GRADE

12
UNDERSTANDING

CULTURE, SOCIETY
AND POLITICS

THE HEART OF
INTERACTION

Prepared by:
MS. JUDY ANN T.
FLORES
Saint Paul School of Buug
UCSP Teaher
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Hello, my dear Paulinian!

St. Paul School of Buug warmly welcomes you to this unique SY 2020-2021. This is different from the traditional
way of learning in a traditional classroom, for we will be conducting our class in a remote/distant way of teaching &
learning according to the learning modality that you have chosen, for our safety and well-being as we protect ourselves
from this COVID 19 pandemic. Please know that Face to Face teaching and learning will only happen if and when our
local DOH, IATF and LGU would already allow us to do so. Meanwhile, SPSB is offering you iPAUL (inclusive Paulinian
Adaptive Unimpeded Learning).

I am _________. I will be your teacher in _________. You may contact me at 09____________ or FB Messenger
__________ or email me at ___________, from Monday to Friday EXCEPT WEDNESDAY at 3:00-4:30 pm ONLY. While I
will be making every effort to respond to your queries as soon as possible, but be sure to contact me only on this
specified time allotment for Consultation. I hope and pray that you are safe and in good health at home.

This learning packet/module is designed to help you find your way through this subject. This will guide you on
what to do in your remote/distance learning. The Learning Packet/Module will be sent to you through FB Messenger or
emailed to you or picked up from the Principal’s Office on our agreed day & time. You will be notified when will be next
set of learning packet/module ready for you. Likewise, you are expected to submit your accomplished tasks/activities/
worksheets on our scheduled day & time. For hard copy, your submitted works/requirements must be put inside an
envelope properly labeled with your Name, Grade Level & Section. These shall be the basis for your Attendance &
Participation in assessing how much you have learned and thus, basis for your Grade.

Hand in hand with this Learning Packet/Module, you are required to have your own Textbook in this subject.
Please get your textbook from your Class Adviser.

Be reminded also that our lessons this school year shall follow the given MELCs of DepEd. Therefore as we go through
our lessons, the pages in your textbook might not follow how it is presented in its table of contents.

Still basing on DepEd Order No. 8, s. 2015, assessment will be modified using the following (until such a new
guideline from the Department of Education is given):

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 As Paulinians, you are expected to attain the following Life Performance Outcomes:

 Mindful, self-directed LEARNERS & ROLE MODELS

 Courageous, resourceful EXPLORERS & PROBLEM SOLVERS
 Credible, responsive COMMUNICATORS & TEAM PLAYERS
 Conscientious, adept PERFORMERS & ACHIEVERS, and
 Caring committed ADVOCATES for PEACE and UNIVERSAL WELL-BEING

Aside from academic competence, equally important areas to be developed among you are DISCIPLINE and VALUES
FORMATION. Conduct and effort go beyond the limits of any school set-up. However, given the nature of iPAUL,
Conduct will emphasize (online) behavior, specifically important digital citizenship skills and dispositions such as
netiquette, respect, and academic integrity (offline & online). On the other hand, Effort is seen through the quality of
work and consistency in performing the assigned tasks.

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LIFE PERFORMANCE OUTCOME:

LPO5: Caring, Committed ADVOCATES for Peace and Universal Well-Being

PROGRAM OUTCOME:
PO1: Describe the major economic, political, social, and environmental challenges
that they and millions of Filipinos face in leading productive, fulfilling lives, and
develop viable alternatives for addressing them

ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE OUTCOME

EPO8: Willingly share responsibilities and participate actively in fostering group
collegiality, cohesion, and effectiveness
CONTENT STANDARD:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of how individuals should behave as part
of a political community

PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learners:
1. assess the rules of social interaction to maintain stability of everyday life and
the role of innovation in response to problems and challenges
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
*Idenitfy groups within the society and their functions
* differentiate primary groups from secondary groups
*Analyze in-groups and out-groups as forms of reference groups
* define kinship, marriage, and household
* Enumerate and explain the different forms of kinship by blood, kinship by marriage,
and kinship by rituals.
*discuss the different types of families

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME:

The learners will be able to articulate observations on human cultural variations,
social differences, social change, and political identities.

