CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
WANG-A-PISIT Ornkamon
OUTLINE

• Transportation definition
• History of transportation
• Modes of transportation
• History of road network
• Institutional structure
• Civil engineering involvement in transportation
• Careers in transportation engineering

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 2
TRANSPORTATION
DEFINITION
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING DEFINITION
The application of technology and scientific Fotolia

principles to the planning, functional design,

operation and management of facilities for any
mode of transportation in order to provide for http://www.russiantrains.com/en/page/sapsa
n-train

the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable,

convenient, economical, and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods.

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nd-for-sale-in-padubidri-main-highway-
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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 4
 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
DEFINITION
Definition of transportation system or mode is a system for moving
persons or goods consisting of three components:

1. The vehicle is what move objects or traffic (people, goods).

The vehicle consists of a container and some type of motive
power, either onboard or elsewhere.

2. The guideway is what the vehicles move along. The guideway

consists of links and nodes that together form network. A
sequence of links is called a route. A terminal is a node where
traffic is transferred from one vehicle to another.

3. The operations plan is the set of procedures by which traffic

and vehicles are moved over the guideway, including
schedules or timetables, crew assignments, an control systems.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 5
Ref: David Boyce., Transportation Systems. Northwestern University, USA.
TRANSPORTATION
FUNCTIONAL TERM
• Physical facilities
Streets, roads, highways, railroads, airports, sea and
river ports, pipelines and canals.

• Fleets
Vehicle, vessels and aircrafts

• Operating bases and facilities

Vehicle maintenance facilities and office space

• Organization
Facilities-oriented: planning, designing, constructing,
maintaining and operating fixed facilities.
Operating: carriers are primary concerned with
operating fleets to provide transportation
services.

• Operating strategies
Vehicle routing, scheduling, and traffic control.
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 6
HISTORY OF
TRANSPORTATION
 HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT (IN TERM OF POWER )

Human tow era Animals tow era

Wheel era
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 8
STREAM ENGINE

Steam engines are external

combustion engines, where
the working fluid is separate
from the combustion products.
Non-combustion heat sources
such as solar power, nuclear
power or geothermal energy
may be used.
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 9
ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor is an electrical
machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
The reverse of this would be the
conversion of mechanical energy
into electrical energy and is done
by an electric generator.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 10
DIESEL ENGINE
The diesel engine is an internal
combustion engine in which
ignition of the fuel that has been
injected into the combustion
chamber is initiated by the high
temperature which a gas
achieves when greatly
compressed (adiabatic
compression). This contrasts with
spark-ignition engines such as a
petrol engine or gas engine (using
a gaseous fuel as opposed to
petrol), which use a spark plug to
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ignite an air-fuel mixture. 11
JET/ROCKET

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 12
SOLAR CELL

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 13
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL
a type of hydrogen vehicle
using an internal combustion
engine. Hydrogen internal
combustion engine vehicles
are different from hydrogen
fuel cell vehicles (which use
electrochemical conversion
of hydrogen rather than
combustion); the hydrogen
internal combustion engine
is simply a modified version
of the traditional gasoline-
powered internal
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION combustion engine.14
NUCLEAR

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 15
 TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENTS

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
www.nfe.go.th/waghor/exhibition/road/tr-p3.html 16
MODES OF
TRANSPORTATION
 TRANSPORTATION
EFFECTIVENESS
Effectiveness in providing transportation service is described in term of

Accessibility: costs of getting to and from the modes

Highway systems: individual pieces of property have direct

access to public road.

Water transportation modes: direct access at port facilities

that located on the banks of navigable rivers, canals, or seacoast.

Mobility: speed or travel time consideration

Line-haul modes are more efficient than other mode.

Productivity

Measure in term of the amount of transportation provided per unit

time.

Considering as the product of the volume of goods or passengers

carried and distance. 18
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
MOBILITY
Ability to readily move people
from place to place

Mode: How you get there?

Speed: How fast?

