ECE 476

Power System Analysis

Lecture 13: Power Flow

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
overbye@illinois.edu
Announcements

• Read Chapter 6
• H6 is 6.19, 6.30, 6.31, 6.34, 6.38, 6.45. It does not
need to be turned in, but will be covered by an in-class
quiz on Oct 15
• Power and Energy scholarships will be decided on
Monday; application on website; apply to Prof. Sauer
• Grainger Awards due on Nov 1; application on
website; apply to Prof. Sauer
• energy.ece.illinois.edu/

1
Two Bus Newton-Raphson Example

For the two bus power system shown below, use the
Newton-Raphson power flow to determine the
voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Assume
that bus one is the slack and SBase = 100 MVA.
Line Z = 0.1j

One 1.000 pu Two 1.000 pu

0 MW 200 MW
0 MVR 100 MVR

θ2   − j10 j10 

x =
V  Ybus  j10 − j10 
 2  
2
Two Bus Example, cont’d

General power balance equations

n
∑ Vi Vk (Gik cosθik + Bik sin θik ) =
Pi = PGi − PDi
k =1
n
∑ Vi Vk (Gik sin θik − Bik cosθik ) =
Qi = QGi − QDi
k =1
Bus two power balance equations
V2 V1 (10sin θ 2 ) + 2.0 =0
V2 V1 ( −10cos θ 2 ) + V2 (10) + 1.0 =
2
0

3
Two Bus Example, cont’d

=
P2 (x) θ 2 ) + 2.0
V2 (10sin= 0
V2 (−10 cosθ 2 ) + V2 (10) + 1.0= 0
2
Q2 (x)=
Now calculate the power flow Jacobian
 ∂P2 (x) ∂P2 (x) 
 ∂θ ∂V 2 
J ( x) =  2

 ∂Q 2 (x) ∂Q 2 (x) 
 ∂θ ∂ V 2 
 2

10 V2 cosθ 2 10sin θ 2 

= 
10 V2 sin θ 2 −10 cosθ 2 + 20 V2 
4
Two Bus Example, First Iteration

0 
Set v =
0, guess x 1 
(0)
 
Calculate
 V2 (10sin θ 2 ) + 2.0   2.0 
f(x (0)
) =  1.0 
 V2 (−10 cosθ 2 ) + V2 (10) + 1.0 
2
 
10 V2 cosθ 2 10sin θ 2  10 0 
=
(0)
J (x )
θ − θ +   0 10 
 10 V2 sin 2 10 cos 2 20 V2  
−1
0  10 0   2.0   −0.2 
Solve x=   − 
(1)
 1.0  =  
  
1 0 10     0.9 
5
Two Bus Example, Next Iterations

 0.9 (10sin(−0.2)) + 2.0  0.212 

f(x ) =
(1)
  
0.9( −10 cos( −0.2)) + 0.9 × 10 + 1.0  
2 0.279 
 8.82 −1.986 
J (x ) = 
(1)

 −1.788 8.199 
−1
 −0.2   8.82 −1.986  0.212   −0.233
x =
(2)
 0.9  −  −1.788 8.199  0.279  =  0.8586 
       
 0.0145  −0.236 
f(x ) =
(2)
 x (3)
 0.8554 
 0.0190   
0.0000906 
f(=(3)
x )   Done! =
V2 0.8554∠ − 13.52°
 0.0001175
6
Two Bus Solved Values

Once the voltage angle and magnitude at bus 2 are

known we can calculate all the other system values,
such as the line flows and the generator reactive
power output
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
168.3 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.855 pu -13.522 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
168.3 MVR 100 MVR

7
 Two Bus Case Low Voltage Solution

This case actually has two solutions! The second

"low voltage" is found by using a low initial guess.
 0 
Set v =
0, guess x (0)
0.25
 
Calculate
 V2 (10sin θ 2 ) + 2.0   2 
f(x ) = 
(0)
 =  −0.875
 V2 (−10 cosθ 2 ) + V2 (10) + 1.0 
2
 
