Senior High School

Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Module 9:
Concept, Characteristics and
Forms of Social Stratification

AIRs - LM
LU_Understanding Culture, Society and Politics_Module9
 HUMSS – UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY and POLITICS
Module 9: Concept, Characteristics and Forms of Social Stratification
Second Edition, 2021

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LU_Understanding Culture, Society and Politics_Module9

 Senior High School

Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Module 9:
Concept, Characteristics and
Forms of Social Stratification

LU_Understanding Culture, Society and Politics_Module9

 Introductory Message
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LU_Understanding Culture, Society and Politics_Module9

 Target

Society is composed of different groups with different social structures, that

is some groups are higher or lower than other groups. All societies of any size, large
or small have a social structure. Though, as societies grow larger, more often
different groups are formed within them. Social stratification results when one
group has a functional importance in the community while others do not .

In the previous lesson, you have examined the functions and importance of
educations in the society. You have learned that education is an essential part of
any society because this is the primary way of enlightening an individual with each
aspect of life. It is therefore a must that the school system delivers to society
individuals whose abilities have been developed sufficiently so that they are able to
assume positive and productive societal roles. Moreover, for the preservation and
enhancement of knowledge and the development of character within our given form
of society which will best prepare the individual for the conditions of extreme
novelty the near future is bringing.

This lesson will provide you with information and various activities that will
help you understand the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification
systems using sociological perspective.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to examine the concept,
characteristics and forms of stratification systems using sociological perspective.

Specific Learning Objectives:

1. define stratification and describe its nature;

2. distinguish social stratification and social differentiation;
3. identify the indicators of social stratification;
4. differentiate the characteristics of the systems of social
stratification;
5. analyze the claims and explanations of the structural-
functionalists, conflict theorists, and symbolic-interactionists on
social stratification.

Before going on, answer the activities below to check on what you
know about the topic. Have fun and good luck!

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 Jumpstart

Activity 1:
Directions: Analyze each statement below. Write TRUE if it is correct, if otherwise
write FALSE. Place your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Social stratification is the process where a society determines a person's

worth based on their income and wealth as well as other characteristics like
gender,class and age, then distributes social rewards accordingly.
2. Social stratification is only found in industrialized societies.
3. From a structional-functinalist perspective, poverty may serve positive
functions on society.
4. A class system is more closed than a caste system.
5. Ethnicity is constructed from cultural traits, whereas race is constructed
from biological traits
6. Caste system of social stratification have two classes.
7. Different societies have different explanations on why people’s life were
unequal in terms of statuses.
8. Caste systems were characterized by a high level of equality.
9. The idea that social inequality plays a vital role in the smooth operation of
society; this idea is consistent with the structural-functional approach.
10. The caste system is a more open stratification system than a class system.

Discover

Inequality is found in all societies irrespective of time or place. All human

societies from the simple to the most complex have some form of social inequality.
In particular, power and prestige are unequally distributed between individuals and
groups. Societies may differ in the degree of inequalities and nature of
stratification.

In all societies people differ from each other on the basis of their age, sex
and personal characteristics. Human society is not homogeneous but
heterogeneous. Apart from the natural differences, human beings are also
differentiated according to socially approved criteria. Society is divided based on
economic, social, religious and other aspects. Heterogeneity in society is called
social stratification.

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 Social stratification is an inherent character of all societies. It is historical as
we find it in all societies, ancient and modern; and it is universal as it exists in
simple or complex societies. The social differentiation on the basis of high and low
is the historical heritage of all societies.

Meaning and Nature of Social Stratification

Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social
standing. There are various meanings of social stratification and is defined as
follows:
• It refers to what sociologists call it as “ institutionalized inequality” of
individual or “social injustice” due to social categories (Ariola, 2012).
• It is an institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social
categories are ranked on the basis of their access to scarce resources
Brinkerhoff & White, 1988).
• It is the way people are ranked and ordered in society (Cole, 2019).
• It is a system whereby people rank and evaluate each other as
superior or inferior and, on the basis of such evaluation, unequally
reward one another with wealth, authority, power, and prestige. One
result of each differentiation is the creation of a number of levels
within the society. (Hebding & Glick, 1992)
• It is the hierarchical arrangement and establishment of social
categories that evolve into a social group together with statuses and
their corresponding roles. (Panopio el al., 1994)
• It is the differentiation of a given population into hierarchically
superposed classes. It is manifested in the existence of upper and
lower social layers. Its basis and very essence consist in an unequal
distribution of rights and privileges, duties and responsibilities, social
values and privations, social power and influences among the
members of a society (Sorokin, 1927).