Ref: Envisioning the Next Generation of Transportation

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 19
 ACCESSIBILITY
Ease to enter, reach, and use

Where can you go?

What can you get to?
Cost
Ref: Envisioning the Next Generation of Transportation
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 20
EVERYONE IS DIFFERENT
To some accessibility is being able to drive
to 5 different golf courses.
Others simply want only their 1 favorite local pub
How do you compare the accessibility of
airplanes to buses?
That’s not an apples to apples comparison
Do you define accessibility by distance?
Too limiting, but it gets technical
Ref: Envisioning the Next Generation of Transportation
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 21
Mobility and
Maximize Both.
Accessibility
Car

Bus Airplane
Accessibility Subway

Mobility

Ref: Envisioning the Next Generation of Transportation

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 22
 TRANSPORTATION
TERM DEFINITION
Costs: capital and operating

Capital costs: right-of-way

costs, construction costs, vehicles
and other equipment.

Operating costs: day-to-day

expenditure, labour, fuel,
expendable parts and maintenance
of facilities and equipment.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 23
LAND TRANSPORTATION
Pedestrian

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 24
LAND TRANSPORTATION
Bicycle

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 25
LAND TRANSPORTATION
Motorcycle

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 26
 LAND TRANSPORTATION
Automobile/Truck

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 27
 LAND TRANSPORTATION
Advantage
- High accessibility to almost potential destinations,
- direct service with very low door-to-door travel times,
- Moderate line-haul speeds and capacities.
- Capital costs of physical facilities vary a great deal depending on the
type and capacity of roadway.
- Vehicles tend to be cheaper and more readily available than for most
other modes
Disadvantage
- Investment in vehicles and facilities costs is quite high
- Operating costs tend to be relatively high.
- Environmental impacts of the system as a whole are high, and a major
social concern, particularly air pollution. 28
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
 LAND TRANSPORTATION
Railway

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 29
 LAND TRANSPORTATION
Advantage
- Moderate speed and levels of accessibility
- Operating costs per ton-mile are low, but efficiency of traditional
operating strategies is poor.
- Environmental impacts are comparatively low,
- The energy efficiency of rail per ton-mile is comparatively high.
Disadvantage
- Capital costs of locomotives and railcars are high, and productivity is
often low.
- Maintenance costs of track are relatively high.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 30
AIR TRANSPORTATION

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 31
AIR TRANSPORTATION
- Commercial airlines
- Air freight carriers
- General aviation (private aircraft)
- Military aircraft
Advantage
- High line-haul speed
- Capacities of individual aircraft are moderate, but productivity is high
due to the very high speeds.
Disadvantage
- Accessibility is limited, but this is of relatively little importance because
of the great length of most of the trips made by air.
- Capital and operating costs are both quite high for the commercial
air system.
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 32
WATER TRANSPORTATION

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 33
WATER TRANSPORTATION
- coastwise ocean shipping
- Barge lines operating on inland waterways
- Tourism
- Journey for work
Advantage
- extremely high capacities
- Operating costs per ton-mile are extremely low
- Environmental impacts are relatively low
Disadvantage
- Low speed and relatively low accessibility
- Water pollution from routine discharges of other pollutants

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 34
PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 35
 PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION
Pipelines constitute a highly specialized freight transportation system.
- Crude oil
- Petroleum products
- Natural gas
Advantage
- Pipelines provide very low-speed, high capacity continuous flow
transportation, and involve large amount of working storage.
- Quite low environmental impact once they are built.
- Low operating costs (depend mostly on pumping costs).
Disadvantage
- High capital costs.
- Construction impact to the environmental.
- Quite low providers.
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 36
CABLE TRANSPORTATION

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 37
SPACE TRANSPORTATION

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 38
 ADVANCED MODE

Air cushion vehicles Hyperloop transportation

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 39
HISTORY OF ROAD
NETWORK
SILK ROAD

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 41
HIERARCHY OF ROADS

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 42
 HIERARCHY OF ROADS
1. Freeways

At the top of the hierarchy are limited access roads freeways or motorways,

including most toll roads. These roads provide largely uninterrupted travel,

often using partial or full access control, and are designed for high speeds.