10 V2 cosθ 2 10sin θ 2   2.5 0 
J (x ) =
(0)
  0 −5
 10 V 2 sin θ 2 − 10 cos θ 2 + 20 V2  

8
 Low Voltage Solution, cont'd

−1
 0   2.5 0   2   −0.8 
Solve x = 0.25 −  0 −5  −0.875 =
(1)
0.075
       
1.462  (2)  −1.42   −0.921
= f (x ) =
(2)
 x  =  x (3)
 0.220 
 0.534   0.2336   
Low voltage solution
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
831.7 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.261 pu -49.914 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
831.7 MVR 100 MVR
9
Two Bus Region of Convergence

Slide shows the region of convergence for different initial

guesses of bus 2 angle (x-axis) and magnitude (y-axis)
Red region
converges
to the high
voltage
solution,
while the
yellow region
converges
to the low
voltage
solution
10
PV Buses

• Since the voltage magnitude at PV buses is fixed

there is no need to explicitly include these voltages
in x or write the reactive power balance equations
– the reactive power output of the generator varies to
maintain the fixed terminal voltage (within limits)
– optionally these variations/equations can be included by
just writing the explicit voltage constraint for the
generator bus

|Vi | – Vi setpoint = 0

11
Three Bus PV Case Example

For this three bus case we have

 θ2   P2 (x) − PG 2 + PD 2 
x= θ  f (x)=  P ( x) − P + P =  0
 3  3 G3 D3 
 V2   Q2 (x) + QD 2 
Line Z = 0.1j

0.941 pu
One 1.000 pu Two -7.469 Deg

170.0 MW 200 MW
68.2 MVR 100 MVR
Line Z = 0.1j Line Z = 0.1j

Three 1.000 pu

30 MW
63 MVR
12
Generator Reactive Power Limits

• The reactive power output of generators varies to

maintain the terminal voltage; on a real generator
this is done by the exciter
• To maintain higher voltages requires more
reactive power
• Generators have reactive power limits, which are
dependent upon the generator's MW output
• These limits must be considered during the power
flow solution

13
Generator Reactive Limits, cont'd

• During power flow once a solution is obtained

check to make generator reactive power output is
within its limits
• If the reactive power is outside of the limits, fix Q
at the max or min value, and resolve treating the
generator as a PQ bus
– this is know as "type-switching"
– also need to check if a PQ generator can again regulate
• Rule of thumb: to raise system voltage we need to
supply more vars

14
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example

T2
800 MVA
1 T1 5 4 345/15 kV 3 520 MVA
Line 3
345 kV
50 mi
400 MVA 800 MVA
15 kV 15 kV

Line 2

Line 1
400 MVA 345 kV 345 kV 40 Mvar 80 MW
15/345 kV 100 mi 200 mi

2
280 Mvar 800 MW

Single-line diagram

15
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
V δ PG QG PL QL QGmax QGmin
Bus Type per degrees per per per per per per
unit unit unit unit unit unit unit
Table 1. 1 Swing 1.0 0   0 0  
Bus input
2 Load   0 0 8.0 2.8  
data
3 Constant 1.05  5.2  0.8 0.4 4.0 -2.8
voltage
4 Load   0 0 0 0  
5 Load   0 0 0 0  

Maximum
R’ X’ G’ B’ MVA
Table 2. Bus-to- per unit per unit per unit per unit per unit
Line input data Bus
2-4 0.0090 0.100 0 1.72 12.0
2-5 0.0045 0.050 0 0.88 12.0
4-5 0.00225 0.025 0 0.44 12.0
16
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example

Maximum
R X Gc Bm Maximum TAP
per per per per MVA Setting
Table 3. Bus-to- unit unit unit unit per unit per unit
Transformer Bus
input data 1-5 0.00150 0.02 0 0 6.0 —
3-4 0.00075 0.01 0 0 10.0 —

Bus Input Data Unknowns

1 V1 = 1.0, δ1 = 0 P1, Q1

2 P2 = PG2-PL2 = -8 V2, δ2
Table 4. Input data Q2 = QG2-QL2 = -2.8
and unknowns 3 V3 = 1.05 Q3, δ3
P3 = PG3-PL3 = 4.4
4 P4 = 0, Q4 = 0 V4, δ4
5 P5 = 0, Q5 = 0 V5, δ5
17
 Time to Close the Hood: Let the
Computer Do the Math! (Ybus Shown)

