WORLD UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH

WUB

Assignment-I
Summer Semester 2020
Course Name : Digital Electronics I
Course Code : CEI 605

Submission Date : 19 June 2020

Course Instructor’s Name

Student Name : FARHAN SHAHRIYAR
Registration No. : WUB/03/19/48/3054 Md. Siddikur Rahman
Roll No. : 3054 Lecturer
Batch No. : 48-A Dept. of EEE
Dept. of CSE
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1. a) Amplifiers :

An amplifier is an electronic circuit used to boost up

the strength of the weak signal .It is mainly used in
devices that need signal amplification like audio, and
power signals, etc.
The process of boosting an electrical signal is called
Amplification. The amplification is measured by its
gain. This signal can be a current, voltage or power
signal. It is a two port circuit that increases the
amplitude of the input signal and provides an
amplified signal at the output end. It can either be a
separate piece of equipment or an electrical
circuit within another device.
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b)
Depending on the changes it makes to the input
signal, amplifiers are broadly classified into:
- Current
- Voltage
- Power amplifiers

An amplifier is an electronic device used to

increase the magnitude ofvoltage, current,power
of an input signal. It takes in a weak electrical
signal waveform and reproduces a similar stronger
waveform at the output by using an external power
source.

Audio Frequency Amplifiers :

Audio frequency amplifiers are used to amplify
signals in the range of human hearing that
approximately . Some Hi-Fi audio amplifiers extend
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this range up to around two kHz ranges while
other audio amplifiers may restrict the high
frequency limit to hundred kHz or less.
Audio Frequency Amplifier :
Audio voltage amplifiers are used to amplify the
low level signals from microphones and disk
pickups,. Etc.. By extra circuitry, amplifiers also
perform functions such as tone correction,
equalization of signal levels and mixing of
different inputs. Amplifiers generally have a
high voltage gain and medium to high output
resistance.

Intermediate Frequency Amplifiers :

Intermediate Frequency amplifiers are tuned
amplifiers used in radio devices, TV sets and
radar devices. The Main purpose is to provide the
majority of the voltage amplification of a TV or
radar signals, before the audio or video
information carried by the signal is separated or
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demodulated from the radio signal. Amplifiers
operate at a frequency lower than that of the
received radio waves, but higher than the audio
or video signals eventually produced by the
system. The frequency at which Intermediate
Frequency.
R.F. Amplifiers :
Radio Frequency amplifiers are tuned amplifiers
in which the frequency of operation is governed
by a tuned circuit equipment. This circuit may or
may not be adjustable depending on the purpose of
the amplifier. Its bandwidth also depends on use
and may be relatively wide or narrow.

Wide band Amplifiers :

Wide band amplifiers must have a constant gain
from DC to several tens of MHz range. These
amplifiers are used in measuring equipment such
as oscilloscopes. There is a need to accurately
measure signals over a wide range of frequency
range because of their extremely wide bandwidth
and low gain.
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DC Amplifiers :
DC amplifiers are used to amplify DC voltages or
very low frequency signals where the DC level
of the signal is an important parameter. They
are common in many electrical control systems and
measuring instruments.

Video Amplifiers :
Video amplifiers are a special type of wide band
amplifiers that also preserve the DC level of
the signal and are used specifically for signals
that are to be applied to CRTs or other video
equipment used. Video signals carry all the
picture information on TV sets, video and radar
systems.
Bandwidth of video amplifiers depends on use. In
TV receivers it extends from and is wider.
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C)

Typical amplifier parameters are described below:

i) Gain: The gain of an amplifier is a measure of the
"Amplification" of an amplifier, i.e. how much it
increases the amplitude of a signal. More precisely it
is the ratio of the output signal amplitude to the
input signal amplitude, and is given the symbol "A". It
can be calculated for voltage, current or power, When
the subscript letter.

ii) Frequency Response: Amplifiers do not have the

same gain at all frequencies. For example, an
amplifier designed for audio frequency amplification
will amplify signals with a frequency of less than but
will not amplify signals having higher frequencies.
An amplifier designed for radio frequencies will
amplify a band of frequencies above but will not
amplify the lower frequency audio signals.
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iii) Bandwidth : An important piece of information

that can be obtained from a frequency response
curve is the Bandwidth of the amplifier. This refers
to the ‘band’ of frequencies for which the amplifier
has a useful gain. Outside this useful band the gain of
the amplifier is considered to be insufficient
compared with the gain at the centre of the
bandwidth.
Iv) Input Impedance: The word impedance means
opposition to AC current flow. At 0 Hz, that is, DC
impedance symbol Z is the same as resistance R, but at
frequencies other than 0 Hz impedance and
resistance are not the same. The input impedance of
an amplifier is the effective impedance between
the input terminals.
V)Output Impedance: The output impedance of an
amplifier is not solely dependent on the actual
components connected within the output of an
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amplifier. It is an ‘apparent’ impedance and can best

be demonstrated as being responsible for a fall.

vi) Feedback : Feedback is the process of taking a

proportion of an amplifier´s output signal and feeding
it back into the input. Feedback can be arranged to
either increase or decrease the input signal. When
feedback is used to increase the input signal it is
called POSITIVE FEEDBACK, and when the effect of
the feedback reduces the input signal it is called
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.

2.a) The traditional methods of communication were

using analog signals for long distance communications.
Due to the long distance, the analog signal has to go
through many losses such as distortion, intervention
or interference and even security breach too.
Lets see how Digital Communication Process works so
easy :
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To minimize and overcome these types of losses, the

signals are now digitized using different techniques.
Source, Input Transducer , Analog to Digital
Converter, Source Encode, Channel Encoder , Digital
Modulator , Digital to Analog Converter, Channel ,
Digital Demodulator , Channel Decoder , Source
Decoder, Output Transducer. With the use of
digitized signals, the communication become more
clear and accurate with minimum or no losses.Basic
Components of a Digital Communication System
Broadly, every digital Communication system consists of
these basic components.

- Cause of digital communication easiest

communications:
The specific signal level of the digital signal is not
very important. Due to this, digital signals are quite
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unaffected by the flaws of electronic systems that
may spoil analog signals.
The configuration process of digital signals is easier
than analog signals.
Encryption works better in Digital Signals.
Digital circuits are more consistent and reliable
.Digital circuits are easy to design.
The cost of manufacturing Digital Circuits is lesser
than Analog Circuits.
Digitals Signals do not get corrupted by noise,
interference, and distortions . Cross-talking is very
rare in Digital Communication. Long distance data
transmission is more easy and cheap with Digital
Signals.

b Causes the distortion level less in digital system:

Distortion, in acoustics and electronics, any change
in a signal that alters the basic waveform or the
relationship between various frequency components;
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it is usually a degradation of the signal. Straight
amplification or attenuation without alteration of
the waveform is not usually considered to be
distortion. Amplitude distortion refers to unequal
amplification or attenuation of the various
frequency components of the signal, and phase
distortion refers to changes in the phase
relationships between harmonic components of a
complex wave. Intermodulation distortion is a result of
nonlinearities in the system such that one
frequency component tends to modulate another
frequency component a high audio frequency
modulating a low audio frequency. In audio systems, the
most noticeable types of distortion are amplitude,
frequency, and intermodulation. In video systems,
appreciable distortion of any kind may be observed as a
degradation of the reproduced image. Noise added to a
signal, either purposely or inadvertently, is
sometimes referred to as distortion