252 CHAPTER 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms
6.60 A hydrogen atom orbital has n = 5 and ml = -2. (a) What
are the possible values of l for this orbital? (b) What are the
possible values of ms for the orbital?
6.61 Which of the following represent impossible combinations of
n and l? (a) 1p, (b) 4s, (c) 5f, (d) 2d
6.62 For the table that follows, write which orbital goes with the
quantum numbers. Don’t worry about x, y, z subscripts. If the
quantum numbers are not allowed, write “not allowed.”
N l ml Orbital
2 1 -1 2p (example)
1 0 0
3 -3 2 each of the following subshells? (a) 3p, (b) 5d, (c) 2s, (d) 4f.
3 2 -2
2 0 -1
0 0 0 l = 3; (c) n = 5, l = 3, ml = 2, (d) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0.
4 2 1
5 3 0 (d) What quantity is represented by the half arrows in an
6.63 Sketch the shape and orientation of the following types of
orbitals: (a) s, (b) pz, (c) dxy.
6.64 Sketch the shape and orientation of the following types of
orbitals: (a) px, (b) dz2, (c) dx2 - y2.
6.65 (a) What are the similarities of and differences between the 1s
and 2s orbitals of the hydrogen atom? (b) In what sense does a
2p orbital have directional character? Compare the “directional”
characteristics of the px and dx2 - y2 orbitals. (That is, in what
direction or region of space is the electron density concentrated?)
(c) What can you say about the average distance from the nucleus
of an electron in a 2s orbital as compared with a 3s orbital?
(d) For the hydrogen atom, list the following orbitals in order of
increasing energy (that is, most stable ones first): 4f, 6s, 3d, 1s, 2p.
6.66 (a) With reference to Figure 6.19, what is the relationship be-
tween the number of nodes in an s orbital and the value of the
principal quantum number? (b) Identify the number of nodes;
that is, identify places where the electron density is zero, in the
2px orbital; in the 3s orbital. (c) What information is obtained
from the radial probability functions in Figure 6.19? (d) For
the hydrogen atom, list the following orbitals in order of in-
creasing energy: 3s, 2s, 2p, 5s, 4d.
Many-Electron Atoms and Electron
Configurations (Sections 6.7–6.9)
6.67 For a given value of the principal quantum number, n, how do
the energies of the s, p, d, and f subshells vary for (a) hydrogen,
(b) a many-electron atom?
6.68 (a) The average distance from the nucleus of a 3s electron in
a chlorine atom is smaller than that for a 3p electron. In light
Additional Exercises
6.81 Consider the two waves shown here, which we will consider
to represent two electromagnetic radiations:
(a) What is the wavelength of wave A? Of wave B?
(b) What is the frequency of wave A? Of wave B?
(c) Identify the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to
which waves A and B belong.
of this fact, which orbital is higher in energy? (b) Would
you expect it to require more or less energy to remove a
3s electron from the chlorine atom, as compared with a
2p electron?
6.69 (a) What experimental evidence is there for the electron hav-
ing a “spin”? (b) Draw an energy-level diagram that shows the
relative energetic positions of a 1s orbital and a 2s orbital. Put
two electrons in the 1s orbital. (c) Draw an arrow showing the
excitation of an electron from the 1s to the 2s orbital.
6.70 (a) State the Pauli exclusion principle in your own words.
(b) The Pauli exclusion principle is, in an important sense,
the key to understanding the periodic table. (c) Explain.
6.71 What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy
6.72 What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that can have
the following quantum numbers? (a) n = 3, ml = -2; (b) n = 4,
6.73 (a) What are “valence electrons”? (b) What are “core elec-
trons”? (c) What does each box in an orbital diagram represent?
orbital diagram?
6.74 For each element, indicate the number of valence electrons,
core electrons, and unpaired electrons in the ground state:
(a) nitrogen, (b) silicon, (c) chlorine.
6.75 Write the condensed electron configurations for the following
atoms, using the appropriate noble-gas core abbreviations:
(a) Cs, (b) Ni, (c) Se, (d) Cd, (e) U, (f) Pb.
6.76 Write the condensed electron configurations for the follow-
ing atoms and indicate how many unpaired electrons each
has: (a) Mg, (b) Ge, (c) Br, (d) V, (e) Y, (f) Lu.
6.77 Identify the specific element that corresponds to each of the
following electron configurations and indicate the num-
ber of unpaired electrons for each: (a) 1s22s2, (b) 1s22s22p4,
(c) 3Ar44s13d5, (d) 3Kr45s24d105p4.
6.78 Identify the group of elements that corresponds to each of the
following generalized electron configurations and indicate
the number of unpaired electrons for each:
(a) [noble gas] ns2np5
(b) [noble gas] ns21n - 12d2
(c) [noble gas] ns21n - 12d10np1
(d) [noble gas] ns21n - 22f 6
6.79 What is wrong with the following electron configurations for
atoms in their ground states? (a) 1s22s23s1, (b) 3Ne42s22p3,
(c) 3Ne43s23d5.
6.80 The following electron configurations represent excited states.
Identify the element and write its ground-state condensed
electron configuration. (a) 1s22s22p43s1, (b) 3Ar44s13d104p25p1,
(c) 3Kr45s24d25p1.
A
B
1.6 × 10−7 m
290 CHAPTER 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements

