we !rst sum on i or j.

Equation
as will be shown later.
Teknik Optimasi
10 INTRODUCTION TO
B Sugito
OPTIMUM DESIGN

Modul 1
Halaman 23 dari 62

1.5.4 Norm/Length of
If we let
bambang sugito x and y be two n-dimensional vectors, then
• 05.46
a Vector
their dot product is de!ned ( ) xy xyasT◊ ni i
 x (1.12)
i1
Modul 1 Thus, the dot product = is =a =sum ofythe product of
y. Two vectors are said to be o"hogonal (normal) if their
are o"hogonal elements
corresponding if x·y = 0. Ifofthe
thevectors
vectorsare not o"hogonal,
x and
calculated
dot productfrom the i.e.,
is zero, de!nition
x and y
the angle between them can be
of the dot product:
Tek OptmxyDasar.pdf xy◊= (1.13)
where q is the angle between vectors x and y,
cosqof the vector (for a moreand ||x||
PDF
This is also called the norm
Appendix
representsB).theThe length
length of of
thea vector x. x is de!ned as the
the
general de!nition of the norm, refer to
square root of the sum of squares of
components, n 2
x xx Âxi= =◊ = (1.14)
i.e., i1
The double sum of Eq. (1.11) can be wri#en in
Komentar kelas
the matrix formT as
=
n =nfollows:
Ê n Ánˆ
c aÂxxÂÂ
̃= x aÂ1
= ==x 11
ij i1j iË ij j ̄ x
= (1.15)
i j i j
Since Ax represents a vector, the triple Ax product of Eq.
Tambahkan komentar kelas...
product:
(1.15) will be also wri#en as a dot
c = =◊ x Ax x (1.16)
Ax ( ) T
1.5.5
Just as a function of a single variable is represented as
Functions
f(x), a function of n independent vari- ables x1, x2, . . . , xn
f fx x x x n ( ) = (1.17)
is wri#en as
We will deal with many( )functions
1 2 , ,..., of vector variables. To
distinguish between functions, sub- scripts will be used.
g gx x x ii n ( ) x (1.18)
Thus, the ith function is wri#en as
If there are m functions gi(x); i =
= ( ) 1 2 , ,...,1 to m, these will be
represented in the vector
gx x x1xform T
2(...) = [ ] gg (1.19)
Throughout the textgit()is()assumed
() m that all functions are
for any e > 0,
continuous there
and is a dtwice con- tinuously
at least
>di$erentiable.
0 such that A function
Halaman 23 / 62 f(x) of n variables is called
continuous at a point x* if Introduction to
Design 11