barrett, Seth, and Patel 1971)

Infinite row (Meijers 1967)

Chart 4.93 Stress concentration factors K, for single row of circular holes in an infinite thin element
subjected to shear stress.
 LIVE GRAPH

K
tg
Square pattern
Note:

(half of the ordinate values)

Triangular pattern

Ligament efficiency, s/c

Chart 4.94 Stress concentration factors Ktg for an infinite pattern of holes in a thin element subjected to shear stress (Sampson 1960;
Bailey and Hicks 1960; Hulbert and Niedenfuhr 1965; Meijers 1967).
 LIVE GRAPH

dlb = O Single row

of holes (bld = °°)

(square pattern)

Ktg

Note:

(half of the ordinate values)

dlb
Chart 4.95 Stress concentration factors K,g for an infinite rectangular pattern of holes in a thin
element subjected to shear stress (Meijers 1967).
 LIVE GRAPH

(Single row
of holes)

Ktg
(Equilateral
triangles)

Note:

(half of the ordinate values)

d/b
Chart 4.96 Stress concentration factors Ktg for an infinite diamond pattern of holes in a thin element
subjected to shear stress (Meijers 1967).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt

MI and M2 are distributed moments

with units of moment/length

d/h
Chart 4.97 Stress concentration factors K1 for a twisted plate with a circular hole (Reissner 1945).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt Membrane
plus bending

Enlarged
detail
Membrane

Q = Approx. location of omax

P
Chart 4.98 Stress concentration factors for a circular hole in a cylindrical shell stressed in torsion (based on data of Van Dyke 1965).
 LIVE GRAPH

Maximum stress occurs inside

hole on hole surface near outer
surface of bar

(Bar of sojfd circular cross

section)
See Eqs. (4.113 to 4.115)
K Jnet is the net polar
tg
or moment of inertia
Kfn

(Bar of solid circular

cross section)

Assuming rectangular
hole cross-section

dlD
Chart 4.99 Stress concentration factors Ktg and K1n for torsion of a tube or bar of circular cross
section with transverse hole (Jessop, Snell, and Allison 1959; ESDU 1965; bar of circular cross
section Thum and Kirmser 1943).