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Nizari Ismaili state

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Current events The Nizari Ismaili state, also called the Assassins, was a Shia Nizari Ismaili state founded by Hassan-i Sabbah after he took control of the Alamut Castle in 1090 AD, marking the beginning of an Nizari Ismaili state
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era of Nizari Ismailism known as the Alamut period. ‫دوﻟﺖ اﺳﻤﺎﻋﯿﻠﯿﺎن‬
About Wikipedia
Contact us The state included a nexus of strategic, self-sufficient fortresses throughout Persia and Syria, with each stronghold being surrounded by huge swathes of hostile territory. It was formed as a result of 1090–1273
Donate a religious and political movement of the minority Nizari sect supported by the anti-Seljuk population. Being heavily outnumbered, the Nizaris resisted adversaries by employing strategic, self- Capital Alamut Castle
sufficient strongholds and the use of unconventional tactics, notably assassination of important adversaries and psychological warfare. Common languages Persian
Contribute Arabic
Two centuries after its foundation, the state declined internally and was disestablished by the invading Mongols, who dismantled Alamut and massacred many Nizaris. Most of what is known about
Help Religion Nizari Ismaili Shia Islam
Community portal them is based on descriptions by hostile sources.
Government Theocratic Absolute
Recent changes Monarchy
Upload file Contents [hide] Lord
1 Name • 1090–1124 Hassan-i Sabbah
Tools • 1124–1138 Kiya Buzurg Ummid
2 History
• 1138–1162 Muhammad Buzurg
What links here 2.1 Organization Ummid
Related changes • 1162–1166 Imām Hasan II ‘Ala
2.2 Fall
Special pages Dhikrihi al-Salam
3 Faith • 1166–1210 Imām Nur al-Din
Permanent link
3.1 Rulers and Imams Muhammad II
Page information • 1210–1221 Imām Jalālu-d-Dīn
Wikidata item 4 Military tactics Ḥassan III
Cite this page 4.1 Castles • 1221–1255 Imām ‘Alā’ ad-Dīn
Muḥammad III
4.2 Assassination • 1255–1256 Imām Rukn al-Din
Languages
5 See also Khurshah
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ Historical era Medieval
6 References
‫ﻓﺎر‬ • Established 1090
6.1 Bibliography
Русский • Disestablished 1273
Edit links 7 External links
Currency Dinar, dirham, and
possibly fals[1]
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons Name [ edit ] Preceded by Succeeded by
Ziyarid Seljuq Empire
Print/export In Western sources, the state is called the Nizari Ismaili state, the Nizari state, as well as the Alamut state. In the modern scholarly literature, it is often referred to by the term Nizaris (or Nizari dynasty Artuqids
Ismailis) of the Alamut period, with the demonym being Nizari. Sallarid Mamluk
Download as PDF dynasty Sultanate
Printable version It is also known as the Order of Assassins, generally referred to as Assassins or Hashshashin.[2] Justanids (Cairo)
Seljuq Mongol Empire
Contemporaneous Muslim authors referred to the sect as Batiniyya (‫)ﺑﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬,[3][4] Ta'limiyya (‫)ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬, Isma'iliyya (‫)إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬, Nizariyya (‫)ﻧﺰارﻳﺔ‬, and the Nizaris are sometimes referred to with abusive Empire Ilkhanate
terms such as mulhid (‫ﻣﻠﺤﺪ‬, plural: malahida ‫ ;ﻣ ﺣﺪة‬literally "infidel"). The abusive terms hashishiyya (‫ )ﺣﺸﻴﺸﻴﺔ‬and hashishi ( ‫ )ﺣﺸﻴ‬were less common, once used in a 1120s Fatimid document by
Today part of Iran
Caliph al-Amir and by late Muslim historians to refer to the Nizaris of Syria, and by some Caspian Zayidi sources to refer to the Nizaris of Persia.[5] Iraq
Syria
The Nizari coins has referred to Alamut as kursī ad-Daylam (‫اﻟﺪﻳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺮ‬, literally "Capital of Daylam").[6]

History [ edit ]
Masyaf
Most Ismaili Shias outside North Africa, mostly in Persia and Syria, came to acknowledge Nizar ibn al-Mustansir's claim to the Imamate as maintained by Hassan-i Sabbah, and this point marks the Alamut
fundamental split between Ismaili Shias. Within two generations, the Fatimid Empire would suffer several more splits and eventually implode.