18
 Ybus Details
Elements of Ybus connected to bus 2
Y21 = Y23 = 0
−1 −1
Y24 = = =
−0.89276 + j 9.91964 per unit
R24 + jX 24 0.009 + j 0.1
' '

−1 −1
Y25 = = = −1.78552 + j19.83932 per unit
R25 + jX 25 0.0045 + j 0.05
' '

' '
1 1 B24 B25
Y22 = ' + ' +j +j
R24 + jX 24 R25 + jX 25
' '
2 2
1.72 0.88
= (0.89276 − j 9.91964) + (1.78552 − j19.83932) + j +j
2 2
= 2.67828 − j 28.4590 = 28.5847∠ − 84.624° per unit
19
Here are the Initial Bus Mismatches

20
And the Initial Power Flow Jacobian

21
 And the Hand Calculation Details!

∆P2 (0) = P2 − P2 ( x) = P2 − V2 (0){Y21V1 cos[δ 2 (0) − δ 1 (0) − θ 21 ]

+ Y22V2 cos[−θ 22 ] + Y23V3 cos[δ 2 (0) − δ 3 (0) − θ 23 ]
+ Y24V4 cos[δ 2 (0) − δ 4 (0) − θ 24 ]
+ Y25V5 cos[δ 2 (0) − δ 5 (0) − θ 25 ]}
= −8.0 − 1.0{28.5847(1.0) cos(84.624°)
+ 9.95972(1.0) cos(−95.143°)
+ 19.9159(1.0) cos(−95.143°)}
= −8.0 − (−2.89 ×10 −4 ) = −7.99972 per unit

J 124 (0) = V2 (0)Y24V4 (0) sin[δ 2 (0) − δ 4 (0) − θ 24 ]

= (1.0)(9.95972)(1.0) sin[ −95.143°]
= −9.91964 per unit 22
 Five Bus Power System Solved

One Five Four Three

A A

395 MW 520 MW
MVA MVA
A

114 Mvar 337 Mvar

MVA

slack

1.000 pu 0.974 pu A A
1.019 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.548 Deg MVA MVA -2.834 Deg 40 Mvar
1.050 pu
-0.597 Deg

0.834 pu Two
-22.406 Deg

800 MW
280 Mvar

23
37 Bus Example Design Case
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLACK345
MVA
A

MVA

220 MW
1.03 pu RAY345 52 Mvar
slack

1.02 pu
System Losses: 10.70 MW A A

SLACK138
A

TIM345
MVA MVA MVA

1.02 pu RAY138
A A

MVA MVA
A
1.03 pu
TIM138 33 MW A MVA

1.00 pu 13 Mvar MVA

1.03 pu
A
15.9 Mvar 18 MW 1.02 pu RAY69
A
5 Mvar 37 MW
MVA A
17 MW A
MVA
1.01 pu PAI69 MVA 3 Mvar MVA
13 Mvar
1.02 pu TIM69
A 1.01 pu GROSS69 A

23 MW MVA
MVA
FERNA69
7 Mvar A
12 MW 1.01 pu WOLEN69
A A
HISKY69 3 Mvar
MVA

MVA
A
MVA PETE69 A
A
58 MW 4.9 Mvar
MORO138 MVA
A MVA

39 MW MVA
40 Mvar 1.01 pu MVA
13 Mvar 1.00 pu BOB138
12 MW
A

HANNAH69 28.9 Mvar DEMAR69

5 Mvar
A A
60 MW
MVA

19 Mvar
MVA MVA

1.00 pu 20 MW A
1.02 pu BOB69
1.00 pu
0.99 pu 14.2 Mvar UIUC6912 Mvar MVA
1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar 124 MW 56 MW
KYLE69 A A

A
MVA
45 Mvar 13 Mvar LYNN138
16 MW
MVA
MVA
A -14 Mvar
MVA
25 MW A A
14 MW
36 Mvar MVA
1.00 pu BLT138 4 Mvar
AMANDA69
MVA
A 0.99 pu A A

