Earth Science

Earth Science: Grade 1, Semester 1

Printed on October 15, 2015

Matter, Form and Function
Big Idea: Earth's materials, processes and landscape form a continuously evolving system with each part
influencing the other. Earth system composes of several interacting, overlapping and interdependent spheres
(geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere). Natural resources have derived from geochemical and
geophysical processes, are unevenly distributed, and can be used according to the available technology and
social structures.
ES.1.01 - The students will describe the interrelationships between the different branches of earth science
and the integration of geology within other sciences (Week 01 - Week 01)
Essential Questions: What in our lives is not geology ?
Skills:
‣Design an interdisciplinary net of the different geology branches
‣Explain and analyze the nature of the relationships between geology branches
Concepts:
The contribution of geology to the different domains in our lives
Evidence:
Concept map showing different geology branches and how they are related
Texts & References: Week 1: No published activity. ‣Welcome students
‣Set up expectations – ask students to suggest behavioral expectations
‣Student activity: “How can studying the Earth help solve Egypt’s Grand Challenges?” Discuss and
share. Teacher should record all answers.
‣Teacher synthesis: All of these ideas are part of geology – geology is a science with many aspects
or branches – it involves physics, biology, chemistry, technology, and math and it involves studying the solid
earth, the water on earth, the life on earth, and the atmosphere.
‣Student activity: Draw a concept map using these words and ideas, showing how you think they are
organized
‣Teacher synthesis: Show a few student examples and ask how they are related?<li></ul>
Capstone Connection: Geology impacts dwelling designs; understand the impact of geology and the varied
dwellings
Grand Challenge Connections: Address the exponential population growth and prepare for the
impact,Reduce urban congestion and its impact,Increase opportunities for Egyptians to stay and work in
Egypt,Work to eradicate public health issues/disease,Increase efficient use of our land through improved use
of arid areas,Recycle and retain garbage for recycling
Topic: branches of geology
ES.1.02 - Students are able to examine common minerals and identify them and differentiate them from
other common minerals. (Week 02 - Week 04)

Essential Questions: What are the rocks I see around me made of?
Skills:
‣A) Identify and differentiate quartz, calcite, feldspar, mica, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine and clay in a
variety of rock types.
‣B) Identify and differentiate magnetite, pyrite, hematite, chalcopyrite, and native copper and sulfur in
laboratory specimens.
Concepts:
‣A. Minerals are homogeneous solid earth materials.
‣B. Minerals have distinct physical properties that enable them to be distinguished from one another.
‣C. For most common minerals, the most useful properties for hand sample identification include
hardness, cleavage or fracture patterns, translucency, and color.
‣D. Metallic minerals are uncommon, but economically important.
‣E. For metallic minerals, the additional properties of streak and magnetism are useful for hand
sample identification.
‣F. Completely unambiguous identification of minerals often requires sophisticated laboratory
analysis.
Evidence:
Students can reliably identify quartz, calcite, feldspar, mica, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine and clay in rock
samples as well as in laboratory mineral samples.
Students can reliably identify magnetite, pyrite, hematite, chalcopyrite, and native copper and sulfur in
laboratory mineral specimens.
Students produce and use a reliable and accurate dichotomous key for identifying these minerals.
Texts & References: Week 2: ‣Student Activity: Chapter 3, Section 1, Part A and Part B, p. 274-275.
‣
Teacher Demonstration: show the skills to find properties – how to find hardness, streak, luster
Week 3-4: ‣Student Activity: Chapter 3, Section 1, Part C or Grade 1 Laboratory Manual: Minerals-
Properties. Note: it may be very useful to introduce minerals in related pairs (e.g. quartz and a white
feldspar, or quartz and calcite) and ask students to compare and contrast, not just to record properties.
Capstone Connection: Knowledge of properties of building materials will be helpful in the design of a
building
Grand Challenge Connections: Increase opportunities for Egyptians to stay and work in Egypt,Increase
industrial base for Egypt
Topic: MIneral Identification
ES.1.03 - Students will analyze and identify the earth materials that are used as a resource for modern
building, and integrate design criteria and material properties in choosing materials for engineering design.
(Week 05 - Week 06)
Essential Questions: How can we use earth materials effectively and efficiently in building construction?
Skills:

‣A. Use different tools to measure chemical and physical properties of rocks.
‣B. Use different tools to measure engineering properties of earth materials, such as their
behavior under stress, hardness and the effect of acidity and alkalinity.
‣C. Modeling different engineering construction by using earth materials.
‣D. Interpreting geological maps to identify occurrences of earth materials that are suitable for
construction in Egypt.
Concepts:
‣A. Limestone and cement materials derived from limestone are essential Egyptian building
resources due both to their abundance and to the lack of alternative building materials.
‣B. Different Earth materials and different manufactured materials have different engineering
properties, such as their behavior under stress, making them suitable for different uses in construction.
‣C. Some construction materials are highly refined from the original Earth material, while others
are used in the original state.
Evidence:
Clearly identify the benefits and drawbacks of a variety of different construction materials for use in Egypt.
Make and defend a proposal for building materials to be used in safe, energy-efficient, cost-efficient housing
development in Egypt.
Identify differences in building materials that might be necessary in coastal versus interior locations in Egypt.
Texts & References: ‣Student Investigation: Open inquiry about the building properties of Earth
materials with full lab report.
‣Teacher Synthesis: Have students report out on what they learned about building with Earth
materials. Synthesize the similarities and differences among materials and also among investigative
techniques.
Capstone Connection: Connects to question of building energy efficient structure
impact,Reduce urban congestion and its impact,Increase opportunities for Egyptians to stay and work in
Egypt,Increase efficient use of our land through improved use of arid areas,Increase industrial base for
Egypt
Topic: Building materials
ES.1.04 - Students will examine and interpret the textural and compositional characteristics of igneous rocks
and interpret igneous rock textures and mineral composition. (Week 07 - Week 08)
Essential Questions: What role does Geology play in meeting Egypt's Grand Challenges?
Skills:
‣A) Identifying and differentiating volcanic from intrusive igneous rocks, according to texture.
‣B) Using igneous rock texture to infer cooling history of that rock.
‣C) Using volcanic rock texture to differentiate volcaniclastic rocks from flow rocks and infer the
explosivity of the eruption which formed that rock
‣D) Identifying and differentiating intrusive igneous rocks by their mineral composition.
‣E) Identifying and differentiating volcanic rocks by their chemical composition.
‣F) Interpreting geological maps that describe the geology of Egypt.
Concepts:
‣A) Rocks are heterogeneous mixtures of minerals and (rarely) other earth materials.
‣B) Igneous rocks cooled from melts are found in association with volcanoes and also as rocks that

cooled underground.
‣C) Different cooling histories produce different igneous textures.
‣D) Differences in magma composition and eruption location create differences in eruption explosivity
that affect volcanic rock textures.
Evidence:
Successfully differentiate between intrusive and volcanic rocks in hand samples or in outcrops.
Successfully interpret cooling history from a hand specimen or outcrop observations.
Successfully identify and differentiate granite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite in hand specimens.
Successfully identify rhyolite, andesite, and basalt based on silica composition.
Successfully interpret eruption explosivity from igneous rock hand sample or silica composition
Successfully locate igneous rocks on a geologic map of Egypt.
Texts & References: Week 7:
‣Student Activity: Chapter 3, Section 2, Part A, p. 286-288 or Grade 1 Laboratory Manual: Igneous
Rocks.
‣Teacher synthesis: Focus on relationship of grain size and cooling rate to separate intrusive and
extrusive igneous rocks. Week 8:
‣Student Activity: Chapter 3, Section 2, Part A (continued) and Part B, p. 286-288.
‣
Teacher synthesis: Make sure students understand the distribution of igneous rocks in Egypt, especially the
presence of old intrusive rocks in areas of exposed basement, the presence of Cretaceous volcanics
interbedded with sedimentary sequences and the presence of young volcanics associated with the opening
of the Red Sea.
Capstone Connection: Knowledge of the properties of rock types will help making decisions about building
materials
Grand Challenge Connections: Increase efficient use of our land through improved use of arid
areas,Increase industrial base for Egypt
Topic: Igneous rock interpretation
ES.1.05 - Students will examine and interpret the textural and compositional characteristics of sedimentary
rocks and interpret sedimentary rock textures, mineral composition and depositional environments. (Week 09
- Week 10)
Essential Questions: What is the history told by sedimentary rocks in Egypt?