Following his expulsion from Egypt over his support for Nizar, Hassan-i Sabbah found that his co-religionists, the Ismailis, were scattered throughout Persia, with a strong presence in the northern
and eastern regions, particularly in Daylam, Khurasan and Quhistan. The Ismailis and other occupied peoples of Persia held shared resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's
farmland into iqtā’ (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuk amirs (independent rulers) usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they
Location of the main centers (most famous
administered.[7]:126 Meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuk policies and heavy taxes.[7]:126 Hassan too, was appalled by the political castles)
and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuk ruling class on Shi'ite Muslims living across Persia.[7]:126 It was in this context that he embarked on a resistance movement against the
Seljuqs, beginning with the search for a secure site from which to launch his revolt. Part of a series on Shīa Islam [hide]

By 1090 AD, the Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk had already given orders for Hassan's arrest and therefore Hassan was living in hiding in the northern Isma'ilism
town of Qazvin, approximately 60 km from the Alamut Castle.[8]:23 There, he made plans for the capture of the fortress, which was surrounded by a
fertile valley whose inhabitants were mainly fellow Shi’i Muslims, the support of whom Hassan could easily gather for the revolt against the Seljuks.
The castle had never before been captured by military means and thus Hassan planned meticulously.[8]:23 Meanwhile, he dispatched his reliable
supporters to the Alamut valley to begin settlements around the castle.

In the summer of 1090 AD, Hassan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. He remained at Andej disguised as
a schoolteacher named Dehkhoda until he was certain that a number of his supporters had settled directly below the castle in the village of
Gazorkhan or had gained employment at the fortress itself.[8]:23 Still in disguise, Hassan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust and
friendship of many of its soldiers. Careful not to attract the attention of the castle's Zaydi lord, Mahdi, Hassan began to attract prominent figures at
Concepts [show]
Alamut to his mission. It has even been suggested that Mahdi's own deputy was a secret supporter of Hassan, waiting to demonstrate his loyalty
Seven Pillars [show]
on the day that Hassan would ultimately take the castle.[8]:23 The Alamut fortress was eventually captured from Mahdi in 1090 AD and therefore
Location of several of the Ismaili castles in the Musta'li & Nizari History [hide]
from Seljuk control by Hassan and his supporters without resorting to any violence.[8]:24 Mahdi's life was spared, and he later received 3,000 gold
regions of Alamut and Rudbar of Persia Branches / sects
dinars in compensation. Capturing of the Alamut Castle marks the founding of the Nizari Ismaili state. Musta'li (Tāyyibī (Dawoodi Bohras (Hebtiahs
· Atba-i-Malak (Badar · Vakil) · Progressive) ·
Under the leadership of Hassan-i Sabbah and the succeeding lords of Alamut, the strategy of covert capture was successfully replicated at
Sulaymani Bohra · Alavi Bohra) · Hāfizī)
strategic fortresses across Persia, Syria, and the Fertile Crescent. The Nizari Ismaili created a state of unconnected fortresses, surrounded by huge swathes of hostile territory, and managed a unified Nizari (Assassins) · Seveners (Qarmatians)
power structure that proved more effective than either that in Fatimid Cairo, or Seljuk Bagdad, both of which suffered political instability, particularly during the transition between leaders. These periods States / region
of internal turmoil allowed the Ismaili state respite from attack, and even to have such sovereignty as to have minted their own coinage.
Fatimid Caliphate · Sulayhid dynasty (Jibla) ·
The Fortress of Alamut, which was officially called kursī ad-Daylam (‫اﻟﺪﻳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺮ‬, literally "Capital of Daylam") on Nizari coins,[6] was thought impregnable to any military attack, and was fabled for its Nizari Ismaili State (Alamut · Anjudan)

heavenly gardens, impressive libraries, and laboratories where philosophers, scientists, and theologians could debate all matters in intellectual freedom.[9] People
Hamdan Qarmat · Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi ·
Organization [ edit ] Abu Tahir al-Jannabi · Qadi Numan ·
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi ·
See also: List of Ismaili titles
Nasir Khusraw · Pamiris · Hassan-i Sabbah ·
The hierarchy (hudūd) of the organization of the Nizari Ismailis was as follows: al-Sulayhi · Dhu'ayb ibn Musa ·
Dawoodi Bohra Dā'īs · Rashid ad-Din Sinan ·
Imām – the descendants of Nizar Pir Sadardin · Khojas · Aga Khans
Dā'ī ad-Du'āt – Chief Da'i Others
Dā'ī kabīr – Superior Da'i, Great Da'i Castles (Alamut Castle · Lambsar Castle ·
Masyaf Castle) · House of Knowledge ·
Dā'ī – Ordinary Da'i, Da'i
Palace of Queen Arwa · Queen Arwa Mosque
Rafīq – Companion · Jama'at Khana · Baghdad Manifesto ·
Lāṣiq. Lasiqs had to swear a special oath of obedience to the Imam. Batiniyya · Druze · Satpanth · Sunni Bohra