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 Pre-Test

Activity1. DOs and DON’Ts

Activity2. The World and I

Activity3. My Prediction

Activity4. Build with Details

Activity5.Footprints of a Good
Citizen

Post-Test

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 I. Write the words in their appropriate categories

Feminist group Project Group

Farmers association Prayer Group
Student Council One direction band
Facebook group Looby group
Protest Rally Hikers Club
Philatelists Bikers

Primary Group

Secondary Group

Reference Group

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Time Frame
Day: Monday-Friday
Note: Please Pass as soon as you finish
the Activity Worksheets prior to the
weeks given.

INTRODUCTION

As we learned in the previous chapter, culture is key to human adaptation, and

as such every society has its own culture. In this chapter, we look at how individuals
learn culture and become competent members of society through the process of
enculturation or socialization, or the process of preparing individuals for membership
in a given society. It explores four theories that explain the development of the self as
a product of this process. The process of socialization entails learning the various
elements of a society’s culture as well as its social structure. The discussion focuses
on values, norms, status, and roles, as well as gender role socialization. The Reader
for this course includes an article by Hiromu Shimizu which examines the process of
socialization in the Philippines. Shimizu shows how the social environment in which
Filipino children grow up orients the child toward getting along and being cooperative
with others. Another article, by Michael Herzfeld, dissects how individuals become
socialized to become indifferent persons, with social indifference being conditioned
by the state, and the political and ideological interests that underpin bureaucratic
structures.

Since it is important that members follow cultural norms, every society has a
system of social control to encourage conformity and discourage deviance or norm
breaking. Nevertheless, deviance to a certain extent is tolerated by society. To
understand why, this chapter explores Emile Durkheim’s argument that deviance has
at least four social functions. Robert Merton argued that the extent and type of
deviance people engage in depend on whether a society provides the means (such
as schooling and job opportunities) to achieve cultural goals (such as financial
success). Conformity lies in pursuing cultural goals through approved means. Four
types of deviance may, however, arise from the inability to achieve a cultural goal
using socially approved means.

The discussion of socialization and deviance emphasizes that members of any

society have to work toward the continued existence of that society. Carol Hanish, Richard
Bellamy, and Arjun Appadurai and Katerina Stenou explore the wider context, content,
processes, and consequences of socialization, conformity, and deviance. Hanish discusses
the rise of social movements, in particular the feminist movement in the United States, and in
a broader sense, how important collective action is for a collective solution. Bellamy explores
citizenship, why it matters, and the challenges confronting it today. Appadurai and Stenou
utilize the idea of cultural pluralism as a lens for understanding and addressing the situation
of migrants, refugees, minorities, and many others.

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Page 2
Lesson 1

THE HEART OF INTERACTION

When individuals aggregate physically in a given space, they do not necessarily make a
social group. They are just a collection of warm bodies who happened to be together in
one space or who may happen to share a set of common characteristics. Technically,
the former are referred to in sociology as social aggregates-a simple collection of
people who happened to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact
or identify with one another. The latter is technically referred to as social categories-
people who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not
necessarily interact or identify with one another. But when the relationship starts to go
beyond mere "co-presence" o mere "co-category, a group starts to emerge (Fig 5.2).
This situation then suggests that groups are not just a collection of beings; they have
some
common interests that necessitate "interaction" with to each other across time and
space. Hence, a group can be described as a collection of individuals
who have regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual influence, and
common feeling of belongingness, and who work together to achievea
common set of goals.

Types of Social Groups: Primary, Secondary and Reference Groups

The study of social groups is a main focus of many sociologists. In this

lesson, we define social groups and differentiate between several different types
including primary, secondary, and reference groups.

Social Groups

Social groups are everywhere and are a basic part of human life;
everywhere you look there seems to be groups of people! A main focus of
sociology is the study of these social groups. A social group consists of two or
more people who regularly interact and share a sense of unity and common
identity. In other words, it's a group of people who see each other frequently and
consider themselves a part of the group. Except in rare cases, we all typically
belong to many different types of social groups. For example, you could be a
member of a sports team, club, church group, college class, workplace, and
more.

Primary Groups

No two groups are created equal. Each typically has its own purpose,
culture, norms, etc. Sociologists differentiate between several different types of
social groups. In this lesson, we'll discuss primary groups, secondary groups,

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and reference groups. Primary groups are those that are close-knit. They are
typically small scale, include intimate relationships, and are usually long lasting.
The members of primary groups feel a strong personal identity with the group.