Skills:
‣A. Identifying and differentiating sedimentary rocks.
‣B. Using hand specimen and microscopic scale features to classify different types of
sedimentary rocks.
‣C. Using sedimentary textures to interpret depositional environment.
‣D. Interpreting geological maps that describe the geology of Egypt.
Concepts:
‣A. Sedimentary rocks that accumulate from particles can be formed in a wide range of
environments on Earth's surface.
‣B. Some sedimentary rocks form from particles of older rocks that are removed from their original
location and deposited in a new one.
‣C. The environment of deposition and the source material both contribute to differences in texture

and composition among these sedimentary rocks.
‣D. Some sedimentary rocks are made of particles from once living organisms.
‣E. The types of organisms determine much about the texture and mineral composition of such
rocks. Such rocks are often only deposited under special conditions.
‣F. Sedimentary rocks often contain pore spaces that make them important reservoirs of fluids in the
upper part of Earth's crust.
‣G. Sedimentary rocks sometimes contain organic material that may become part of Earth's energy
resources.
Evidence:
A) Successfully identifying and differentiating among conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone,
and chert in hand specimens and outcrops.
B) Successfully interpreting the depositional environment of sedimentary rocks from evidence in hand
specimens or outcrops
C) Successfully locating sedimentary rocks on a geologic map of Egypt
Texts & References: Week 9:
‣Student Activity: Chapter 3, Section 3, Parts A and B, p. 295-296 or Grade 1 Laboratory Manual:
Sedimentary Rocks.
‣
Teacher synthesis: Focus on texture and process, especially the relationship of grain size and energy of
deposition
Week 10:
‣Student Activity: Chapter 3, Section 3, Part B (continued) and Part C, p. 296-297.
‣
Teacher synthesis: Make sure students understand the distribution of sedimentary rocks in Egypt, especially
the Cretaceous-Tertiary sequence.
Capstone Connection: building materials
impact,Increase opportunities for Egyptians to stay and work in Egypt,Increase efficient use of our land
through improved use of arid areas,Improve Sources of Clean Water,Increase industrial base for Egypt
Topic: Sedimentary rock
ES.1.06 - Students will examine and interpret the textural and compositional characteristics of metamorphic
rocks and interpret textures and factors that effect metamorphic processes. (Week 11 - Week 12)
Essential Questions: What do metamorphic rocks reveal about the geologic history of Egypt?
Skills:
‣A) Identifying and differentiating slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, hornfels, marble, and quartzite in hand
specimens and outcrops according to texture and mineral composition.
‣B) Using microscopic scale features to interpret and classify different types of metamorphic rocks.
‣C) Using metamorphic rock texture to infer the presence or absence of deformation at the time of
metamorphism
‣ D) Interpreting geological maps that describe the geology of Egypt.
Concepts:
‣A) Changes in temperature, pressure, or composition in Earth's subsurface can change the texture

and mineral composition of pre-existing rocks, creating metamorphic rocks.
‣B) Deformation during metamorphism produces foliated textures and may destroy original textures.
‣C) Deformation (change in shape) and stresses (distribution of forces) are related, but maximum
deformation and maximum stress are not always parallel.
‣D) The metamorphic texture and mineralogy observed in metamorphic rocks are most commonly
related to the conditions when the rock experienced its maximum temperature.
Evidence:
A) Successfully identify and differentiate among slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, hornfels, marble, or quartzite in
hand specimen and outcrop.
B) Successfully identify the presence of foliation in hand sample and interpret foliation as a product of
deformation.
C) Successfully locate metamorphic rocks on a geologic map of Egypt.
Texts & References: Week 11: ‣
Student Activity: Chapter 3, Section 4, Investigate, Part A, p. 306 or Grade 1 Laboratory Manual:
Metamorphic Rocks.
‣
Teacher Synthesis: Make sure students understand the nature of foliation and the progression of foliations
from slate to schist to gneiss
Week 12: ‣
Student Activity: Chapter 3, Section 4, Investigate, Part B and C, p. 307.
‣
Teacher Synthesis: Make sure students understand the shape changes produced by shearing and that it is
these changes that produce metamorphic foliation. Make sure that students understand the distribution of
metamorphic rocks in Egypt and that they are restricted to exposures of basement rocks
Capstone Connection: Building materials
Grand Challenge Connections: Increase industrial base for Egypt
Topic: Metamorphic rock
ES.1.07 - Students will be able to interpret the relationships among sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic
rocks in terms of Earth processes and the rock cycle and use their understanding of the rock cycle to explain
Egyptian geologic history. (Week 13 - Week 14)
Essential Questions: What is the geologic history of Egypt and surrounding areas?
Skills:
‣A. Interpreting rock types and textures in terms of the rock cycle.
‣B. Integrating interpretations of process into a geologic history.
‣C. Interpreting cross sections to study the age relationships of different rock units.
‣D. Interpreting different geological maps that show outcrops of different rocks of Egypt.
Concepts:
‣A) The rock cycle is a group of processes that act on the different types of rocks and change rocks
from one form to another over geologic time.
‣B) Rock composition and texture provides evidence that can be interpreted to yield a geologic
history.
‣C) Most of the current surface rocks of Egypt record sedimentary deposition, but there is also