Fidā'ī Early Imāms [show]

Imam and da'is were the elites, while the majority of the sect consisted of the last three grades who were peasants and artisans.[10] Incumbent Nizārī & Tayyibī Dā'īs [show]

Islam portal
Each territory was under the leadership of a Chief Da'i; a distinct title, muhtasham, was given to the governors of Quhistan. The governors were appointed from Alamut but enjoyed a large degree of
local initiative, contributing to the resilience of the movement.[11] · ·

Fall [ edit ]
"They call him Shaykh-al-Hashishim. He is their Elder, and upon his
Main article: Mongol campaign against the Nizari Ismaili state command all of the men of the mountain come out or go in ... they
As the Mongols began invading Iran, many Sunni and Shia Muslims (including the prominent scholar Tusi) took refuge to the Nizaris of Quhistan. The governor (muhtasham) of are believers of the word of their elder and everyone everywhere
fears them, because they even kill kings."
Quhistan was Nasir al-Din Abu al-Fath Abd al-Rahim ibn Abi Mansur, and the Nizaris were under Imam Ala' al-Din Muhammad.[12]
—Benjamin of Tudela
After the death of the last Khwarezmaian ruler Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the destruction of the Nizari Ismaili state and the Abbasid Caliphate became the main Mongol objectives. In
1238, the Nizari Imam and the Abbasid caliph sent a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Edward I of England to forge an alliance against the
invading Mongols, but this was unsuccessful.[13][12] The Mongols kept putting pressure on the Nizris of Quhistan and Qumis. In 1256, Ala' al-Din was succeeded by his young son Rukn al-Din Khurshah as the Nizari Imam. A year later, the main
Mongol army under Hulagu Khan enter Iran via Khorasan. Numerous negotiations between the Nizari Imam and Hulagu Khan were futile. Apparently, the Nizari Imam sought to at least keep the main Nizari strongholds, while the Mongols
demanded the full submission of the Nizaris.[12]

In 19 November 1256, the Nizari Imam, who was in the Maymun-Dizh, surrendered the castle to the besieging Mongols under Hulagu Khan after a fierce conflict. Alamut fell in December 1256 and Lambsar fell in 1257, with Gerdkuh remaining
unconquered. In the same year, Möngke Khan, the khagan of the Mongol Empire, ordered a massacre of all Nizari Ismailis of Persia. Rukn al-Din Khurshah himself, who had traveled to the mainland Mongolia to meet Möngke Khan, was killed by
his personal Mongol guard there. Gerdkuh castle finally fell in 1270, becoming the last Nizari stronghold in Persia to be conquered.[12]

Thus the centralized government of the Nizaris was disestablished, and Nizaris were either killed or abandoned their traditional strongholds. Many of them migrated to Afghanistan, Badakhshan, and Sindh. Little is known about the history of the
Ismailis in this stage, until two centuries later, when they again began to grow as scattered communities under regional da'is in Iran, Afghanistan, Badakhshan, Syria, and India.[12]

Faith [ edit ]

Main article: Nizari Ismailism

Rulers and Imams [ edit ]

See also: Da'i, Imamate in Nizari doctrine, and List of Ismaili imams

Da'is who ruled at Alamut

1. Da'i Hassan-i Sabbah (‫( )ﺣﺴﻦ ﺻﺒﺎح‬1090–1124)

2. Da'i Kiya Buzurg-Ummid (‫( )ﮐﯿﺎ ﺑﺰرگ اﻣﯿﺪ‬1124–1138)
3. Da'i Muḥammad ibn Kiyā Buzurg-Ummīd (‫( )ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺑﺰرگ اﻣﯿﺪ‬1138–1162)
Concealed Imāms at Alamut

1. Imām Alī al-Hādī ibn Nizār (‫)ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻬﺎدي ﺑﻦ ﻧﺰار‬

2. Imām Al-Muhtadī ibn al-Hādī (Muhammad I) (‫)اﻟﻤﻬﺘﺪی ﺑﻦ اﻟﻬﺎدي‬
3. Imām Al-Qāhir ibn al-Muhtadī bi-Quwatullāh / bi-Ahkāmillāh (Hassan I) (‫ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎم ﷲ‬/ ‫)اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺑﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺘﺪي ﺑﻘﻮة ﷲ‬
Imāms who ruled at Alamut