The nuclear family, which consists of a pair of adults and their children, is
a good example. Members of a nuclear family typically interact on a daily basis.
For them, the family is an important source of identity and purpose. Love and
affection bind the family members together, and their relationships are enduring.
Even when members move away from each other, they are still a part of the
family. Although the nuclear family is considered the ideal primary group by some
sociologists, it is not the only example. Many people are also a member of a
group of close friends. This group is usually small, and the relationships are still
close-knit and enduring, so it is also a primary group. The term 'primary' is used
with these groups because they are the primary source of relationships and
socialization. The relationships in our primary groups give us love, security, and
companionship. We also learn values and norms from our family and friends that
stay with us for most, if not all, of our lives.

Secondary Groups

Secondary groups are another type of social group. They have the
opposite characteristics of primary groups. They can be small or large and are
mostly impersonal and usually short term. These groups are typically found at
work and school. An example of a secondary group is a committee organized to
plan a holiday party at work. Members of the committee meet infrequently and for
only a short period of time. Although group members may have some similar
interests, the purpose of the group is about the task instead of the relationships.
Sometimes, secondary groups become pretty informal, and the members get to
know each other fairly well. Even so, their friendships exist in a limited context;
they won't necessarily remain close beyond the holiday party. Other common
examples of secondary groups are class project groups, college classes, sports
teams, work teams, and neighborhoods. All of these groups are only temporary -

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 even if they last for a year - and the relationships within the group are fairly
shallow and typically touch-and-go. Of course, there are times when we do meet
people in secondary groups that become a part of one of our primary groups.
This demonstrates that the distinction between primary and secondary groups
isn't always absolute or concrete. You may meet your best friend at work or
school in a secondary group, and he or she then becomes a member of your
primary group.

Reference Groups

The last type of group we'll discuss in this lesson is a reference group. Reference
groups are groups that we look to for guidance in order to evaluate our behaviors and
attitudes. They are basically generalized versions of role models. You may or may not
belong to the group, but you use its standards of measurement as a frame of reference.
For example, if a teenager wants to know if she is slim enough, she may use
supermodels as a reference. Or, if a recent college graduate is unsure if an offered
salary is fair, he may use the average starting salary of graduates from his school as a
reference. Frequently, people hope to be identified with their reference groups
(especially if they aren't members of them), so they try to act like those they think typify
these groups. If your reference group is a particular athletic team, you will dress, speak,
and act quite differently than if your reference group is a local wine club. So, a reference
group helps to shape not only a person's expectations and outlook but also appearance
and style.

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Name: ____________________________ Date:_______
Grade & Section: _____________________ Remarks:________

Date of Accomplishments needed:

II.
I. Knowledge

B. Define the Following terms:

A.

1. Network
6.
7. Social Group
2.
8. In-Group
3.
9. Task interaction
4.
10. Social aggregates
5.

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Name: ____________________________ Date:_______
Grade & Section: _____________________ Remarks:________

Date of Accomplishments needed:

MY GROUP AS A MIRROR OF MY SELF

From among the many groups that you have had, past and present,
choose one that you think had the most memorable impact. Describe
the group in column A, then enumerate the impacts it had on you as a
SOcial person in column B.

A B
THE GROUP IT’S LASTING IMPACTS ON ME AS A
SOCIAL PERSON

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 Initial Final
(What Am I Expected Revised (What Have I
to?) Become?)

Name: ____________________________ Date:_______

Grade & Section: _____________________ Remarks:________

Date of2 Accomplishments needed:

Lesson

CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS: KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND

InitialHOUSE
THE – Revised – Final Guide
HOLD
How does an individual form a social relationship or kinship with another person or
Read
group? theWrite
outcomes above and
your answer fillgraphic
in the out theorganizer
Initial column
below.on the table below (Initial-
INTRODUCTION
Revised-Final Guide). Write your expectations on what you will become based on
the program outcome, essential performance outcome, intended learning
Kinship, marriage, and household are important key concepts in the study of society
outcomes, and applied performance commitment.
and culture. Anthropologists and sociologists examine these concepts across different
cultures and societies. In this lesson, you will learn about the nature and the different
forms of kinship. The nature and types family and the different marriage rules across
cultures will also be explain The last part of the lesson discusses the nature of political
dynasties a alliances as examples of the politics of kinship in the Philippines.

P a g e | 13
 How does an individual form a
social relationship or kinship
with another person or group?

