1.Law of Conservation 2. Law of Definite 3. Law of Multiple 4.

Gay Lussac’s Law:

of mass: Proportions: Proportions: When gases combine or
Mass neither created A given compound If two elements can are produced in a
nor destroyed i.e total
always contains combine to form more chemical reaction they
mass of the reactants is
exactly the same than one compound, the do so in a simple ratio
equal to that of
proportion of masses of one element by volume provided all
products
elements by weight. that combine with a gases are at same
fixed mass of the other temperature and
element, are in the ratio pressure.
of small whole numbers.
5. Avogadro Law: 6.Atomic mass 7. Molecular Mass: 8. Mole:
Equal volumes of unit(amu): Molecular mass is the One mole is the amount
gases at the same Mass exactly equal to sum of atomic masses of of a substance that
temperature and one-twelfth the mass the elements present in contains as many
pressure should of one carbon - 12 a molecule. particles or entities as
contain equal atom. there are atoms in
number of molecules. exactly 12 g (or 0.012
kg) of the 12-C isotope.
9. Gram molar mass: 10. Empirical 11. Molecular formula: 12. Limiting Reagent:
The mass of one mole formula: The molecular formula The reactant which
of a substance in An empirical formula shows the exact number consumes completely in
grams is called its represents the of different types of a chemical reaction and
molar mass. simplest whole atoms present in a limits the amount of
number ratio of molecule of a product formed.
various atoms present compound.
in a compound
13. Mole Fraction: 14. Molarity: 15. Molality: 16. Atomic number:
It is the ratio of It is defined as the It is defined as the The number of protons
number of moles of a number of moles of number of moles of present in the nucleus is
particular the solute in 1 litre of solute present in 1 kg of equal to atomic number
component to the the solution. solvent. (Z ).[OR] The number of
total number of electrons present in a
moles of the solution. neutral atom
17. Mass number: 18. Isotopes: 19. Isobars: 20. Frequency:
The total number of Atoms with identical Isobars are the atoms It is defined as the
protons and electrons atomic number but with same mass number number of waves that
(nucleons) in an different atomic mass but different atomic pass a given point in one
atom is known as number are known as number second.
mass number Isotopes.
21. wave number: 22. Photoelectric 23. Threshold 24. Emission Spectrum:
It is defined as the effect: frequency: The spectrum of
number of wave Ejection of electrons For each metal, there is radiation emitted by a
lengths when a beam light of a characteristic substance that has
suitable wavelength minimum frequency,ν 0 absorbed energy is
strikes on the surface (also known as called an emission
of certain metals is threshold frequency) spectrum.
known as Photo below which
electric effect photoelectric effect is
not observed.

25. Zeeman effect: 26. Stark effect: 27. Heisenberg’s 28. Nodal surfaces:
splitting of spectral splitting of spectral Uncertainty Principle: The region where this
lines in the presence lines in the presence It states that it is probability density
of magnetic field of electric field impossible to determine function reduces to zero
simultaneously, the is called nodal surfaces
exact position and exact or simply nodes.
momentum (or velocity)
of an electron.
29. Degenerate 30. Aufbau Principle: 31. Pauli Exclusion 32. Hund’s Rule of
orbitals: In the ground state of Principle: Maximum Multiplicity:
The orbitals having the atoms, the orbitals No two electrons in an Pairing of electrons in
the same energy are are filled in order of atom can have the same the orbitals belonging to
called degenerate. their increasing set of four quantum the same sub shell (p, d
energies. numbers. or f) does not take place
until each orbital
belonging to that sub
shell has got one
electron each i.e., it is
singly occupied.
33. Mendeleev 34. Modern Periodic 35. Isoelectronic species: 36. Ionisation enthalpy:
periodic law: Law: Atoms and ions which It represents the energy
The properties of the The physical and contain the same required to remove an
elements are a chemical properties number of electrons electron from an
periodic function of of the elements are isolated gaseous atom
their atomic weights. periodic functions of (X) in its ground state.
their atomic
numbers.
37. Electron Gain 38. Electronegativity: 39. Chemical bond: 40. Ionic
Enthalpy: A qualitative measure The attractive force bond(electrovalent
When an electron is of the ability of an which holds various bond):
added to a neutral atom in a chemical constituents (atoms, The bond formed, as a
gaseous atom (X) to compound to attract ions, etc.) together in result of the electrostatic
convert it into a shared electrons to different chemical attraction between the
negative ion, the itself is called species is called a positive and negative
enthalpy change electronegativity. chemical bond. ions was termed as the
accompanying the electrovalent bond.
process is defined as
the Electron Gain
Enthalpy (Δ eg H).