1. Imām Hasan ‘Alā Dhīkr‘īhī's-Salām (Hassan II) (‫( )اﻣﺎم ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﯽ ذﮐﺮه اﻟﺴ م‬1162–1166)
2. Imām Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad (Muhammad II) (‫( )اﻣﺎم ﻧﻮر اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬1166–1210)
3. Imām Jalāl al-Dīn Hasan (Hassan III) (‫( )اﻣﺎم ﺟ ل اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺣﺴﻦ‬1210–1221)
4. Imām ‘Alā al-Dīn Muhammad (Muhammad III) (‫( )اﻣﺎم ﻋ ء اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬1221–1255)
5. Imām Rukn al-Din Khurshah (‫( )اﻣﺎم رﮐﻦ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﺧﻮرﺷﺎه‬1255–1256)

In the Levant, Rashid al-Din Sinan announced independence of Masyaf from Alamut, founding a separate state in Syria.

Military tactics [ edit ]

Castles [ edit ]
See also: List of Ismaili castles

The state had around 200 fortresses overall. The most important one was Alamut Castle, the residence of the Lord. The largest castle was Lambasar Castle, featuring a complex and highly efficient
water storage system. The most important fortress in Syria was Masyaf Castle, though the castle of Kahf was probably the main residence of the Syrian Ismaili leader Rashid al-Din Sinan.[14]

The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle's defence. Positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 meters above ground level, the fortress
could not be taken by direct military force.[8]:27 To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a mountainous range called Alamkuh (The Throne of Solomon) between which the Alamut River flows. The
valley's western entrance is a narrow one, shielded by cliffs over 350m high. Known as the Shirkuh, the gorge sits at the intersection of three rivers: the Taliqan, Shahrud and Alamut River. For much
of the year, the raging waters of the river made this entrance nearly inaccessible. Qazvin, the closest town to the valley by land can only be reached by an underdeveloped mule track upon which an
enemy's presence could easily be detected given the dust clouds arising from their passage.[8]:27

The military approach of the Nizari Ismaili state was largely a defensive one, with strategically chosen sites that appeared to avoid confrontation wherever possible without the loss of life.[8]:58 But the
defining characteristic of the Nizari Ismaili state was that it was scattered geographically throughout Persia and Syria. The Alamut castle therefore was only one of a nexus of strongholds throughout
the regions where Ismailis could retreat to safety if necessary. West of Alamut in the Shahrud Valley, the major fortress of Lamasar served as just one example of such a retreat. In the context of their
political uprising, the various spaces of Ismaili military presence took on the name dar al-hijra (place of refuge). The notion of the dar al-hijra originates from the time of the Prophet Muhammad, who
fled with his supporters from intense persecution to safe haven in Yathrib.[15]:79 In this way, the Fatimids found their dar al-hijra in North Africa. Likewise during the revolt against the Seljuqs, several
fortresses served as spaces of refuge for the Ismailis.

During the mid-12th century the Assassins captured or acquired several fortresses in the Nusayriyah Mountain Range in coastal Syria, including Masyaf, Rusafa, al-Kahf, al-Qadmus, Khawabi,
Sarmin, Quliya, Ulayqa, Maniqa, Abu Qubays and Jabal al-Summaq. For the most part, the Assassins maintained full control over these fortresses until 1270–73 when the Mamluk sultan Baibars
annexed them. Most were dismantled afterwards, while those at Masyaf and Ulayqa were later rebuilt.[16] From then on, the Ismailis maintained limited autonomy over those former strongholds as
loyal subjects of the Mamluks.[17]

Alamut Castle, Persia Lambsar Castle, Persia Rudkhan Castle, Persia Masyaf Castle, Syria Abu Qubays, Syria Qalaat al-Madiq, Syria
Map of the crusader states, showing the
Assassination [ edit ] area controlled by the Assassins around
Masyaf, slightly above the center, in white
Main articles: Order of Assassins and List of assassinations by the Assassins

In pursuit of their religious and political goals, the Ismailis adopted various military strategies popular in the Middle Ages. One such method was that of assassination, the selective elimination of
Part of a series on the
prominent rival figures. The murders of political adversaries were usually carried out in public spaces, creating resounding intimidation for other possible enemies.[7]:129 Throughout history, many
History of Tabaristan
groups have resorted to assassination as a means of achieving political ends. In the Ismaili context, these assignments were performed by commandos called fidā’ī (‫ﻓﺪاﺋﯽ‬, "devotee"; plural ‫ﻓﺪاﺋﯿﻮن‬
fidā’iyyūn). The assassinations were against those whose elimination would most greatly reduce aggression against the Ismailis and, in particular, against those who had perpetrated massacres against
the community.[8]:61 A single assassination was usually employed in favour of widespread bloodshed resultant from factional combat. The first instance of assassination in the effort to establish an
Nizari Ismaili state in Persia is widely considered to be the murder of Seljuq vizier, Nizam al-Mulk.[8]:29 Carried out by a man dressed as a Sufi whose identity remains unclear, the vizier's murder in a
Seljuq court is distinctive of exactly the type of visibility for which missions of the fida’is have been significantly exaggerated.[8]:29 While the Seljuqs and Crusaders both employed assassination as a
military means of disposing of factional enemies, during the Alamut period almost any murder of political significance in the Islamic lands was attributed to the Ismailis.[7]:129