Social Stratification is Distinguished from Social Differentiation

Social differentiation refers to how people can be distinguished from one

another. People in a group may differ in skin color, hair color, race, mental and
physical ability, and the like.

Social stratification refers to the ranking of people in a society. In closed

stratification, people cannot change their ranks while those in open social
stratification, people can change their ranks. In short social stratification is the
separation of people into social categories and these categories are ranked as higer
or lower.

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 Indicators of Social Stratification

There are some people that are treated in another way because of the social
status, power, income, prestige and among others that they hold in their society
(Arcinas, 2016).

The individual’s position in the social structure is called status. The higher
or lower positions that come about through social stratifications are called
statuses. Statuses are not the same. One may get different statuses in different
ways. They can be ascribed or achived. Ascribed statuses are assigned or given by
the society or group on the basis of some fixed category, without regard to a
person’s abilities or performance. These include sex, family background, race, and
ethnic heritage. You did nothing to earn these statuses; you have no control over
these characteristics and no opportunity or chance to choose your family, your sex,
and your race. In the Philippines, the children of Ayala’s and the Zobel’s have
ascrived statuses (Zulueta, 2006). Whereas, achieved statuses are earned by the
individual because of his or her talent, skills, occupation and persevernace. These
include, degree or educational attainment, promotion, position, earned wealth and
the like. For example, Nora Aunor has moved up in the social ladder because of her
beautiful voice and singing talent. Prestige refers to the evaluation of status. You
have prestige according to your status. For example, being the president of the
Supreme Student Government of your school, you have the prestige of a president
whether or not you perform and carry out well the duties and responsibilities of
SSG president (Baleña et.al., 2016).

According to Max Weber, most societies would favor those with power,
prestige, status, wealth or class. According to Weber’s Component Theory on Social
Stratification, these three would determine a person’s standindig in his/her
community:

1. Power refers to the ability to influence other people. It is getting what

they want despite the unwillingness of others to give in to their desires.
2. Prestige refers to the person’s position in the society. This refers to
having a certain status that enables someone to have resources or
opportunities.
3. Wealth refers to the amount of resources that a person has (Arcinas,
2016).

As mentioned by Ariola (2012) in his book, one may be viewed as belonging

to the upper social strata or lower social strata depending on the following
dimensions:

1. Sources of Income. There are different sources of income. These are the
inhereted wealth, earned wealth, profits, professional fees, salaries,
wages, private relief, among others. Wealth is everything that is owned by
a person. Inherited wealth is acquired since birth and without effort.

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 Acquired wealth is achieved through ones effort either by talent, income
or by marriage. Income refers to the amount of money a person receives.

2. Occupation. What people do for a living determines, to a large extent, the

social position of the person. Occupation may be classified into
professionals, non-professionals (clerks, drivers, etc) proprietors of small
business, skilled workers, semi skilled workers, and unskilled workers.

Examination of the mentioned occupations indicates disparities in

prestige, income and power.

3. Education. Educational attainment of a person may be categorized as

masteral or doctoral degree holder, college graduate, high school
graduate, elemetary school drop-out, among others. Possession of the
person of any of these educational backgrounds may characterize the
person’s status in the community.

4. Types of house dwellings. Dwellings can be categorized as permanent

house (concrete and excellent in appearance), semi-permanent house
(semi-concrete and very good in appearance and construction), temporary
house (wood and fair in appearance and construction), and poorly
constructed house (houses found in squatter areas, or those considered
below-the-bridge houses).

5. Location of residence. Power, prestige and wealth are also attached to the
location of residence. There is disparity of social status when one
residence is located in Forbes Park, White Plains, squatter area,
mountainous-rugged area, in subdivision and non-subdivision area.

6. Kinship or family. In the Philippines, when a person belongs to the

Ayala’s, Soriano’s, Zobel’s, Villar’s, that person is regarded as belonging
to the upper class (rich) status. Children of sultans and datus are hgihly
regarded as rich. If a person is from a family whose house is situated in
the squatter’s area, that person is regarded as poor or belonging to lower
class status.