evidence of igneous and metamorphic processes in the past.
Evidence:
Successfully identify rock cycle processes from hand specimens, outcrops, or geologic map or cross section
evidence.
Successfully interpret cross sections or maps to infer a geologic history.
Successfully identify important rock cycle processes in the geologic history of Egypt.
Successfully identify modern examples of rock cycle processes in Egypt.
Student Activity: Look at samples and see examples – granite – crushed granite – arkose. Brainstorm all the
processes that might link igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks to each other. Then assemble them
in an informative way
Week 14: ‣
Chapter 3, Section 5, Investigate, p316-317 (use Geologic Map of Egypt and cross-sections instead of the
map in the book)
Capstone Connection: Apply understanding of rock cycle to identifying a location for the dwelling and
building materials
impact,Increase efficient use of our land through improved use of arid areas,Increase industrial base for
Egypt
Topic: Rock cycle

Energy Force and Power
Big Idea: Gravitational, rotational, thermal, nuclear and electromagnetic forces drive the processes that shape
the earth and ecosystems provide energy resources for human consumption. The Earth system processes
and dynamics are controlled and powered by different soures and mechanisms: the sun's energy, geothermal
energy, Earth's magnetic and gravitational forces. Several energy transformation processes control the
Earth's interior and exterior dynamics (plate techtonics, volcanism, earthquakes).
ES.1.08 - Students will analyze and identify common ore minerals that are used as a resource for modern
industries. (Week 01 - Week 02)
Essential Questions: What is the relationship between ore minerals an Egyptian history?
Skills:
‣A. Identify and discriminate among common Fe-ores (magnetite, hematite, pyrite), common Cu-ores
(chalcopyrite, malachite, native Cu), Pb-ores (sphalerite, galena), and precious metals (native Au and native
Ag) as well as other important Egyptian ore minerals.
‣B. Interpret geologic processes from textural evidence in ore deposit hand samples or outcrops.
‣C. Identify and use different tools to measure physical properties of minerals.
‣ D. Using microscopic scale features to interpret and classify different types of ore minerals.
‣ E. Use different geologic maps that show occurrences of ore minerals in Egypt.
Concepts:
‣A) Different earth materials and ore minerals have different chemical, physical and engineering
properties making them suitable for different economic industries.
‣B) Common ore minerals include both relatively oxidized ( some oxides, hydroxides, carbonates)
and relatively reduced (some oxides, sulfides) compounds of metals as well as native elements.
‣C) Ore minerals must become concentrated by some geologic process to produce an economic
mineral deposit. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes can all produce ore deposits.
‣D) Modern electronics technologies require new materials, such as rare earth elements, that must
also be extracted from earth materials, creating new ores and new industries.
Evidence:
Successfully identify and differentiate common ore minerals in hand samples.
Successfully connect different types of metals and their ores to different uses (e.g. Cu for piping in
construction and for wires in electronics and consumer goods, Fe in automobiles, construction, appliances,
etc)
Know and describe important historical and modern ore deposits in Egypt.
Know and describe important global sources of commonly used metal ores (e.g Cu from Chile and western
US, rare earth elements from China, etc.)
Student Activity: Cell phone minerals:
http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/sites/default/files/uploads/cell_phone_activity_0.pdf and
http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/pdfs/Cell-Phone.pdf
‣
Student Activity: Grade 1 Laboratory Manual: Ore Deposits in Egypt – look at ore samples and describe