(b) Explain how we could mimic moving to the right in a row
of the periodic table by changing the wattage of the lightbulb.
(c) How would you change the wattage of the bulb and/or
change the frosted glass to mimic the effect of moving down a
column of the periodic table? [Section 7.2]
7.2 Which of these spheres represents F, which represents Br, and
which represents Br-? [Section 7.3]
7.3 Consider the Mg2+, Cl-, K+, and Se2- ions. The four spheres
below represent these four ions, scaled according to ionic size.
(a) Without referring to Figure 7.8, match each ion to its appro-
priate sphere. (b) In terms of size, between which of the spheres
would you find the (i) Ca2 + and (ii) S2 - ions? [Section 7.3]
7.4 In the following reaction
Reactants Products
(b) The 2s and 2p energy levels are shown as different.
Which of the following is the best explanation for
why this is the case? (i) The 2s and 2p energy levels have
different energies in the hydrogen atom, so of course they
will have different energies in the sodium atom, (ii) The
energy of the 2p orbital is higher than that of the 2s
in all many-electron atoms. (iii) The 2s level in
Na has electrons in it, whereas the 2p does not.
(c) Which of the energy levels holds the highest-energy
electron in a sodium atom?
(d) A sodium vapor lamp (Figure 7.23) operates by using
electricity to excite the highest-energy electron to the
next highest-energy level. Light is produced when the
excited electron drops back to the lower level. Which
two energy levels are involved in this process for the
Na atom? [Section 7.7]
7.7 (a) Which of the following charts below shows the general
periodic trends for each of the following properties of the
main-group elements (you can neglect small deviations going
either across a row or down a column of the periodic table)?
(1) Bonding atomic radius, (2) first ionization energy, and
(3) metallic character. (b) Do any of the charts show the gen-
eral periodic trends in the electron affinities of the main-
group elements? [Sections 7.2–7.6]

increase

(i)
H Main Group Elements He
which sphere represents a metal and which represents a non-
metal? Explain your answer. [Section 7.3]
Li Be B C N O F Ne
7.5 Consider the A2X4 molecule depicted here, where A and X
increase

are elements. The A ¬ A bond length in this molecule is d1, Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

and the four A ¬ X bond lengths are each d2. (a) In terms of
d1 and d2, how could you define the bonding atomic radii of K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
atoms A and X? (b) In terms of d1 and d2, what would you pre-
dict for the X ¬X bond length of an X2 molecule? [Section 7.3] Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba
X X
d2

A A

d1
X X increase

7.6 Shown below is a qualitative diagram of the atomic orbital (ii)

energies for an Na atom. The number of orbitals in each sub- H Main Group Elements He
shell is not shown.
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3p
increase

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3s K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
E
2p Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
2s
Cs Ba
1s

(a) Are all of the subshells for n = 1, n = 2, and n = 3

shown? If not, what is missing?
 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba Cs Ba

increase
Exercises 291
(ii)
ments He H Main Group Elements
increase He 7.11 You might have expected that the elements would have been dis-
increase
covered in order of their relative abundance in the Earth’s crust
O F Ne (iii) Li Be B C N O F Ne (iv)1.6), but this is not the case. Suggest a general reason.
(Figure
H Main Group Elements He H
7.12 (a) Moseley’s experiments Main
on Group
X rays from atoms led He
Elements
emitted to
increase increase
S Cl Ar Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar the concept of atomic numbers. Where exactly do these X rays
Li Be B C N O F Ne come from? Draw an Li energy-level
Be Bdiagram
C toNexplain.
O (b) F Why
Ne
Se Br Kr K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
are chemical and physical properties of the elements more closely