MVA 25 MW MVA MVA SHIMKO69 1.02 pu

HOMER69 10 Mvar 1.01 pu 7.4 Mvar
A
A

BLT69 MVA
A
1.01 pu MVA

20 MW
A
MVA 15 MW
3 Mvar MVA HALE69 A 55 MW 5 Mvar
1.00 pu MVA
25 Mvar A

36 MW 1.01 pu
A A MVA
A
60 MW MVA 10 Mvar 7.3 Mvar MVA
A
A

MVA
12 Mvar
0.0 Mvar 1.00 pu 1.00 pu PATTEN69 MVA
MVA

A
45 MW 14 MW ROGER69
1.01 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
MVA

1.02 pu LAUF69 2 Mvar

23 MW 22 MW 10 MW
20 MW
A A
6 Mvar 15 Mvar 5 Mvar 14 MW A

28 Mvar
MVA MVA 3 Mvar MVA

LAUF138 1.02 pu SAVOY69 1.02 pu 38 MW JO138 JO345

1.00 pu 3 Mvar
1.01 pu BUCKY138 A

A MVA A

MVA 1.01 pu SAVOY138 MVA

150 MW
A A
0 Mvar
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
0 Mvar
MVA

1.02 pu A 1.03 pu
MVA

24
 Good Power System Operation

• Good power system operation requires that there be no

reliability violations for either the current condition or
in the event of statistically likely contingencies
• Reliability requires as a minimum that there be no
transmission line/transformer limit violations and that bus
voltages be within acceptable limits (perhaps 0.95 to 1.08)
• Example contingencies are the loss of any single device. This
is known as n-1 reliability.
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation now
has legal authority to enforce reliability standards (and
there are now lots of them). See
http://www.nerc.com for details (click on Standards)
25
Looking at the Impact of Line Outages
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLACK345
MVA
A

MVA

227 MW
1.03 pu RAY345 43 Mvar
slack

1.02 pu
System Losses: 17.61 MW A A

SLACK138
A

TIM345
MVA MVA MVA

1.02 pu RAY138
A A

MVA MVA
A
1.03 pu
TIM138 33 MW A MVA

1.01 pu 13 Mvar MVA

1.03 pu
A
16.0 Mvar 18 MW 1.02 pu RAY69
A
5 Mvar 37 MW
MVA A
17 MW A
MVA
1.01 pu PAI69 MVA 3 Mvar MVA
13 Mvar
1.02 pu TIM69
A 1.01 pu GROSS69 A

23 MW MVA
MVA
FERNA69
7 Mvar A
12 MW 1.01 pu WOLEN69
A A
HISKY69 3 Mvar
MVA

MVA MVA PETE69 A

A
58 MW 4.9 Mvar
MORO138 A MVA

39 MW MVA
40 Mvar 1.01 pu MVA
13 Mvar 1.00 pu BOB138
12 MW
A

HANNAH69 28.9 Mvar DEMAR69

5 Mvar
A A
60 MW
MVA

19 Mvar
MVA MVA

1.00 pu 20 MW A
1.02 pu BOB69
1.00 pu
0.90 pu 11.6 Mvar UIUC6912 Mvar MVA
1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar 124 MW 56 MW
KYLE69 A A

A
MVA
45 Mvar 13 Mvar LYNN138
16 MW
MVA
MVA
A -14 Mvar
MVA
25 MW A A
14 MW
36 Mvar MVA
1.00 pu BLT138 4 Mvar
AMANDA69
MVA
A 0.90 pu A A

110% 25 MW MVA MVA SHIMKO69 1.02 pu

MVA
HOMER69 10 Mvar 1.01 pu 7.3 Mvar
A
A

BLT69 MVA

A
A
1.01 pu MVA

15 MW
20 MW 135%
MVA

3 Mvar MVA
HALE69 A 55 MW 5 Mvar
0.94 pu MVA
32 Mvar A

36 MW 1.01 pu
A A MVA
A
60 MW MVA 10 Mvar 7.2 Mvar MVA
A
A

MVA
12 Mvar
0.0 Mvar 1.00 pu 1.00 pu PATTEN69 MVA
MVA

A
45 MW 14 MW ROGER69
1.00 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
MVA

1.01 pu LAUF69 2 Mvar

A
23 MW 22 MW 10 MW
A
6 Mvar 14 MW A
20 MW 80% 15 Mvar 5 Mvar
3 Mvar
40 Mvar
MVA MVA
MVA

LAUF138 1.01 pu SAVOY69 1.02 pu 38 MW JO138 JO345

0.99 pu 9 Mvar
1.00 pu BUCKY138 A

A MVA A

MVA 1.01 pu SAVOY138 MVA

150 MW
A A
4 Mvar
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
4 Mvar
MVA

1.02 pu A 1.03 pu
MVA

Opening one line (Tim69-Hannah69) causes an overload.