‣
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 6, Part A, B, C, p. 790-793
Week 2: ‣
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 7, Investigate, p. 803-804
Capstone Connection: Application of knowledge and understanding the different earth materials and ore
applies to possible alternative engergy designs and materials to use
impact,Increase opportunities for Egyptians to stay and work in Egypt,Increase efficient use of our land
through improved use of arid areas,Increase industrial base for Egypt
Topic: Metallic ore deposits
ES.1.09 - Students will understand the different resources used by different countries to meet their energy
needs. (Week 03 - Week 04)
Essential Questions: What are energy resources?

Skills:
‣A) Use the statistical studies to analyze the data for different energy resources in Egypt and
calculate the future needs as a function of the exponential growth of population.
‣ B) Compare the use of energy resources for electricity generation in Egypt to those used in other
countries using different statistical charts and visualization figures.
‣ C) Students will conduct an analysis of the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the Aswan
High Dam and explore the potential of tidal generation.
‣ D) Arrange the energy resources according to different factors (current and future availability,
current and future need, cost of production…., etc).
Concepts:
A. Electrical energy and transportation fuels come from a variety of natural resources.
Evidence:
Describe different energy resources available in Egypt
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 1, Investigate, Part A, p. 726-727
‣
Teacher synthesis: Relationship of population and technology to energy consumption. Engage students in
discussing Egypt energy needs for next 50 years.
Week 4: ‣
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 1, Investigate, Part B, p. 728</li>
Capstone Connection: This relates directly to the Capstone which is about designing alternative energy
systems.
impact,Improve the use of alternative energies to reduce our reliance on extracted fuel sources,Increase
Topic: Energy resources (electricity)

ES.1.10 - Students will evaluate potential renewable energy sources in Egypt to replace dependence upon
fossil fuels. (Week 05 - Week 06)
Essential Questions: What resources could be developed in Egypt to provide more sources of energy?
Skills:
‣A. Investigate the use of solar energy by constructing a solar water heater and determining its
maximum energy output.
‣ B. Investigate the use of wind energy by constructing an anemometer to measure wind speeds and
calculating how much power can be generated by wind.
Concepts:
‣A) Electrical energy and transportation fuels come from a variety of natural resources.
‣ B) Directly capturing the sun's energy through solar panels or wind energy through turbines, is a
renewable way to provide heat, hot water, and electricity.
‣ C) Electrical energy could be generated by hydroelectric - from dams or by tidal movement of
water.
Evidence:
The efficiency of the solar water heater
The precision of measurement of the anemometer and calculations of wind generated power
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 5, Investigate, Part A, p. 778-779
‣
Teacher synthesis note: The book uses BTUs, a non-metric measure, skip all of the Btu calculations and
just calculate kW-hr/m2/day without converting
Week 6: ‣
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 5, Investigate, Part B, p. 780-781
‣
Teacher synthesis: Discuss relationship of wind power to turbine diameter, p781.
Capstone Connection: This relates directly to the Capstone which is about designing alternative energy
systems.
Topic: solar, wind, alternative energies
ES.1.11 - Students will be able to recognize the processes by which fossil fuels (coal) are extracted and
processed for human use. (Week 07 - Week 08)
Essential Questions: How does nature store energy?

Skills:
‣A) Examine coal samples to understand the physical properties of different types of coal.
‣ B) Read and interpret different maps that show the distribution of coal in Egypt.
‣ C) Use data on trends of different fossil fuels production and consumption to extrapolate into the
future.
Concepts:
‣A) Coal is a source of trapped energy from the sun, accessible by mining, with extensive reserves.

‣ B) Reserves of coal are limited and are distributed in unequal ways, geographically.
‣C) Impact of the use of coal on the environment
Evidence:
Understanding and Applying questions
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 2, Investigate, Part A and B, p. 736-737.
Week 6: ‣
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 2, Investigate, Part C and D, p. 736-737. (need a map of Egyptian coal
fields)
Capstone Connection: Apply knowledge and information to alternative energy Capstone Challenge
Grand Challenge Connections: Increase industrial base for Egypt
Topic: fossil fuels, mining, coal
ES.1.12 - Students will be able to recognize the processes by which fossil fuels (petroleum and natural gas)
are extracted and processed for human use. (Week 09 - Week 10)
Essential Questions: How does nature store energy?

