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1
Solving Large Power Systems
• Advantages
– fast convergence as long as initial guess is close to
solution
– large region of convergence
• Disadvantages
– each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-Seidel
iteration
– more complicated to code, particularly when
implementing sparse matrix algorithms
• Newton-Raphson algorithm is very common in
power flow analysis
3
Modeling Voltage Dependent Load
4
Voltage Dependent Load Example
5
Voltage Dependent Load, cont'd
0
=
Again set v =
0, (0)
guess x 1
Calculate
V2 (10sin θ 2 ) + 2.0 V2
2 2.0
f(x ) =
(0)
1.0
V2 (−10 cosθ 2 ) + V2 (10) + 1.0 V2
2 2
10 4
J (x ) =
(0)
0 12
−1
0 10 4 2.0 −0.1667
Solve x (1)
=
1 − 0 12 1.0 =
0.9167
6
Voltage Dependent Load, cont'd
0.894 pu
One 1.000 pu Two -10.304 Deg
160.0 MW 160 MW
120.0 MVR 80 MVR
7
Dishonest Newton-Raphson
9
Dishonest N-R Example, cont’d
x= ( v +1)
x (v ) 1 (v) 2
− (0) (( x ) - 2)
2x
We pay a price
Guess x = 1. Iteratively solving we get in increased
(0)
Maximum
of 15
iterations
12
Decoupled Power Flow
13
Decoupled Power Flow Formulation
∂P ( v ) ∂Q ( v )
Usually the off-diagonal matrices, and
∂V ∂θ
are small. Therefore we approximate them as zero:
∂P ( v )
0
∆θ (v)
∆ (v)
∂θ P ( x )
− ==
f ( x (v)
)
∂Q ∆ V
( v ) ( v )
∆Q ( x (v)
)
0
∂ V
Then the problem can be decoupled
∂P ( v ) −1 ∂Q ( v ) −1
∆θ ∆P(x ) ∆ V Q x
(v)
(v)
=
− (v)
=
− ∆ ( (v)
)
∂θ ∂ V 15
Off-diagonal Jacobian Terms
16
Decoupled N-R Region of Convergence
17
Fast Decoupled Power Flow
One Two
200 MW
100 MVR
Line Z = j0.05 Line Z = j0.1
20
FDPF Three Bus Example, cont’d
−34.3 14.3 20
−24.3 10
Ybus j 14.3 −24.3 10 →
= =
B 10
−30
20 10 −30
−1 −0.0477 −0.0159
B =
−0.0159 −0.0389
Iteratively solve, starting with an initial voltage guess
(0)
θ 2
(0)
0 V 2 1
θ = V 1
3
0 3
θ
2
(1)
0 −0.0477 −0.0159 2 −0.1272
θ = 0 + −0.0159 −0.0389 2 =
−0.1091
3
21
FDPF Three Bus Example, cont’d
(1)
V 2 1 −0.0477 −0.0159 1 0.9364
V =
1 + −0.0159 −0.0389 1 =
3 0.9455
∆Pi (x ) n
PDi − PGi
=
Vi
∑ Vk (Gik cosθik + Bik sin θik ) + V
k =1 i
θ 2
(2)
−0.1272 −0.0477 −0.0159 0.151 −0.1361
=
θ −0.1091 + −0.0159 −0.0389 0.107 = −0.1156
3
(2)
V 2 0.924
V =
3 0.936
−0.1384 0.9224
=
Actual solution: θ = V
−0.1171 0.9338
22
FDPF Region of Convergence
23
“DC” Power Flow
24
Power System Control
25
DC Power Flow Example
26
DC Power Flow 5 Bus Example
360 MW 520 MW
MVA MVA
A
0 Mvar 0 Mvar
MVA
slack
1.000 pu 1.000 pu A A
1.000 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.125 Deg MVA MVA -1.997 Deg 0 Mvar
1.000 pu
0.524 Deg
1.000 pu Two
-18.695 Deg
800 MW
0 Mvar
27
Indirect Transmission Line Control
28
Power Flow Simulation - Before
124%
One Two
0 MW
64 MVR
29
Power Flow Simulation - After
100%
One Two
30
Analytic Calculation of Sensitivities
31
Analytic Sensitivities
36
Power Transactions
37