41. Formal Charge: 42. Lattice Enthalpy: 43. Bond Length: 44. Bond Angle:
The formal charge of The Lattice Enthalpy Bond length is defined It is defined as the angle
an atom in a of an ionic solid is as the equilibrium between the orbitals
polyatomic molecule defined as the energy distance between the containing bonding
or ion may be required to nuclei of two bonded electron pairs around
defined as the completely separate atoms in a molecule. the central atom in a
difference between one mole of a solid molecule/complex ion.
the number of ionic compound into
valence electrons of gaseous constituent
that atom in an ions.
isolated or free state
and the number of
electrons assigned to
that atom in the
Lewis structure.
45. Bond Enthalpy: 46. Bond Order: 47. Dipole moment: 48. Sigma(σ) bond:
It is defined as the In the Lewis It is defined as the This type of covalent
amount of energy description of product of the bond is formed by the
required to break one covalent bond, the magnitude of the charge end to end (hand-on)
mole of bonds of a Bond Order is given and the distance overlap of bonding
particular type by the number of between the centres of orbitals along the inter
between two atoms bonds between the positive and negative nuclear axis.
in a gaseous state. two atoms in a charge.
molecule.
49. pi(π) bond : 50. Hybridisation: 51. Bond order: 52. Hydrogen bond:
The formation of π Defined as the Bond order (B.O) is Hydrogen bond can be
bond the atomic process of defined as one half the defined as the attractive
orbitals overlap in intermixing of the difference between the force which binds
such a way that their orbitals of slightly number of electrons hydrogen atom of one
axes remain parallel different energies so present in the bonding molecule with the
to each other and as to redistribute and the anti bonding electronegative atom (F,
perpendicular to the their energies, orbitals O or N) of another
internuclear axis. resulting in the molecule.
formation of new set
of orbitals of
equivalent energies
and shape.

