Math in the Modern World

 Leonardo Fibonacci

-Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci gave us:

-1175 to 1250 *Factor *Multiple

 English Noun (person, place, thing)

Ex. Carol, Idaho, book, cat
 English Sentence
Ex. The cat is black
 Mathematical Expression
Ex. 2, 5-3, x, x-1, ½
 Mathematical Sentence
Ex. 1+2=3, x-1=0, t+3=3+t

 Characteristics of Math Language

 Precise (able to make very fine distinction)
 Concise (able to say things briefly)
 Powerful (able to express complex
thought)

 Golden Ratio φ phi = 1.61803398875

 Recursive Formula: Fn=Fn-1+Fn-2

Ex. n=12 Fn=F11+F12
144=89+55

RRL (P- 104)

 Translate each phrase to Math Expression

1. Nine more than a number = 9+x

2. Three more than ½ a number = 3 + 1/2
3. The quotient of a number and two tenths = x÷0.2
4. The difference of ten and a number = 10-x
5. Five Squared minus a number = 5²-x
6. Nine is greater than three times a number = 9>3x
7. Twenty five is the quotient of a number x and 35 = x÷35= 25
8. Three times the quantity two less than a number x is ten = 3(x-2)=10
35
9. The quotient of thirty five and a number x is less than or equal to seven = ≤7
x
10. A number x is equal to greater than one hundred = x ≥ 100

RRL (P- 104)

 11. 8 less than 7 times k = 7k - 8
12. Twice the difference of m and 3 = 2(m-3)
13. 5 more than x = x+5
14. 5 is more than x = 5>x
15. 5 less than x = x – 5
16. 5 is less than x = 5<x

< → is less than

>→ is greater than
≥→ is greater than or equal to
≤→ is less than or equal to

 Expressions doesn’t have =,<,>,≥,≤

Ex. 5x-2, 5(8)-4
 Equations have =
Ex. 3x+5=11, x-4=13
 Inequality only have <,>,≤,≥
Ex. 7<2(5) +3
 Sentences have =,<,>,≥,≤
Ex. 3x+5=11
 Open sentences are a sentence that has a variable. Open sentences have solutions and it can be
solved
Ex. x-7> 4 ,
3x+5=11

RRL (P- 104)

 Euclidean Algorithm
How to solve:
Ex. gcd (78 , 66)

78 = 66 ∙ q + r q is any number
r is any number

Gcd is 6

 Quadratic Formula

X = −b −¿ 2a ¿
2
+¿ √b −4 ac
¿

 Quantifiers

 Unary Operation involves only one value

RRL (P- 104)

Ex. negation, trigonometric functions, single variable, function f(x), factorial, transpose of a matrix

 Binary Operations take two values and include the operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and exponentiation

Properties of two Binary Operations (Addition and Multiplication) on the Set of Real Numbers

1. Closure of Binary Operations

 The product and the sum of any two real numbers is also a real number.
x, y , x + y  and x  y 
Ex. 10+ (-3) = 7

2. Commutativity of Binary Operations

 Addition and multiplication of any two real numbers is commutative as seen in the
mathematics symbols
x, y , x + y = y + x (addition)
x, y , x  y = y  x (multiplication)
Ex. 10+6=6+10
3. Associativity of Binary Operations
 Given any three real numbers you may take any two and perform addition or multiplication
as the case maybe and you will end with the same answer.
x, y, z , (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)
x, y, z , (x  y)  z = x  (y  z)
Ex. (5+2)+10= 5+(2+10)

4. Distributivity of Binary Operations

 Distributivity applies when multiplication is performed on a group of two numbers added or
subtracted together.

x, y, z , z(x  y) = zxzy

Ex. 7 (5+2) = 7(5)+7(2)
5. Identity Elements of Binary Operations
 An element of the set of real numbers is an identity element for addition if
x , x + e = e + x = x
Ex. 10+0=0+10=10

6. Inverses of Binary Operations

Now what do you add to any real number x to get the identity element e = 0 as a result?
(negative of that number)
x , x + (-x) = -x + x = 0
Ex. 9+ (-9)= (-9)+9=0
FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC

RRL (P- 104)

 Propositions
 A declarative statement that is either true (T) or false (F) but not both.
 Must express a complete thought
Ex. 1+1 =2 (This is a proposition because it is answerable by true or false)
Please give me some water (This is not a proposition because it’s not answerable by true or
false)

 The Truth Table- displays the relationships between the truth values if propositions. Truth
tables are especially valuable in the determination of the truth values of propositions
constructed from simpler propositions.

LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
 A word or symbol that joins two sentences to produce a new one.
 Conjunction: P ˄ Q, (P and Q)
 Disjunction: P ˅ Q, (P or Q)
 Implication: P => Q, (P implies Q, if P then Q, Q if P, P only if Q)
 Biconditional: P Q
 Negation

CONJUNCTION
 Is the compound statement “p and q” denoted by P  Q which is true when both p and q are true,
otherwise, it is false

P Q PQ

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F

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 Negation– a statement is a negative of another if the word is not introduced in the negative
statement. The negation of P is “not P” or P.

P P

T F

F T

 The Proposition “P or Q” denoted by “P  Q” is called the Disjunction. Other ways: P

less Q

P Q PQ

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F

 The proposition “P implies Q” denoted by the symbol “P  Q” is called an Implication.

Is false only when both p is true and q is false.

P Q PQ

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T

BICONDITIONAL

RRL (P- 104)

The proposition “P if and only if Q” denoted by “P  Q” which is true when both p and q have
the same truth values
P Q PQ

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T

Inverse If not P then not Q

Converse If Q then P
Contrapositive If not Q then not P

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS have two parts:

Hypothesis is the part of a conditional statement that follows “if”
Conclusion is the part of an if-then statement that follows “then”
“If_____________________, then____________________.”

Example of converse, inverse and the contrapositive of the conditional statement

Conditional:
“If the figure is a square, then it has four sides.”
Converse:
“If the figure has four sides, then it is a square.”
Inverse:
“If the figure is not a square, then it doesn’t have four sides.”
Contrapositive:
“If the figure doesn’t have four sides, then it is not a square.”
PROBLEM SOLVING

RRL (P- 104)

Examples:
1. In a survey involving 150 different factories, it was found out that

70 purchased brand A

75 purchased brand B

95 purchased brand C

30 purchased both brands A and B

45 purchased both brands A and C

40 purchased both brands B and C

10 purchased brands A, B and C

A
B
20

5 15
10
35 30

20

Total: 135

How many factories did not purchased of the three brands?

150-135= 15

Answer is 15

2. An airline flies from Manila to Davao w/ a stopover in Cebu. It charges a fareof P1800 Manila to Cebu
and a fare of P3,500 from Manila to Davao. In one flight, a total of 180 passengers boarded the plane in
Manila and the collected fare totalled P494,000. How many passengers got off the plane in Cebu?

RRL (P- 104)

Solution:

Let x be the no. of passengers Manila to Cebu

Y be the no. of passengers Manila to Davao

x+y = 180

1800x+3500y=494,000

y= 180-x

1800x+3500(180-x)=494,000

1800x+630,000-3500x=494,000

1800x-3500x=494,000-630,000

-1700x=-136,000

x= -136,000÷-1700= 80

y= 180-80= 100

Answer is 100

Solution

Ao= S² = 20² = 400 cm²

Ao= πr² = π10²= 3.14(100)

=314cm²
=400cm² - 314cm²
=86cm²
Answer is 86cm²

RRL (P- 104)