Some freeways have collector/distributor lanes (also known as local lanes)

which further reduce the number of access ramps that directly interface with

the freeway; rather, the freeway periodically interfaces with these parallel

roadways, which themselves have multiple on and off-ramps. These allow

the freeway to operate with less friction at an even higher speed and with

higher flow. Often freeways are included in the next category, arterials.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 43
 HIERARCHY OF ROADS
2. Arterials

Arterials are major through roads that are expected to carry large volumes of

traffic. Arterials are often divided into major and minor arterials, and rural

and urban arterials.

In some places there are large divided roads with few or no driveways that

cannot be called freeways because they have occasional at-grade

intersections with traffic lights that stop traffic (expressways in California, dual

carriageways in Britain) or they are just too short (superarterials in Nevada).

Such roads are usually classified as arterials.

Frontage roads are often used to reduce the conflict between the high-

speed nature of an arterial and property access concerns.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 44
 HIERARCHY OF ROADS
3. Collectors

Collectors (not to be confused with collector/distributor roads, which reduce

weaving on freeways), collect traffic from local roads, and distribute it to

arterials. Traffic using a collector is usually going to or coming from

somewhere nearby.

4. Local roads

At the bottom of the hierarchy are local streets and roads. These roads have

the lowest speed limit, and carry low volumes of traffic. In some areas, these

roads may be unpaved.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 45
 THAILAND ROAD NETWORK
1. โครงข่ายถนนในต่างจังหวัด
ถนนสายสาคัญเชื่อมระหว่างเมืองหรือจังหวัด โดยผ่านเข้าไปยังศูนย์กลางของ
ตัวเมือง
2. โครงข่ายถนนในเมือง
- ถนนเป็นเส้นตรง: บริเวณที่มีพื้นทีจ่ ากัด ถนนมักตัดผ่านชุมชน การขยายตัว
ของตัวเมืองจะขยายตัวเป็นเส้นตรง
- ถนนแบบตาราง: การเดินทางสามารถเลือกอ้อมผ่านบริเวณทีม
่ ี
การจราจรคับคั่ง แต่ก็มีข้อเสีย คือมีทางแยกมาเกินไป หากจัดระบบ
สัญญาณไฟจราจรไม่เหมาะสมจะทาให้การจราจรติดขัดมาก
- ถนนแบบมีรัศมีออกจากศูนย์กลาง: มีเส้นถนนแยกจากใจกลางเมืองไปยัง
ชานเมือง ข้อดี รถสามารถเคลื่อนเข้าสู่หรือระบายออกจากเมืองได้รวดเร็ว
แม้จะใช้ระยะทางมากขึ้น แต่การจราจรไม่ติดขัด เพราะมีการจัดระบบควบคุม
ทางเชื่อมเข้าออก
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 46
INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL
• The American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) ศึกษาวิจัยและกาหนดมาตรฐาน เกี่ยวกับระบบขนส่งทุกรูปแบบ

• The Transportation Research Board (TRB) ศึกษานโยบายการขนส่ง และ

ทาการศึกษาวิจย
ั ระบบขนส่งทุกรูปแบบของประเทศรวมถึงการศึกษาวิจย
ั ในประเด็นอื่นๆ
ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการขนส่ง

• The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) องค์กรวิชาชีพด้าน

การศึกษาและวิทยาการขนส่งระดับนานาชาติ ทาหน้าทีห
่ ลักในการให้บริการทาง
วิชาการทั้งในเรื่องของเทคโนโลยีและหลักการทีเ่ ป็นระบบในการวิจัย วางแผน ออกแบบ
การนาไปปฏิบัติ การดาเนินงาน การพัฒนานโยบาย และการบริหารจัดการของระบบ
ขนส่งทุกรูปแบบ

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 48
DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONAL
• กระทรวงคมนาคม

• กรมการขนส่งทางน้าและพาณิชยนาวี, ขน.

