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Ionization energy – energy needed to remove GASES

an electron from a gaseous atom in the ground Boyle’s Law PV = K
state
Charles’ Law K=T
V
Electron affinity – energy change when an
electron is added to a gaseous atom in the Ideal Gas Equation PV = nRT
ground state L−atm
R = 0.082 mol −K
Metallic property (reducing property) Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3…
Non-metallic property (non-reducing property) Pressure
Electronegativity – measure of the ability of an Graham’s Law of Rate 1 (MW 1)
=
atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons Effusion Rate 2 (MW 2)

to itself
Critical Temperature – temperature at which a
CHEMICAL BONDS gas cannot be liquefied with increase in
pressure
Electrocovalent bond – formed by transfer of
electrons to form ions Critical Pressure – pressure required to liquefy
a gas at its critical temperature
Covalent bond – formed by sharing of electrons
between atoms
* The higher the bond order, the shorter the LIQUIDS
bond length and the greater the bond strength Vapor pressure – pressure of vapor in
* bond length triple bond < double bond equilibrium with a liquid at given temperature
< single bond Boiling point – temperature at which the vapor
Metallic bond – a crystal of the metal consists pressure of a liquid equals the external
of a regular arrangement of the positive ions, pressure
and the valence electrons move throughout the Viscosity – resistance to flow
crystal attached to the positive cores of all the Surface tension – measure of the inward force
positive ions of the surface of the liquid caused by
intermolecular forces of attraction
POLAR AND NON-POLAR BONDS
Non-polar covalent bond – equal sharing of a SOLIDS
pair of electrons in identical atoms with Molecular solids – atoms or molecules held
identical neighbors together by intermolecular forces
Polar covalent bond – unequal sharing of a pair Metallic solids – positive core of atoms held
of electrons in identical atoms with different together by a “sea” of electrons
neighbors
Ionic solids – cations and anions held together
Polar and non-polar molecules by the electrical attraction of opposite charges
 Non-polar bands non-polar Covalent network solids – atoms held together
molecules by large networks/chains by covalent bonds
 Polar bonds but symmetrical
non-polar molecules
 Polar bonds and not symmetrical THERMODYNAMICS
polar molecules  tells if the reaction is spontaneous or
not
ORBITALS 1st law of thermodynamics – energy can be
converted from one form to another but it
cannot be created nor destroyed
2nd law of thermodynamics – every
spontaneous change is accompanied by an
increase in entropy
3rd law of thermodynamics – at absolute zero,
the entropy of a perfect crystalline substance
may be taken as zero
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KINETICS
 tells how fast the reaction will occur
SOLUTIONS
Molarity Molality
moles of solute moles of solute
L of solution kg of solvent

Equivalent point – point in titration when an

equivalent amount of titrant has been added to
the analyte solution
Colligative properties – depend on the number
of particles and not on the kind of particle