increase
Te I Xe Na Mg Al Sn
In Si Sb
P S
Te Cl Ar
I Xe related to atomic numbers
Na Mgthan they Al areSito atomic
P weights?
S Cl Ar
Rb Sr
7.13 (a) What is meant by the term effective nuclear charge?
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Cs Ba (b) How does the effective nuclear charge experienced by
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe the valence electronsRb ofSran atomIn varySn
goingSbfromTe left toI right
Xe
across a period of the periodic table?
Cs Ba Cs Bastatements about effective nuclear
7.14 Which of the following
charge for the outermost valence electron of an atom is incor-
rect? (i) The effective nuclear charge can be thought of as the
increase true nuclear charge minus a screening constant due to the other
electrons in the atom. (ii) Effective nuclear charge increases
(iv)
going left to right across a row of the periodic table. (iii) Valence
ments He H Main Group Elements He electrons screen the nuclear charge more effectively than do
core electrons. (iv) The effective nuclear charge shows a sudden
O F Ne Li Be B C N O F Ne decrease when we go from the end of one row to the beginning
of the next row of the periodic table. (v) The change in effec-
increase

S Cl Ar Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar tive nuclear charge going down a column of the periodic table is

Se Br Kr K Ca Ga Ge As Se
Te I Xe Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba
7.8 An element X reacts with F21g2 to form the molecular product
shown here. (a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction (do
not worry about the phases for X and the product). (b) Do you
think that X is a metal or nonmetal? Explain. [Section 7.6]
F 7.16 Detailed calculations show that the value of Zeff for the outermost
F X F (a) What value do you estimate for Zeff experienced by the outer-
F tribute 1.00 and valence electrons contribute 0.00 to the screening
Periodic Table; Effective Nuclear Charge
(Sections 7.1 and 7.2)
7.9 ( a ) E v a l u a t e t h e e x p r e s s i o n s 2 * 1, 2 * 11 + 32,
2 * 11 + 3 + 52, and 2 * 11 + 3 + 5 + 72. (b) How do
the atomic numbers of the noble gases relate to the numbers
from part (a)? (c) What topic discussed in Chapter 6 is the
source of the number “2” in the expressions in part (a)?
7.10 The prefix eka- comes from the Sanskrit word for “one.”
Mendeleev used this prefix to indicate that the unknown
element was one place away from the known element that
followed the prefix. For example, eka-silicon, which we now
call germanium, is one element below silicon. Mendeleev
also predicted the existence of eka-manganese, which was not
experimentally confirmed until 1937 because this element
is radioactive and does not occur in nature. Based on the
periodic table shown in Figure 7.1, what do we now call the
element Mendeleev called eka-manganese.
generally less than that going across a row of the periodic table.
Br Kr
7.15 Detailed calculations show that the value of Zeff for the out-
I Xe ermost electrons in Na and K atoms is 2.51 + and 3.49 +,
respectively. (a) What value do you estimate for Zeff experi-
enced by the outermost electron in both Na and K by assuming
core electrons contribute 1.00 and valence electrons contribute
0.00 to the screening constant? (b) What values do you estimate
for Zeff using Slater’s rules? (c) Which approach gives a more
accurate estimate of Zeff? (d) Does either method of approxima-
tion account for the gradual increase in Zeff that occurs upon
moving down a group? (e) Predict Zeff for the outermost elec-
trons in the Rb atom based on the calculations for Na and K.
electrons in Si and Cl atoms is 4.29 + and 6.12 + , respectively.
most electron in both Si and Cl by assuming core electrons con-
constant? (b) What values do you estimate for Zeff using Slater’s
rules? (c) Which approach gives a more accurate estimate of Zeff?