• กรมการขนส่งทางบก, ขบ.

• กรมการขนส่งทางอากาศ, ขอ.

• กรมทางหลวง, ทล.

• กรมทางหลวงชนบท, ทช.

• สานักงานนโยบายและแผนการขนส่งและจราจร, สนข.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 49
 DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONAL

• การรถไฟแห่งประเทศไทย, รฟท. • บมจ. การบินไทย, บกท.

• การท่าเรือแห่งประเทศไทย, กทท. • บจก. ขนส่ง, บขส.

• การรถไฟฟ้าขนส่งมวลชนแห่งประเทศ • บมจ. ท่าอากาศยานไทย, ทอท.

ไทย, รฟม.
• บจก. ไทยเดินเรือทะเล, บทด.
• การทางพิเศษแห่งประเทศไทย, ททพ.
• บจก. วิทยุการบินแห่งประเทศไทย,
• องค์การขนส่งมวลชนกรุงเทพ, ขสมก. บวท.

• สถาบันการบินพลเรือน, สบพ.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 50
CIVIL ENGINEERING
INVOLVEMENT IN
TRANSPORTATION
• Transportation Engineering
• Surveying
• Structural Engineering
• Geotechnical Engineering
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
• Environmental Engineering
• Hydraulic Engineering
• Construction project
management
52
CAREERS IN
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
 FIELD OF TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
• Transportation planning
and policy
• Traffic engineering
• Transportation applications
and advanced
technologies
• Public transportation
systems
• Travel behavior analysis
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
• Energy and environment
• Urban planning
• Freight transport and
logistics
• Transportation economics
• Transport psychology
• Air transportation
• Highway and pavement
design
54
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER
RESPONSIBILITY
• Transportation planning and policy
• Traffic engineering

• Geometric design of highway

• Logistics
• Pavement design and maintenance

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 55
EXERCISE
Write a paper on one of the topics shown below. Your paper should present
a balanced and critical treatment of the assigned topic. Be objective as
possible, and employ a style appropriate for a professional document. Be
sure all quoted material, paraphrased material and ideas taken from others
are properly referenced. All direct quotes should be indicated by either
quotation marks or indentation and single spacing.
a) Comparison of domestic water and rail as freight modes.
b) Comparison of trucking and rail as freight modes.
c) The role of air transportation as freight mode.
d) Comparison of freeways and rail transit for urban commute trips.
e) Recent developments in rail freight operations.
f) Assessment of the feasibility of high-speed ground transportation.
g) Intermodal freight transportation (containerization etc.)

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 56
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 57
 REFERENCES
Thai Books
จิรพัฒน์ โชติกไกร, 2549. วิศวกรรมการทาง. สานักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์
กรุงเทพฯ.
วัฒนวงศ์ รัตนวราห, 2545. วิศวกรรมขนส่ง. ไลบรารี่ นาย พับลิชชิ่ง กรุงเทพฯ.
วิโรจน์ รุโจปการ, 2544. การวางแผนการขนส่งเขตเมือง. ภาควิชา
วิศวกรรมโยธา คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์
กรุงเทพฯ.
วัชรินทร์ วิทยกุล, 2539. หลักวิศวกรรมขนส่งเบื้องต้น. สานักพิมพ์ฟิสิกส์เซนเตอร์
กรุงเทพฯ
สุระเมศวร์ พิรินะวัฒน์ม, 2551. เอกสารประกอบการสอนวิศวกรรมขนส่ง.
มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา
Text Books
Banks, J.H., 2002. Introduction to Transportation Engineering. McGraw-
Hill, New York.
Blank, L, and Tarquin, A., Basics of Engineering Economy. McGraw-Hill,
New York.
Joseph S., 2000. Introduction to transportation systems.
Jean-Paul R. et.al. 2006. The Geography of Transport Systems (1st ed.)
Envisioning the Next Generation of Transportation 58
 REFERENCES
Photos

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