This would not be allowed 26
Contingency Analysis

Contingency
analysis provides
an automatic
way of looking
at all the
statistically
likely
contingencies. In
this example the
contingency set
Is all the single
line/transformer
outages
27
 Power Flow And Design

• One common usage of the power flow is to determine

how the system should be modified to remove
contingencies problems or serve new load
• In an operational context this requires working with the
existing electric grid
• In a planning context additions to the grid can be considered
• In the next example we look at how to remove the
existing contingency violations while serving new
load.

28
 An Unreliable Solution
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLACK345
MVA
A

MVA

269 MW
1.02 pu RAY345 67 Mvar
slack

1.02 pu
System Losses: 14.49 MW A A

SLACK138
A

TIM345
MVA MVA MVA

1.01 pu RAY138
A A

MVA MVA
A
1.03 pu
TIM138 33 MW A MVA

0.99 pu 13 Mvar MVA

1.02 pu
A
15.9 Mvar 18 MW 1.02 pu RAY69
A
5 Mvar 37 MW
MVA A
17 MW A
MVA
1.01 pu PAI69 MVA 3 Mvar MVA
13 Mvar
1.02 pu TIM69
A 1.01 pu GROSS69 A

23 MW MVA
MVA
FERNA69
7 Mvar A
12 MW 1.01 pu WOLEN69
A A
HISKY69 3 Mvar
MVA

MVA A MVA PETE69 A

96%
A
58 MW 4.9 Mvar
MORO138 A MVA
MVA
39 MW MVA
40 Mvar 1.01 pu MVA
13 Mvar 1.00 pu BOB138
12 MW
A

HANNAH69 28.9 Mvar DEMAR69

5 Mvar
A A
60 MW
MVA

19 Mvar
MVA MVA

1.00 pu 20 MW A
1.02 pu BOB69
1.00 pu
0.97 pu 13.6 Mvar UIUC6912 Mvar MVA
1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar 124 MW 56 MW
KYLE69 A A

A
MVA
45 Mvar 13 Mvar LYNN138
16 MW
MVA
MVA
A -14 Mvar
MVA
25 MW A A
14 MW
36 Mvar MVA
1.00 pu BLT138 MVA 4 Mvar
A 0.97 pu A A

MVA 25 MW MVA MVA SHIMKO69 1.02 pu

HOMER69 10 Mvar 1.01 pu 7.4 Mvar
A
A

AMANDA69 BLT69 MVA

A
1.01 pu MVA

20 MW
A
MVA 15 MW
3 Mvar MVA HALE69 A 55 MW 5 Mvar
0.99 pu MVA
28 Mvar A

36 MW 1.01 pu
A A MVA
A
60 MW MVA 10 Mvar 7.3 Mvar MVA
A
A

MVA
12 Mvar
0.0 Mvar 1.00 pu 1.00 pu PATTEN69 MVA
MVA

A
45 MW 14 MW ROGER69
1.01 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
MVA

1.02 pu LAUF69 2 Mvar

23 MW 22 MW 10 MW
20 MW
A A
6 Mvar 15 Mvar 5 Mvar 14 MW A

40 Mvar
MVA MVA 3 Mvar MVA

LAUF138 1.02 pu SAVOY69 1.02 pu 38 MW JO138 JO345

1.00 pu 4 Mvar
1.01 pu BUCKY138 A

A MVA A

MVA 1.01 pu SAVOY138 MVA

150 MW
A A
1 Mvar
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
1 Mvar
MVA

1.02 pu A 1.03 pu
MVA

Case now has nine separate contingencies with reliability

violations 29
 A Reliable Solution
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SLACK345
MVA
A