Types of Social Stratification and their Characteristics

Generally, there are three (3) known types of social stratification: open
systems, closed systems and ethnic systems ( Ariola, 2012).

Sociologists distinguish between two types of systems of stratification – open

system and closed system. For the anthropologists, they include ethnic system as
another type of social stratification.

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 A. Open System
General
Categories
Characteristics
The class1.Upper Class – The people in this class have great wealth
structure is an and sources of income. They constitute the elite wealthy
open system. It group in the society. They have high reputation in terms of
encourages people power and prestige. They live in exclusive residential area,
to strive and belong to exclusive private clubs, and may have strong
achieve political influence in the system of government. They own
something. People several cars and properties and their children may study in
belonging to one exclusive schools.
social class have 2. Middle Class – The people in this class may belong to the
similar upper-middle class which is often made up of highly
opportunities, educated business and professional people with high
similar lyfestyles, incomes, such as doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers, and
attitudes, behavior CEOs or to the lower-middle class often made up of people
and possiblywith lower incomes, such as managers, small business
similar socio-owners, teachers, and secretaries. Aside from generally
economic command of high income, people belonging to the upper-
positions. middle class often have college education, live in
It is based on comfortable homes, own properties, have some money
aachievement, savings, and active in community activities. People in the
allow movement lower-middle class have not achieved the same lifestyle of
and interactionthe upper –middle class but somehow have modest income
between layersand live in simple life.
and classes. One 3. Lower Class – The lower class is typified by poverty,
person can move homelessness, and unemployment. The people in this class
up or down to belong to the bottom of socio-economic ladder. They may be
class through categorized into two: upper-lower class and lower-lower
intermarriages, class. In the upper-lower class, people are considered as the
opportunities, or working class or laborers. They have acquired little
achievement. education, little time to be involved in civic and community
People have equal activities. Some of them are underemployed, have many
chance to succeed. socio-economic problems, with lttle or no luxuries at all. The
Whether people do people in the lower-lower class are unemployed, or no
something to
source of income except by begging or dependent from
improve their lives private and government relief. Many of them live in squatter
or not this greatly areas, under the bridge, in street corridors, or with no
depends on them. house at all. Many of them are liabilities of society because
they may be involved in drug addiction and criminaliities.
B. Closed Systems
General
Categories
Characteristics
Closed system 1.Caste System – It is regarded as closed stratification
accommodates system in which people can do little or nothing to change
little change in their social standing. Social contact is rigid and clearly

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 social position. defined. People are born and die in their caste. Contact
They do not allow between and among the caste is minimal and governed by a
people to shift set of rules – especially those who belong to the lower
levels and do not degree, as this will tend to bring them down.
permit social We do not practice caste sytem in the Philippines. It
relationships existed for centuries in India and this includes the
between levels. Brahmans who are associated with the priesthood, the
Kahatryias (the warriors), the Vaishyus (the businessmen
and traders), and the Shudrus (the servants).
2. Estate System – It is somewhat a closed system in which
the person’s social standing is based on ownership of land,
birth, or military strength. Individuals who were born into
one of the estates remained there throughout life but in
extreme cases there is social mobility, that is people could
change their status. In the middle ages there are three (3)
major estates in Europe – nobility, clergy, and the peasants.
C. Ethnic System
General Characteristics
This type of social stratification is based on national origin, laguage and
religion. Ethinicity sets segments of society apart and each group has a sense of
identity. People interact more freely with those people belonging to the same
ethnic category. During the Spanish and American colonial systems in the
Philippines, the colonizers perceived themselves to be occupying the upper social
class than the Filipinos or the natives whom they called as Indios.
Immigrants usually belong to a lower status than the inhabitants. The
Gaddangs, Itawis, Ituweraw, Ilonngots, and other ethnic minority groups are
considered inferior than the others.

Social Stratification and Social Mobility

Social mobility refers to the movement within the social structure, from one
social position to another. It means a change in social status. All societies provide
some opportunity for social mobility. But the societies differ from each other to
extent in which individuals can move from one class or status level to another.
Thus, people in society continue to move up down the status scale. This movement
is called ‘social mobility’. For example, the poor people may become rich, the bank
peon may become bank officers, farmers may become ministers, a petty
businessman may become a big industrialist and so on. At the same time a big
businessman may become a bankrupt and ruling class may be turned out of office
and so on.