(d) Which method of approximation more accurately accounts
for the steady increase in Zeff that occurs upon moving left to
right across a period? (e) Predict Zeff for a valence electron in P,
phosphorus, based on the calculations for Si and Cl.
7.17 Which will experience the greater effective nuclear charge, the
electrons in the n = 3 shell in Ar or the n = 3 shell in Kr?
Which will be closer to the nucleus?
7.18 Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing effective
nuclear charge experienced by the electrons in the n = 3
electron shell: K, Mg, P, Rh, Ti.
Atomic and Ionic Radii (Section 7.3)
7.19 (a) Because an exact outer boundary cannot be measured
or even calculated for an atom, how are atomic radii deter-
mined? (b) What is the difference between a bonding radius
and a nonbonding radius? (c) For a given element, which one
is larger? (d) If a free atom reacts to become part of a mol-
ecule, would you say that the atom gets smaller or larger?
292 CHAPTER 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements
7.20 (a) Why does the quantum mechanical description of many-
electron atoms make it difficult to define a precise atomic radius?
(b) When nonbonded atoms come up against one another, what
determines how closely the nuclear centers can approach?
7.21 Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal in the peri-
odic table: 3422 °C. The distance between W atoms in tungsten
metal is 2.74 Å. (a) What is the atomic radius of a tungsten atom
in this environment? (This radius is called the metallic radius.)
(b) If you put tungsten metal under high pressure, predict what
would happen to the distance between W atoms.
7.22 Which of the following statements about the bonding atomic
radii in Figure 7.7 is incorrect? (i) For a given period, the
radii of the representative elements generally decrease from
left to right across period. (ii) The radii of the representative
elements for the n = 3 period are all larger than those of the
corresponding elements in the n = 2 period. (iii) For most
of the representative elements, the change in radius from
the n = 2 to the n = 3 period is greater than the change in
radius from n = 3 to n = 4. (iv) The radii of the transition
elements generally increase moving from left to right within a
period. (v) The large radii of the Group 1A elements are due
to their relatively small effective nuclear charges.
7.23 Estimate the As ¬ I bond length from the data in Figure 7.7
and compare your value to the experimental As ¬ I bond
length in arsenic triiodide, AsI3, 2.55 Å.
7.24 The experimental Bi ¬ I bond length in bismuth triiodide,
BiI3, is 2.81 Å. Based on this value and data in Figure 7.7, pre-
dict the atomic radius of Bi.
7.25 Using only the periodic table, arrange each set of atoms in order
from largest to smallest: (a) K, Li, Cs; (b) Pb, Sn, Si; (c) F, O, N.
7.26 Using only the periodic table, arrange each set of atoms in order
of increasing radius: (a) Ba, Ca, Na; (b) In, Sn, As; (c) Al, Be, Si.
7.27 Identify each statement as true or false: (a) Cations are larger
than their corresponding neutral atoms. (b) Li+ is smaller
than Li. (c) Cl- is bigger than I-.
7.28 Explain the following variations in atomic or ionic radii:
(a) I- 7 I 7 I+
(b) Ca2+ 7 Mg2+ 7 Be2+
(c) Fe 7 Fe2+ 7 Fe3+
7.29 Which neutral atom is isoelectronic with each of the following
ions? Ga3+, Zr4+, Mn7+, I-, Pb2+.
7.30 Some ions do not have a corresponding neutral atom that
has the same electron configuration. For each of the follow-
ing ions, identify the neutral atom that has the same number
of electrons and determine if this atom has the same electron
configuration. If such an atom does not exist, explain why.
(a) Cl-, (b) Sc3 + , (c) Fe2 + , (d) Zn2 + , (e) Sn4 + .
7.31 Consider the isoelectronic ions F- and Na+. (a) Which ion is
smaller? (b) Using Equation 7.1 and assuming that core elec-