53. Boyle’s Law: 54. Charles’ Law: 55. Absolute zero: 56. Gay Lussac’s Law:
It constant At constant pressure, The lowest hypothetical It states that at constant
temperature, the the volume of a fixed or imaginary volume, pressure of a
pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is temperature at which fixed amount of a gas
amount (i.e., number directly proportional gases are supposed to varies directly with the
of moles n) of gas to its absolute occupy zero volume is temperature.
varies inversely with temperature. called Absolute zero.
its volume.
57. Avogadro Law: 58. Ideal gas: 59. Dalton’s Law of 60. Aqueous tension:
It states that equal A gas that follows Partial Pressures: Pressure exerted by
volumes of all gases Boyle’s law, Charles’ It states that the total saturated water vapour
under the same law and Avogadro pressure exerted by the is called aqueous
conditions of law strictly is called mixture of non-reactive tension.
temperature and an ideal gas. gases is equal to the sum
pressure contain of the partial pressures
equal number of of individual gases
molecules.
61. Boyle 62. Critical 63. Boiling point: 64. Viscosity:
temperature: temperature: The temperature at Viscosity is a measure of
The temperature at The temperature which vapour pressure resistance to flow which
which a real gas above which a gas is equal to external arises due to the internal
obeys ideal gas law cannot be liquefied atmospheric pressure friction between layers
over an appreciable whatever the of fluid as they slip past
range of pressure is pressure applied. one another while liquid
called Boyle flows.
temperature or Boyle
point.
65. System: 66. Surroundings: 67. Open System: 68. Closed System:
Subject under Rest of the universe In an open system, In a closed system, there
thermodynamic apart from the system there is exchange of is no exchange of
study is known as is known as energy and matter matter, but exchange of
system. surroundings between system and energy is possible
surroundings between system and the
surroundings
69. Isolated System: 70. Internal energy: 71. First law of 72. Extensive property:
In an isolated system, A quantity which thermodynamics: An extensive property is
there is no exchange represents the total The energy of an a property whose value
of energy or matter energy of the system. isolated system is depends on the quantity
between the system It may be chemical, constant. or size of matter present
and the surroundings electrical, and in the system.
mechanical or any
other type of energy
you may think of, the
sum of all these is the
energy of the system.
73. Intensive 74. Heat capacity: 75. Specific heat 76. Molar heat capacity:
property: Heat required to raise capacity: Heat required to raise
An extensive the temperature of a Heat required to raise the temperature of one
property is a substance by one unit the temperature of one mole of substance by
property whose value is known as heat gram of substance by one unit
independent on the capacity. one unit
quantity or size of
matter present in the
system.
77. Standard 78. Standard 79. Standard enthalpy of 80. Standard enthalpy of
enthalpy: enthalpy of fusion: vaporization: sublimation:
The standard The enthalpy change Amount of heat The change in enthalpy
enthalpy of reaction that accompanies required to vaporize one when one mole of a
is the enthalpy melting of one mole mole of a liquid at solid substance sublimes
change for a reaction of a solid substance in constant temperature at a constant
when all the standard state is and under standard temperature and under
participating called standard pressure (1bar) is called standard pressure
substances are in enthalpy of fusion its standard enthalpy of (1bar).
their standard states. vaporization
81. Standard 82. Hess’s Law: 83. Standard enthalpy of 84. Enthalpy of
enthalpy of If a reaction takes combustion: atomization:
formation: place in several steps Standard enthalpy of It is the enthalpy change
The standard then its standard combustion is defined as on breaking one mole of
enthalpy change for reaction enthalpy is the enthalpy change per bonds completely to
the formation of one the sum of the mole of a substance, obtain atoms in the gas
mole of a compound standard enthalpies when it undergoes phase.
from its elements in of the intermediate combustion
their most stable reactions into which
states of aggregation) the overall reaction
is called Standard may be divided at the
Molar Enthalpy of same temperature.
Formation.
85. Enthalpy of 86. Spontaneous 87. Henry’s law: 88. Le Chatelier’s
Solution: process: Henry’s law, which principle:
Enthalpy of solution A spontaneous states that the mass of a It states that a change in
of a substance is the process is an gas dissolved in a given any of the factors that
enthalpy change irreversible process mass of a solvent at any determine the
when one mole of it and may only be temperature, is equilibrium conditions
dissolves in a reversed by some proportional to the of a system will cause
specified amount of external agency. pressure of the gas the system to change in
solvent. above the solvent. such a manner so as to
reduce or to counteract
the effect of the change.
89. Arrhenius acid 90. Lowry-Bronsted 91. Lewis acid and base: 92. Conjugate acid base
and base: acid and base: Acid: Electron pair pair:
+ +
Acid: Gives H ions in Acid: H donor acceptor Acid base pair which
+
water Base: H acceptor Base: Electron pair differ by one H+ ion
Base: Gives OH- ions donor
in water
93. Buffer solution: 94. Common ion 95. Oxidation: 96. Reduction:
The solutions which effect: Oxidation is defined as Reduction is defined as
resist change in pH Suppression of the addition of removal of
on dilution or with dissociation of weak oxygen/electronegative oxygen/electronegative
the addition of small electrolyte in present element to a substance element from a
amounts of acid or of strong electrolyte or removal of substance or addition of
alkali are called which contains a hydrogen/electropositive hydrogen/electropositive
Buffer Solutions. common ion with it is element from a element to a substance.
known as common substance.
ion effect.
97. Oxidising agent: 98. Reducing agent: 99. Redox reactions: 100. Standard electrode
A reagent which can A reagent which Reactions which involve potential:
increase the lowers the oxidation change in oxidation The potential difference
oxidation number of number of an number of the developed between
an element in a given element in a given interacting species. metal electrode and the
substance. These substance. These solution of its ions of
reagents are called as reagents are also unit molarity (1M) at
oxidants also. called as reductants. 25°C (298 K) electrode
potential.