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 Kinds of Social Mobility

In a democratic state like the Philippines, a person can improve his social
status but the degree of mobility varies. In an open system, every individual is
provided equal opportunities to compete for the role and status derived regardless
of gender, race, religion, family background and political inclination. There are
three (3) types of social mobility: social mobility, geographical mobility, and role
mobility.

1. Social Mobility refers to the movement upward or downward among the

social positions in any given social stratification. It may be upward (vertival)
mobility and downward (horizontal) mobility. Vertical mobility refers to the
movement of people of groups from one status to another. It involves change
in class, occupation or power. For example, the movement of people from the
poor class to the middle class. Horizontal mobility is a change in position
without the change in status. It indicates a change in position, within the
rage of the status. A change in status may come about through one’s
occupation, marrying into a certain family and others. For example, an
engineer working in a factory may resign from his job and join another
factory.

2. Geographical Mobility is otherwise known as physical mobility. It may be a

vluntary movement of people from one geographical area to another due to
change in residence, communiting fro home to office, making business trips,
and voluntary migration from one country to another. It may be also a forced
migration which include forced relocation or residence, eviction,
dispossession of unwanted people, and transportation of slaves.

3. Role Mobility is the individual’s shifting from role to role. Every member of a
society has roles to play. Different situations call for enactment of various
roles. For example, the father is the bread earner of the family but may be a
teacher in school, or the leader at home or a follower in the school or office.
A daughter may be submissive at home but very active and active as a
campus student leader. A teacher may have varied roles such as being a
mother, a wife, a guidance counselor, a community leader and many more
(Ariola, 2012).

Theoritical Perspective and Analysis of Social Stratification

Social stratification can be examined from different sociological
perspectives—structural-functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic-
interactionism.

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 Theoretical Perspective Major Assumptions/Analysis
Structural – Functionalism Stratification is necessary to induce people
with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to
enter the most important occupations. For this
reason, stratification is necessary and inevitable.

Conflict Stratification results from lack of opportunity

and from discrimination and prejudice against the
poor, women, and people of color. It is neither
necessary nor inevitable.

Symbolic – Interactionism Stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles,

daily interaction, and conceptions of themselves.

In sociology, the functionalist perspective examines how society’s parts

operate. It is a macroanalytical view that focuses on the way that all aspects of
society are integral to the continued health and viability of the whole. Structural-
Functionalism recognizes that all societies maintain some form of social
stratification, and therefore, social stratification must have important functional
consequences. According to Davis & Moore (1945), different aspects of society exist
because they serve a needed purpose. They argued that the greater the functional
importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward. The theory posits that
social stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different work.
Certain tasks in society are more valuable than others. Qualified people who fill
those positions must be rewarded more than others.

Conflict theory focuses on the creation and reproduction of inequality.

Conflict theorists are deeply critical of social stratification, asserting that it benefits
only some people, not all of society. Conflict theory’s explanation of stratification
draws on Karl Marx’s view of class societies and incorporates the critique of the
functionalist view mentioned above. Many different explanations grounded in
conflict theory exist, but they all assume that stratification stems from a
fundamental conflict between the needs and interests of the powerful, or “haves,” in
society and those of the weak, or “have-nots” (Kerbo, 2009). The former take
advantage of their position at the top of society to stay at the top, even if it means
oppressing those at the bottom. At a minimum, they can heavily influence the law,
the media, and other institutions in a way that maintains society’s class structure.

Symbolic-interactionism is a theory that uses everyday interactions of

individuals to explain society as a whole. Symbolic interactionism examines
stratification from a micro-level perspective. This analysis strives to explain how
people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions. Consistent with its
micro orientation, symbolic interactionism tries to understand stratification by
looking at people’s interaction and understandings in their daily lives. Unlike the
functionalist and conflict views, it does not try to explain why we have stratification
in the first place. Rather, it examines the differences that stratification makes for
people’s lifestyles and their interaction with other people. n most communities,

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 people interact primarily with others who share the same social standing. It is
precisely because of social stratification that people tend to live, work, and
associate with others like themselves, people who share their same income level,
educational background, or racial background, and even tastes in food, music, and
clothing. The built-in system of social stratification groups people together. This is
one of the reasons why it was rare for a royal prince like England’s Prince William
to marry a commoner. Symbolic interactionists also note that people’s appearance
reflects their perceived social standing. Housing, clothing, and transportation
indicate social status, as do hairstyles, taste in accessories, and personal style.