KINSHIP
Kinship is one of the important aspects of social structure and one of the
basic principles for organizing individuals into social groups, categories and
genealogy. In anthropology, kinship system includes people related through the
bond of marriage and birth. Marriage establishes social recognition of copulation
which is the basic need of life. The socially sanctioned union of mates
reproduces offspring. It provides the basis for the social status of ‘husband’ and
‘father’. Hence, kinship is the social recognition of the biological ties of marriage
and birth and all those who are related to each other through these bonds are
known as ‘kins’ as distinguished from ‘non-kins’ who may be related to each
other through other ways.

Types of kinship
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
Descent Systems Kinship is reckoned in a number of different ways
around the world, resulting in a variety of types of descent patterns and kin
groups. Anthropologists frequently use diagrams to illustrate kinship relationships
to make them more understandable. In kinship diagrams, one individual is
usually labeled as ego. This is the person to whom all kinship relationships are
referred. In the case below on the right, ego has a brother (Br), sister (Si), father
(Fa), and mother (Mo). Note also that ego is shown as being gender
nonspecific--that is, either male or female.

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 Unilineal Descent -- This traces descent only through a single line of
ancestors, male or female. Both males and females are members of a unilineal
family, but descent links are only recognized through relatives of one gender.
The two basic forms of unilineal descent are referred to as patrilineal and
matrilineal.
Patrilineal Descent -- Both males and females belong to their father's kin
group but not their mother's. However, only males pass on their family identity to
their children. A woman's children are members of her husband's patrilineal line.
The red people in the diagram below are related to each other patrilineally.
Matrilineal Descent ---The form of unilineal descent that follows a female
line. When using this pattern, individuals are relatives if they can trace descent
through females to the same female ancestor. While both male and female
children are members of their mother's matrilineal descent group, only daughters
can pass on the family line to their offspring. The green people below are related
to each other matrilineally.
Bilineal Descent----When both patrilineal and matrilineal descent principles
are combined

KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Marriage is an institution that admits men and women to family life.
Edward Westermarck defined marriage as the more or less durable connection
between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till after the
birth of offspring. Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent bond between
permissible mates. Malinowski defined marriage as a contract for the production
and maintenance of children. According to Lundberg Marriage consists of the
rules and regulations that define the rights, duties and privileges of husband and
wife with respect to each other.

MARRIAGE ACROSS CULTURES

MONOGAMY
Monogamy is the practice of having only one spouse at one time. In some
cases, monogamy means having only one spouse for an entire life span. Out of
the different types of marriages, monogamy is the only one that is legal in the
United States and in most industrial nations.  Social monogamy: Two
persons/creatures that live together, have sex with one another, and cooperate in
acquiring basic resources such as food, clothes, and money.  Sexual
monogamy: Two persons/creatures that remain sexually exclusive with one
another and have no outside sex partners.  Genetic monogamy: Two partners
that only have offspring with one another.  Marital monogamy: Marriages of only
two people.  Serial monogamy: A series of relationships. One person has only
one partner at a time, and then moves on to another partner after severing the
relationship with the first.

POLYGAMY

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Polygamy is a Greek word meaning "The practice of multiple Marriage". It is a marriage
pattern in which an individual is married to more than one person at a time. Ex: Tiwi
(North Australia) Two different types of Polygamy: Polygyny is the practice of one man
having more than one wife or sexual partner at a time. Ex: Mormonism  Polyandry
involves one woman having multiple husbands, within Polyandry there are many
variations on the marriage style. Fraternal polyandry (Ex: Tibet and Nepal) secondary
marriage (Ex: Northern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon)

THE FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD

Nuclear Family:
The nuclear family refers to a couple along with any dependent, unmarried children who
share a residence and form a social unit. In other words it is made up of a husband, wife
and dependent children living together in a single dwelling. The nuclear family is the
smallest unit of society and it is also called the „elementary family (Kottak 2004)‟. The
typical household units in many modern societies are the nuclear family. Sociologists
and anthropologists have distinguished the nuclear family into two broad categories i.e.
the family of orientation or natal family - the family in which one is born and grows up;
and the family of procreation or conjugal family - the family formed when one marries
and has children (Ingiabuna, ibid; Kottak 2004).

ONE OR SINGLE PARENT FAMILY:

This consists of one parent and his or her children. Oneparent families
may be formed through widowhood, divorce, or separation. They may also be
formed when an unmarried person, usually a woman, raises children on her own.