MVA

266 MW
1.02 pu RAY345 59 Mvar
slack

1.02 pu
System Losses: 11.66 MW A A

SLACK138
A

TIM345
MVA MVA MVA

1.01 pu RAY138
A A

MVA MVA
A
1.03 pu
TIM138 33 MW A MVA

1.00 pu 13 Mvar MVA

1.03 pu
A
15.8 Mvar 18 MW 1.02 pu RAY69
A
5 Mvar 37 MW
MVA A
17 MW A
MVA

1.01 pu PAI69 MVA 3 Mvar MVA

13 Mvar
1.02 pu TIM69
A 1.01 pu GROSS69 A

23 MW MVA
MVA
FERNA69
7 Mvar A
12 MW 1.01 pu WOLEN69
A A
HISKY69 3 Mvar
MVA

MVA
A
MVA PETE69 A
A
58 MW 4.9 Mvar
MORO138 MVA
A MVA

39 MW MVA
40 Mvar 1.01 pu MVA
13 Mvar 1.00 pu BOB138
12 MW
A

HANNAH69 28.9 Mvar DEMAR69

5 Mvar
A A
60 MW
MVA

19 Mvar
MVA MVA

Kyle138 20 MW A
1.02 pu BOB69
0.99 pu
0.99 pu 14.1 Mvar UIUC6912 Mvar MVA
A

1.00 pu
12.8 Mvar 124 MW 56 MW
M VA

KYLE69
A A

A
MVA
45 Mvar 13 Mvar LYNN138
16 MW
MVA

MVA
A -14 Mvar
MVA
25 MW A A
14 MW
36 Mvar MVA
1.00 pu BLT138 MVA 4 Mvar
A 0.99 pu A A

MVA 25 MW MVA MVA SHIMKO69 1.02 pu

HOMER69 10 Mvar 1.01 pu 7.4 Mvar
A
A

AMANDA69 BLT69 MVA

A
1.01 pu MVA

20 MW
A
MVA 15 MW
3 Mvar MVA HALE69 A 55 MW 5 Mvar
1.00 pu MVA
29 Mvar A

36 MW 1.01 pu
A A MVA
A
60 MW MVA 10 Mvar 7.3 Mvar MVA
A
A
MVA
12 Mvar
0.0 Mvar 1.00 pu 1.00 pu PATTEN69 MVA
MVA

A
45 MW 14 MW ROGER69
1.01 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
MVA

1.02 pu LAUF69 2 Mvar

23 MW 22 MW 10 MW
20 MW
A A
6 Mvar 15 Mvar 5 Mvar 14 MW A

38 Mvar
MVA MVA 3 Mvar MVA

LAUF138 1.02 pu SAVOY69 1.02 pu 38 MW JO138 JO345

1.00 pu 4 Mvar
1.01 pu BUCKY138 A

A MVA A

MVA 1.01 pu SAVOY138 MVA

150 MW
A A
1 Mvar
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
1 Mvar
MVA

1.02 pu A 1.03 pu
MVA

Previous case was augmented with the addition of a

138 kV Transmission Line 30
Generation Changes and The Slack Bus

• The power flow is a steady-state analysis tool, so the

assumption is total load plus losses is always equal to
total generation
• Generation mismatch is made up at the slack bus
• When doing generation change power flow studies one
always needs to be cognizant of where the generation
is being made up
• Common options include system slack, distributed across
multiple generators by participation factors or by economics

31
 Generation Change Example 1
SLACK345
A

MVA
A

MVA

162 MW
0.00 pu RAY345
slack 35 Mvar
A A A

0.00 pu SLACK138
TIM345
MVA MVA MVA

A
-0.01 pu RAY138
A

MVA
A
0.00 pu
TIM138
MVA

0.00 pu 0 MW
A MVA

0 Mvar 0.00 pu
-0.1 Mvar 0 MW
A MVA
A
-0.01 pu RAY69
MVA
MVA 0 Mvar 0 MW
A
0 MW A

0.00 pu TIM69 PAI69 0 Mvar

0.00 pu MVA 0 Mvar MVA
A

A
0 MW 0.00 pu GROSS69 A

0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
FERNA69
0.00 pu WOLEN69
A
MVA
A 0 MW
MORO138
HISKY69 0 Mvar
MVA
MVA A
A
-0.1 Mvar
0 MW MVA
A MVA