Explore

Enrichment Activity 1

Directions: Complete the table by listing the assumptions of the three theoretical
perspectives (Structural – Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Symbolic-Interactionism)
on social stratification. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Theoretical Perspectives Assumptions

Structural - Functionalism

Conflict Theory

Symbolic-Interactionism

Enrichment Activity 2

Directions: Differentiate the three social classes under open system by completing
the graphic organizer below. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Upper Class Middle Class Lower Class

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 Deepen

Activity 1: In a separate sheet of paper copy the following questions then answer
them briefly but substantially. Your answers will be scored based on the rubrics
found on page 12.

1. How is social stratification differ from social differentiation?

2. How is open system of social stratification differ from closed system of social
stratification?
3. Does inequality of prestige exist in the Philippines? Explain.

Activity 2: Look for a person (a local figure) whom you consider very successful
today, that is he/she started as a poor person until he/she succeeded in life
(political, education, business, religious field). Write his/her success story. Use a
separate paper for your output. You will be graded based on the rubrics found on
page 12.

PHOTO

Name of the Successful Person: __________________________________

Residence: __________________________________
Present Position: __________________________________
Nature of Work: __________________________________
Sources of Information: __________________________________

Success Story
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Process Questions:

1. Describe the life challenges that the person you choose before he becomes
successful.
2. Is the status of the successful person above ascribed or achieved? Why?
3. Does social stratification affects life chances of an invidual? Explain.

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 Rubric for Scoring on Activity 1 And 2
Missing or
Below Meets Excellent
Criteria and Serious
Expectations Expectations Work
Points Assigned Problems
1 2 3
0

Relevance of The essay did Answer is Answer is brief Answer

answer to the not answer the incomplete; with is
question question excessive insufficient complete;
discussion of detail answer
unrelated issue focuses
and/or significant only on
errors in content issue
related
the
question;
factually
correct

Thoroughness None of the Serious gaps in Most of the Deals

of answer relevant the basic details details are fully with
details were needed included but the
included some are entire
missing question

Organization Weak Minor problems of Clear and

and logic of organization; organization of logical
answer sentences logic; needs work presentation;
rambling;ideas on creating transitions are
are repeated transitions made clearly
between ideas and smoothly

Mechanics of Awkward Frequent problems Clear, readable,

writing sentence with mechanics of prose; no
(spelling, construction; language; problems with
punctuation, poor or absent occasional spelling,
grammar, transitions; awkward punctuation, or
clarity of prose) frequently sentences and grammar
difficult to poor transitions;
understand reduce readability

Great job! You are almost done with this lesson.

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 Gauge

Directions: Read very carefully the questions below and choose the letter that
corresponds to your answer. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following defines social stratification?

A. Social isolation of people from each other
B. System in which everyone is equal but perform very different tasks
C. System by which a person's place in society is defined by birth
D. None of these
2. Which of the following best describes how social class is related to social
stratification?
A. Each layer has many layers of social stratification
B. Each layer of social stratification constitutes a social class
C. The terms social stratification and social class mean the same thing
D. Social stratification exists in caste systems, whereas social classes only
exist in noncaste systems
3. What is the key distinction between a caste system and a class system?
A. Marriage within a pecific group C. Educational Opportunity
B. Occupational Prestige D. Social Mobility
4. What is Social Stratification?
A. The division of society into categories, ranks, or classes.
B. The unequal sharing of scarce resources and social rewards
C. A social structure in which classes are determined by ascribed status.
D. A social structure in which classes are determined by achieved status.
5. The unequal sharing of scarce resources and social rewards is known as
_____.
A. Social Inequality C. Social Sharing
B. Social Mobility D. Social Stratification
6. The most distinguishing characteristic of a caste system (where class is
based on birth) is that _______
A. People can only move intergenerationally
B. People can move vertically, but not horizontally
C. Social status is inherited and cannot be changed
D. Social status can be changed by education and hard work
7. A factory worker's son earns his way through college and eventually becomes
a physics engineer. This is an example of _______
A. Horizontal mobility C. Role mobility
B. Intergenerational mobility D. Vertical mobility
8. Isidra moves from a job as a computer programmer to a job as a Web page
designer. This is an example of _________
A. Horizontal mobility C. Role mobility
B. Intergenerational mobility D. Vertical mobility