EXTENDED FAMILY:
Units larger than the nuclear family are usually known as the extended families; they are
extended nuclear units (Haralambos and Holborn 2008). An extended family according
to Knuttila (2005) is when three or more generations connected by blood or marriage
relationships form a social unit and live together. Extension of nuclear units can either
be vertical or horizontal. It is vertical if for example, the addition is from members of a
third generation such as the spouses‟ parents and horizontal if for instance, the addition
of members of the same generation as the spouses, such as the husband‟s brother or
an additional wife etc. Hence an extended family is a constituent of several related
persons by descent, marriage or adoption such as a husband and a wife and their
children and at least one of their sets of parents, aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews all
living together in a single dwelling or in close proximity (Kottak 2004, Knuttila 2005).

BLENDED FAMILIES:
This is a family made up of a couple and children either or both raised in an earlier
marriage, and children they raised together (if any). Most people who divorce eventually
get remarried. A good number of such persons often times divorce leaving behind
children. Remarriage frequently result in step families, also called „reconstituted‟,
„reorganizing‟ or „blended‟ families. Because a good number of those who remarry are

P a g e | 16
parents, their new partners become stepparents. This form of nuclear family has
Name:
become very____________________________
common in modern times (Ingiabuna, 2012). Date:_______
Grade & Section: _____________________ Remarks:________
COMPOUND FAMILY:
ThisDate
formofofAccomplishments needed:
family organization can be seen as an overlapping set of nuclear families,
each with the same man as family head. It consists of a man (head of households); his
wives and concubines who live in different homestead with their children. In this case,
the wives become head of their own respective household while the man rules and runs
III.
all households. Knowledge
This kind of family is mostly popular amongst traditional West African
societies.
C. Define the Following terms:
TYPES OF FAMILY ACCORDING TO AUTHORITY AND POWER STRUCTURE
1. FAMILY
Patriarchal Family:
2. HOUSEHOLD
In this kind of family structure, decision making authority and power lies in
3. NUCELAR FAMILY
the
4. hands of the FAMILY
EXTENDED man whether be it a nuclear family, single family or an extended
family. Male headedDESCENT
5. MATRILINEAL households are obtainable in most societies; and in absence
of
6.the man, the eldest
PATRILINEAL son becomes the leader of the household.
DESCENT
7. MONOGAMY
Matriarchal Family: This is a female headed family. Matriarchal family is
8. POLYGAMY
sometimes called „matrifocal‟ family (Haralambos and Holborns 2008). Here
9. MARRIAGE
authority is vested on the woman, resulting especially where the man or husband
10. KINSHIP
of a woman has died, or when the men desert their wives. Female headed
households are very common in the West Indies and Nayar in India.
Egalitarian Family:
This describes an arrangement in the family where power and
decisionmaking authority are equally distributed between the husband and wife.
Due to Western education, skills, paid employment for women, women
emancipation programmes in recent times, women now share equal authorities
with men in the family as they jointly contribute to the family welfare etc

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Name: ____________________________ Date:_______
Grade & Section: _____________________ Remarks:________

Date of Accomplishments needed:

Write an essay or magazine article that explains how the different types of
families, types of marriages and forms of kinship are present in the Filipino today.

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Initial – Revised – Final Guide

Read the outcomes above and fill out the Initial column on the table below (Initial-
Revised-Final Guide). Write your expectations on what you will become based on
the program outcome, essential performance outcome, intended learning
outcomes, and applied performance commitment.

Initial Final
(What Am I Expected Revised (What Have I
to?) Become?)

P a g e | 19
 Direction: Write a Check mark
(/) in the circle if and only if
you have completely answered
the following activities.

Pre-Test

Activity1. DOs and DON’Ts

Activity2. The World and I

Activity3. My Prediction

Activity4. Build with Details

Activity5.Footprints of a Good
Citizen

SELF EVALUATION

Post Test

References

P a g e | 20
http://anthropology.unt.edu
http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/political-science/
Political Science. (n.d.). The American Heritage® New Dictionary of
Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Retrieved March 22, 2016 from
Dictionary.com website http://www.dictionary.com/browse/political-
science

Other Resources
Contreras, A. 2015. Personal Conversation, Feb 20.
Erasga, DS. 2016. Selfieying: A Universal Culture or Culture Universal
Conference paper. 44th Annual Conference of the Canadian
Sociological Association, May 27-June 3, 2016, University of British
Columbia, Ottawa, Canada.
Mills, C.W. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. London: Oxford Universily
Press.

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