0 Mvar 0 MW -0.01 pu MVA

0 Mvar A
-0.03 pu BOB138
PETE69 A

DEMAR69
0.00 pu
MVA A A

HANNAH69 0 MW
MVA

0 MW 0 Mvar
MVA MVA

0 MW
0 Mvar 0.00 pu BOB69
A

-0.2 Mvar 0 Mvar

UIUC69 0.00 pu
MVA

-0.1 Mvar
0.00 pu -157 MW 0 MW
-0.1 Mvar
A

-45 Mvar
A
0 Mvar LYNN138
0 MW
MVA
A

0 Mvar
MVA
A
MVA
A
0 MW A
0 MW
-0.002 pu BLT138
MVA

0 Mvar MVA -0.03 pu MVA 0 Mvar

0.00 pu AMANDA69 A
A

SHIMKO69 0.00 pu
A

HOMER69 0 MW
MVA

0.0 Mvar
MVA A

0 Mvar 0.00 pu
MVA A

BLT69 MVA
A
-0.01 pu MVA

0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar HALE69 A 0 MW 0 Mvar
0.00 pu 51 Mvar
MVA A

MVA

0 MW 0.00 pu
A A MVA
A

0 MW MVA 0 Mvar 0.0 Mvar MVA A

A
MVA
0 Mvar
0.00 pu 0.00 pu PATTEN69 MVA

0.0 Mvar A
MVA

0 MW 0 MW ROGER69
0.00 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
MVA

LAUF69 0 Mvar
0.00 pu 0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 Mvar 0 MW A

0 MW 0 Mvar 0 Mvar
4 Mvar MVA MVA 0 Mvar MVA

0.00 pu JO138 JO345

LAUF138 0.00 pu SAVOY69 0 MW
0.00 pu
0.00 pu BUCKY138 A 3 Mvar
A MVA A

0.00 pu SAVOY138 0 MW
2 Mvar
MVA A A MVA

MVA MVA

0 MW
A
2 Mvar
MVA
0.00 pu
0.00 pu A

Display shows “Difference Flows” between original 37 bus case,

MVA

and case with a BLT138 generation outage;

32
note all the power change is picked up at the slack
 Generation Change Example 2
SLACK345
A

MVA
A

MVA

0 MW
0.00 pu RAY345
slack 37 Mvar
A A A

0.00 pu SLACK138
TIM345
MVA MVA MVA

A
-0.01 pu RAY138
A

MVA
A
0.00 pu
TIM138
MVA

0.00 pu 0 MW
A MVA

0 Mvar 0.00 pu
-0.1 Mvar 0 MW
A MVA
A
0.00 pu RAY69
MVA
MVA 0 Mvar 0 MW
A
0 MW A

0.00 pu TIM69 PAI69 0 Mvar

0.00 pu MVA 0 Mvar MVA
A

A
0 MW 0.00 pu GROSS69 A

0 Mvar
MVA
MVA
FERNA69
0.00 pu WOLEN69
A
MVA
A 0 MW
MORO138
HISKY69 0 Mvar
MVA
MVA A
A
0.0 Mvar
0 MW MVA
A MVA

0 Mvar 0 MW 0.00 pu MVA

0 Mvar A
-0.03 pu BOB138
PETE69 A

DEMAR69
0.00 pu
MVA A A

HANNAH69 0 MW
MVA

0 MW 0 Mvar
MVA MVA

0 MW
0 Mvar 0.00 pu BOB69
A

-0.2 Mvar 0 Mvar

UIUC69 0.00 pu
MVA

-0.1 Mvar
0.00 pu -157 MW 0 MW
-0.1 Mvar
A

-45 Mvar
A
0 Mvar LYNN138
0 MW
MVA
A

0 Mvar
MVA
A
MVA
A
0 MW A
0 MW
-0.003 pu BLT138
MVA

0 Mvar MVA -0.03 pu MVA 0 Mvar

0.00 pu AMANDA69 A
A

SHIMKO69 0.00 pu
A

HOMER69 0 MW
MVA

-0.1 Mvar
MVA A

0 Mvar -0.01 pu
MVA A

BLT69 MVA
A
-0.01 pu MVA

0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar HALE69 A 19 MW 0 Mvar
0.00 pu 51 Mvar
MVA A