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 9. Which of the states that "inequality exists because some people are willing to
exploit others"?
A. Conflict theory C. Structural-Functionalist theory
B. Social Exchange theory D. Symbolic-interactionist theory
10. A politician describes inequality as a motivator of people to fill the different
and necessary positions in society. He is using example of _________.
C. Conflict theory C. Structural-Functionalist theory
D. Social Exchange theory D. Symbolic-interactionist theory
11. Which of the states that stratification assures that the most qualified people
fill the most important positions, that these qualified people perform their
tasks competently, and that they are rewarded for the effort?
A. Conflict theory C. Symbolic interactionism
B. Structural-Functionalism D. None of the choices
12. Which of the following best describes the structural-functionalist theory of
social stratification?
A. Inequality exists because some people are willing to exploit others.
B. Social stratification will eventually be eliminated when the workers revolt.
C. Children are taught that a person's social class is the result of their
talent and effort.
D. The inequality of social classes helps assurre that the most qualified
people fill the most important positions.
13. Which of the following best describes the symbolic-interactionist perspective
of social stratification?
A. Inequality exists because some people are willing to exploit others.
B. Social stratification will eventually be eliminated when the workers revolt.
C. Children are taught that a person's social class is the result of their
talent and effort
D. The inequality of social classes helps assure that the most qualified
people fill the most important positions
14. Which describes a society where people frequently can, by acquiring skills
and working hard, move from one level of social stratification to a higher
level of social stratification.
A. closed system C. ethnic system
B. open system D. estate system
15. The child of an office clerk becomes a physician. This is an example of
_______.
A. Geographical mobility C. Social mobility
B. Intergenerational mobility D. Role mobility

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 LU_Understanding Culture, Society and Politics_Module9
15
Gauge
Assessment
1. D 11. B
2. B 12. D
3. A 13. C
4. A 14. B
5. A 15. C
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. A
10. A
Jumpstart
Activity 1
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
10.FALSE
Key Answer
Answer Key
 References
Printed Materials
Arcinas, Myla M. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. The
Padayon Series. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Ariola, Mariano M. (2012). Sociology and Anthropology with Family Planning .

Manila, Philippines: Purely Books Trading and Publishing Corp.

Baleña, Ederlinda D. et.al. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and

Politics for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: Educational
Resource Corporation

Brinkerhoff, David B. and White, Lyn K. (1988). Sociology. St. Paul: West
Publishing.
Cole, Nicki L. (2019). What Is Social Stratification, and Why Does It Matter??
retrieved on October 18, 2020 (https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-social-
stratification-3026643)
Davis, Kingsley, and Moore, Wilbert E. (1945). “Some Principles of
Stratification.” American Sociological Review 10(2):242–249. Retrieved
October 16, 2020 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2085643)
Glick, Leonard and Hebding, D. E. (1980). Introduction To Social Problems,
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley

Kerbo, Harold R. (1991). Social Stratification and Inequality. New York:

McGraww-Hill Book Company

Panopio, Isable S. et.al. (1994). General Sociology, 3rd Edition. Quezon City:
Ken Inc.

Sorokin, Pitirim A. (1927). Social Mobility. New York: Harper

Zulueta, Francisco M. (2006). Anthropological and Sociological
Concepts and Perspectives. Mandaluyong City, Philippnes: National
Bookstore
Website:

https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/8-1-systems-of-stratification/

https://www.mcgill.ca/iris/files/iris/Panel8.2Haller.pdf

https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/8-2-explaining-stratification/

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopenintrotosociology/chapter/intro
duction-to-theoretical-perspectives-on-stratification/

https://opened.cuny.edu/courseware/lesson/153/overview

https://www.scribd.com/document/318148460/Meaning-and-Nature-of-
Social-Stratification

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LU_Understanding Culture, Society and Politics_Module9
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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Learning Resource Management Section
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Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
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Email Address:
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