Knives and daggers were used to kill, and sometimes as a warning, a knife would be placed onto the pillow of a Sunni, who understood the message that he was marked for death.[citation needed]

According to an account by the Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi,[18] Prehistoric archaeology [show]

Early inhabitants [show]

[They] were accustomed to kill people secretively. Some people approached him [the nobleman Orghan] while he was walking on the street … When he stopped and wanted to inquire … Early Sasanian houses [show]
they jumped upon him from here and there, and with the sword which they had concealed, stabbed and killed him … They killed many people and fled through the city … They encroached Last Sasanian rulers [show]
upon the fortified places … as well as the forests of Lebanon, taking their blood-price from their prince … They went many times wherever their prince sent them being frequently in various Early Shia rulers [show]
disguises until they found the appropriate moment to strike and then to kill whomever they wanted. Therefore all the princes and kings feared them and paid tax to them. Modern period [show]

See also [ edit ]

Iran portal

· ·
History of Nizari Ismailism
List of assassinations by the Assassins
Order of Assassins

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Willey, Peter (2005). The Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran 7. ^ a b c d e Daftary, Farhad (1998). A Short History of the Ismailis: 13. ^ Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, J¢zsef; Studies, Central
and Syria. I. B. Tauris. p. 290. ISBN 9781850434641. Traditions of a Muslim Community. Edinburgh: Edinburgh European University Dept of Medieval (2001). The Crusades and
2. ^ Daftary, Farhad, in Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, University Press. ISBN 9781558761933. the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin
Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of 8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Willey, Peter (2005). Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Christianity. Central European University Press. p. 32.
Islam, THREE. Brill Online (2007). "Assassins" . Castles in Iran and Syria. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1- ISBN 978-963-9241-42-8.

3. ^ Gibb, N. A. R., Editor, The Damascus Chronicle of the
Crusades. Extracted and translated from the Chronicle of ibn al-
Qalānisi, Luzac & Company, London, 1932
4. ^ Richards, D. S., Editor, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the
Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh. Part 1, 1097-1146.,
Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, UK, 2010
85043-464-1.
9. ^ Daftary, Farhad (1998). The Ismailis. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42974-9.
10. ^ Petrushevsky, I. P. Islam in Iran . SUNY Press. p. 253.
ISBN 9781438416045.
11. ^ Landolt, Herman; Kassam, Kutub; Sheikh, S. (2008). An
14. ^ "Nizari Ismaili Castles of Iran and Syria" . Institute of Ismaili
Studies. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
15. ^ Hodgson, Marshall G.S. (2005). The Secret Order of
Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizârî Ismâ'îlîs Against the
Islamic World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN 9780812219166.

5. ^ Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Anthology of Ismaili Literature: A Shi'i Vision of Islam. 16. ^ Raphael, 2011, p. 106.
Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521- Bloomsbury Academic. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-84511-794-8. 17. ^ Daftary, 2007, p. 402.
42974-0. 12. ^ a b c d e Daftary, Farhad. "The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian 18. ^ Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2010). The Mongols and the
Lands | The Institute of Ismaili Studies" . www.iis.ac.uk. Armenians (1220-1335). BRILL. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-90-04- Map of the Hashashins in the Near East
6. ^ a b Willey, Peter (2005). The Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in
and their neighbors
Iran and Syria. I.B.Tauris. p. 290. ISBN 9781850434641. Retrieved 31 March 2020. 18635-4.

Bibliography [ edit ]

Willey, Peter. The Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria. I.B.Tauris, 2005. ISBN 1850434646.

External links [ edit ]

"Nizari Ismaili Concept of Castles" , The Institute of Ismaili Studies

Categories: Nizari Ismaili state Medieval Islam Medieval Syria Medieval Persia Iran–Syria relations States and territories established in 1090 1090 establishments in Asia 1256 disestablishments in Asia Medieval Iraq
Nizari Ismailism Seljuk Empire Secret societies

This page was last edited on 17 June 2020, at 15:54 (UTC).

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