MVA

0 MW 0.00 pu
A A MVA
A

0 MW MVA 0 Mvar 0.0 Mvar MVA A

A
MVA
0 Mvar
0.00 pu 0.00 pu PATTEN69 MVA

0.0 Mvar A
MVA

0 MW 0 MW ROGER69
0.00 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar
MVA

LAUF69 0 Mvar
0.00 pu 0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 Mvar 0 MW A

99 MW 0 Mvar 0 Mvar
-20 Mvar MVA MVA 0 Mvar MVA

0.00 pu JO138 JO345

LAUF138 0.00 pu SAVOY69 42 MW
0.00 pu
0.00 pu BUCKY138 A -14 Mvar
A MVA A

0.00 pu SAVOY138 0 MW
0 Mvar
MVA A A MVA

MVA MVA

0 MW
A
0 Mvar
MVA
0.00 pu
0.00 pu A

Display repeats previous case except now the change in

MVA

generation is picked up by other generators using a

participation factor approach 33
Voltage Regulation Example: 37 Buses

A
SLACK345
MVA
A

MVA

219 MW
1.02 pu RAY345 52 Mvar
System Losses: 11.51 MW A A A
slack

1.02 pu TIM345
MVA MVA SLACK138 MVA

A
1.01 pu RAY138
A

MVA
A
1.03 pu
TIM138
MVA
MVA
1.00 pu 33 MW A
1.03 pu
A
A 13 Mvar 15.9 Mvar 18 MW
MVA

MVA 5 Mvar 1.02 pu RAY69 37 MW

MVA
A
17 MW A
1.02 pu TIM69 PAI69 13 Mvar
1.01 pu MVA 3 Mvar MVA
A

A
23 MW 1.01 pu GROSS69 A

7 Mvar
MVA

MVA A
MVA
FERNA69 1.01 pu WOLEN69
MORO138
A
MVA
21 MW
MVA
HISKY69 7 Mvar
A
A

12 MW 4.8 Mvar A MVA

MVA
5 Mvar 20 MW 1.00 pu MVA
8 Mvar A
1.00 pu BOB138
MVA
PETE69 DEMAR69
A

1.00 pu A A
MVA
HANNAH69 58 MW MVA MVA
51 MW 40 Mvar 45 MW
15 Mvar 12 Mvar
A
1.02 pu BOB69
29.0 Mvar UIUC69 0.99 pu
MVA

14.3 Mvar 1.00 pu 157 MW 56 MW

12.8 Mvar A

45 Mvar
A
MVA 13 Mvar LYNN138
A MVA
0 MW
0 Mvar
A
A
MVA A
MVA
MVA 58 MW A
14 MW
0.997 pu 36 Mvar MVA 1.00 pu BLT138 MVA
4 Mvar
0.99 pu AMANDA69 A
A

HOMER69
A
33 MW MVA SHIMKO69 1.02 pu
0.0 Mvar
MVA A
MVA
1.01 pu 7.4 Mvar
10 Mvar BLT69 MVA
A 1.01 pu
15 MW
3 Mvar
A

MVA
HALE69
MVA
A 92 MW 1.010 pu 15 MW
5 Mvar
1.00 pu MVA
10 Mvar
A

A
A
36 MW A
1.01 pu
60 MW MVA 10 Mvar 7.2 Mvar MVA
MVA
A
A

12 Mvar
MVA

20.8 Mvar 1.00 pu 1.00 pu PATTEN69 MVA

MVA

MVA
45 MW 14 MW ROGER69
LAUF69 1.00 pu WEBER69 0 Mvar 2 Mvar
1.02 pu 23 MW
A A
6 Mvar 22 MW 0 MW 14 MW A

20 MW MVA MVA
15 Mvar 0 Mvar 3 Mvar MVA
9 Mvar 1.02 pu JO138 JO345
LAUF138 1.02 pu SAVOY69 38 MW
1.00 pu 3 Mvar
1.01 pu BUCKY138 A

A MVA A

MVA 1.01 pu SAVOY138 MVA

150 MW
A A
0 Mvar
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
0 Mvar
MVA

1.02 pu A 1.03 pu
MVA

Display shows voltage contour of the power system, demo

will show the impact of generator voltage set point,
reactive power limits, and switched capacitors 34