trons contribute 1.00 and valence electrons contribute 0.00 to
the screening constant, S, calculate Zeff for the 2p electrons
in both ions. (c) Repeat this calculation using Slater’s rules to
estimate the screening constant, S. (d) For isoelectronic ions,
how are effective nuclear charge and ionic radius related?
7.32 Consider the isoelectronic ions Cl- and K+. (a) Which ion is
smaller? (b) Using Equation 7.1 and assuming that core elec-
trons contribute 1.00 and valence electrons contribute noth-
ing to the screening constant, S, calculate Zeff for these two
ions. (c) Repeat this calculation using Slater’s rules to estimate
the screening constant, S. (d) For isoelectronic ions, how are
effective nuclear charge and ionic radius related?
7.33 Consider S, Cl, and K and their most common ions. (a) List
the atoms in order of increasing size. (b) List the ions in order
of increasing size. (c) Explain any differences in the orders of
the atomic and ionic sizes.
7.34 Arrange each of the following sets of atoms and ions, in order
of increasing size: (a) Se2-, Te2-, Se; (b) Co3+, Fe2+, Fe3+;
(c) Ca, Ti4+, Sc3+; (d) Be2+, Na+, Ne.
7.35 Provide a brief explanation for each of the following: (a) O2-
is larger than O. (b) S2- is larger than O2-. (c) S2- is larger
than K+. (d) K+ is larger than Ca2+.
7.36 In the ionic compounds LiF, NaCl, KBr, and RbI, the mea-
sured cation–anion distances are 2.01 Å (Li–F), 2.82 Å
(Na–Cl), 3.30 Å (K–Br), and 3.67 Å (Rb–I), respectively.
(a) Predict the cation–anion distance using the values of ionic
radii given in Figure 7.8. (b) Calculate the difference between
the experimentally measured ion–ion distances and the ones
predicted from Figure 7.8. Assuming we have an accuracy of
0.04 Å in the measurement, would you say that the two sets
of ion–ion distances are the same or not? (c) What estimates
of the cation–anion distance would you obtain for these four
compounds using bonding atomic radii? Are these estimates
as accurate as the estimates using ionic radii?
Ionization Energies; Electron Affinities
(Sections 7.4 and 7.5)
7.37 Write equations that show the processes that describe the first,
second, and third ionization energies of an aluminum atom.
Which process would require the least amount of energy?
7.38 Write equations that show the process for (a) the first two
ionization energies of lead and (b) the fourth ionization
energy of zirconium.
7.39 (a) Why does Li have a larger first ionization energy than Na?
(b) The difference between the third and fourth ionization
energies of scandium is much larger than that of titanium.
Why? (c) Why does Li have a much larger second ionization
energy than Be?
7.40 Identify each statement as true or false: (a) Ionization ener-
gies are always negative quantities. (b) Oxygen has a larger
first ionization energy than fluorine. (c) The second ioniza-
tion energy of an atom is always greater than its first ioniza-
tion energy. (d) The third ionization energy is the energy
needed to ionize three electrons from a neutral atom.
7.41 (a) What is the general relationship between the size of an atom
and its first ionization energy? (b) Which element in the periodic
table has the largest ionization energy? Which has the smallest?
7.42 (a) What is the trend in first ionization energies as one pro-
ceeds down the group 7A elements? Explain how this trend
relates to the variation in atomic radii. (b) What is the trend
in first ionization energies as one moves across the fourth
period from K to Kr? How does this trend compare with the
trend in atomic radii?
7.43 Based on their positions in the periodic table, predict which
atom of the following pairs will have the smaller first ionization
energy: (a) Cl, Ar; (b) Be, Ca; (c) K, Co; (d) S, Ge; (e) Sn, Te.
7.44 For each of the following pairs, indicate which element has
the smaller first ionization energy: (a) Ti, Ba; (b) Ag, Cu;
(c) Ge, Cl; (d) Pb, Sb.

7.45 Write the electron configurations for the following ions, and
determine which have noble-gas configurations: (a) Co2 + ,
(b) Sn2 + , (c) Zr4 + , (d) Ag +, (e) S2 - .
7.46 Write the electron configurations for the following ions, and
determine which have noble-gas configurations: (a) Ru3 + ,
(b) As3 - , (c) Y3 + , (d) Pd2 + , (e) Pb2 + , (f) Au3 + .
7.47 Find three examples of ions in the periodic table that have an
electron configuration of nd 8 1n = 3, 4, 5, c2.
7.48 Find three atoms in the periodic table whose ions have an
electron configuration of nd 6 1n = 3, 4, 5, c2.
7.49 The first ionization energy and electron affinity of Ar are both
positive values. (a) What is the significance of the positive
value in each case? (b) What are the units of electron affinity?
7.50 If the electron affinity for an element is a negative number,
does it mean that the anion of the element is more stable than
the neutral atom? Explain.
7.51 Although the electron affinity of bromine is a negative quan-
tity, it is positive for Kr. Use the electron configurations of the
two elements to explain the difference.
7.52 What is the relationship between the ionization energy of an
anion with a 1 - charge such as F- and the electron affinity of
the neutral atom, F?
7.53 Consider the first ionization energy of neon and the electron
affinity of fluorine. (a) Write equations, including electron
configurations, for each process. (b) These two quantities have
opposite signs. Which will be positive, and which will be nega-
tive? (c) Would you expect the magnitudes of these two quanti-
ties to be equal? If not, which one would you expect to be larger?
7.54 Consider the following equation:
Ca+1g2 + e- ¡ Ca1g2
Which of the following statements are true? (i) The energy
change for this process is the electron affinity of the Ca+ ion.
(ii) The energy change for this process is the negative of the first
ionization energy of the Ca atom. (iii) The energy change for this
process is the negative of the electron affinity of the Ca atom.
Properties of Metals and Nonmetals (Section 7.6)
7.55 (a) Does metallic character increase, decrease, or remain
unchanged as one goes from left to right across a row of the
periodic table? (b) Does metallic character increase, decrease,
or remain unchanged as one goes down a column of the peri-
odic table? (c) Are the periodic trends in (a) and (b) the same
as or different from those for first ionization energy?
7.56 You read the following statement about two elements X and
Y: One of the elements is a good conductor of electricity, and
the other is a semiconductor. Experiments show that the first
ionization energy of X is twice as great as that of Y. Which
element has the greater metallic character?
7.57 Discussing this chapter, a classmate says, “An element
that commonly forms a cation is a metal.” Do you agree or
disagree? Explain your answer.
7.58 Discussing this chapter, a classmate says, “Since elements that
form cations are metals and elements that form anions are
nonmetals, elements that do not form ions are metalloids.”
Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer.
7.59 Predict whether each of the following oxides is ionic or
molecular: SnO2, Al2O3, CO2, Li2O, Fe2O3, H2O.
Exercises 293
7.60 Some metal oxides, such as Sc2O3, do not react with pure
water, but they do react when the solution becomes either
acidic or basic. Do you expect Sc2O3 to react when the
solution becomes acidic or when it becomes basic? Write a
balanced chemical equation to support your answer.
7.61 (a) What is meant by the terms acidic oxide and basic oxide?
(b) How can we predict whether an oxide will be acidic or
basic based on its composition?
7.62 Arrange the following oxides in order of increasing acidity:
CO2, CaO, Al2O3, SO3, SiO2, P2O5.
7.63 Chlorine reacts with oxygen to form Cl2O7. (a) What is the
name of this product (see Table 2.6)? (b) Write a balanced equa-
tion for the formation of Cl2O71l2 from the elements. (c) Under
usual conditions, Cl2O7 is a colorless liquid with a boiling
point of 81 °C. Is this boiling point expected or surprising?
(d) Would you expect Cl2O7 to be more reactive toward H+1aq2
or OH-1aq2? (e) If the oxygen in Cl2O7 is considered to have
the -2 oxidation state, what is the oxidation state of the Cl?
What is the electron configuration of Cl in this oxidation state?
[7.64] An element X reacts with oxygen to form XO2 and with chlo-
rine to form XCl4. XO2 is a white solid that melts at high tem-
peratures (above 1000 °C). Under usual conditions, XCl4 is
a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 58 °C. (a) XCl4 re-
acts with water to form XO2 and another product. What is
the likely identity of the other product? (b) Do you think that
element X is a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid? (c) By using
a sourcebook such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, try to determine the identity of element X.
7.65 Write balanced equations for the following reactions:
(a) barium oxide with water, (b) iron(II) oxide with perchloric
acid, (c) sulfur trioxide with water, (d) carbon dioxide with
aqueous sodium hydroxide.
7.66 Write balanced equations for the following reactions:
(a) potassium oxide with water, (b) diphosphorus trioxide
with water, (c) chromium(III) oxide with dilute hydrochloric
acid, (d) selenium dioxide with aqueous potassium hydroxide.
Group Trends in Metals and Nonmetals
(Sections 7.7 and 7.8)
7.67 (a) Why is calcium generally more reactive than magnesium?
(b) Why is calcium generally less reactive than potassium?
7.68 Silver and rubidium both form +1 ions, but silver is far less
reactive. Suggest an explanation, taking into account the
ground-state electron configurations of these elements and
their atomic radii.
7.69 Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs in each
of the following cases: (a) Potassium metal is exposed to an
atmosphere of chlorine gas. (b) Strontium oxide is added to
water. (c) A fresh surface of lithium metal is exposed to oxy-
gen gas. (d) Sodium metal reacts with molten sulfur.
7.70 Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs
in each of the following cases: (a) Cesium is added to water.
(b) Strontium is added to water. (c) Sodium reacts with
oxygen. (d) Calcium reacts with iodine.
7.71 (a) As described in Section 7.7, the alkali metals react with hy-
drogen to form hydrides and react with halogens to form halides.
Compare the roles of hydrogen and halogens in these reactions.
How are the forms of hydrogen and halogens in the products
alike? (b) Write balanced equations for the reaction of fluorine