Skills:
‣A) Examine Petroleum samples to understand the chemical and physical properties of different
types of Petroleum.
‣ B) Read and interpret different maps that show the distribution of fossil fuels (Petroleum and
Natural gas) in Egypt.
‣ C) Design investigations to explore porosity and permeability of rock bodies and to consider how
these factors affect the volume and rate of production in oil and gas fields.
‣ D) Use data on trends in different fossil fuels production and consumption to extrapolate into the
future.
‣ E) Explore new methods to decrease significantly our dependence on the use of fossil fuels.
Concepts:
‣A) Petroleum and natural gas are fluid resources that accumulate in natural reservoirs and can be
extracted by drilling.
‣ B) Reserves of petroleum and natural gas are limited and are distributed in unequal ways,
geographically.
Evidence:
Understanding and Applying questions
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 3, Investigate, Part A and B, p. 749-750. It is important to conduct this
as an open inquiry into porosity, allowing students to exercise their own experimental design skills
‣
Teacher synthesis: include source rock
Important – if B is not finished, save bottles with water and oil still inside and cover them with plastic wrap or
aluminum foil to prevent evaporation
Week 10: ‣
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 3, Investigate, Part B and C, p. 736-737.

‣
Teacher synthesis: Make sure students understand that oil and gas are finite resources
Add recent data e.g. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/crude-oil-production
Grand Challenge Connections: Improve the use of alternative energies to reduce our reliance on extracted
fuel sources,Increase industrial base for Egypt
Applications: BI.1.13,
Topic: petroleum, natural gas, fossil fuels, fuel extraction
ES.1.13 - Students will be able to evaluate environmental impacts of fossil fuel resource use and suggest
innovative alternatives. (Week 11 - Week 12)
Essential Questions: What is pollution?

Skills:
‣A) Examine maps that show the acidity of rainfall across Egypt, and correlate the pattern of
rainwater pH to the distribution of fossil fuel producing and consuming regions.
‣ B) Examine the effect of the acidity of water on different rock units.
‣ C) Explore new methods to decrease significantly the environmental impact as a result of using the
fossil fuel.
Concepts:
A. Burning fossil fuels to extract energy has a number of environmental effects one of which is acid rain
Evidence:
Analysis questions
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 4, Investigate, Part A, p. 764-765. Student discussion and map
interpretation
‣
Teacher Demonstration – acid on crushed limestone and crushed granite.
‣
Teacher synthesis: Make sure that students understand the interaction of smokestack emissions (nitrous
oxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide) and water droplets to produce acid rain.
Week 12: ‣
Student Activity: Chapter 7, Section 3, Investigate, Part B, p. 765-767 – graph interpretation, discussion, and
analysis questions.
‣
Teacher synthesis: What are the oil spill threats to Egypt?
Grand Challenge Connections: Reduce pollution fouling our air water and grounds
Topic: fossil fuels, pollution, acid rain

Change, Equilibrium and Cycles
Big Idea: Earth's surface features, weather and climate are constantly changing, sometimes gradually and
sometimes catastrophically. Several factors control these changes. Weather and climate have a significant
role controlling ecosystems throughout time and different geographical zones.
ES.2.01 - Students will analyze how the unusual properties of water contribute to its pathways through
earth's systems. (Week 01 - Week 02)
Essential Questions: How does water determine the nature of Earth?

Skills:
‣A. Measure and calculate different physical properties of water
‣B. Use models to understand how water is distributed in various reservoirs on Earth.
‣C. Set up a simple experiment to model the flow of surface and underground water between
reservoirs.
‣D. Measure, calculate and manage the water supply in an area and represent the data using tables,
graphs and 3D diagrams
‣.E. Students will analyze how different environmental changes would impact the water cycle and
availabliity of water in Egypt.
Concepts:
‣A. The abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its unique combination of physical and
chemical properties are central to the planet’s dynamics.
‣B. These properties include water’s exceptional capacity to absorb, store, and release large
amounts of energy, transmit sunlight, expand upon freezing, dissolve and transport materials, and lower the
viscosities and melting points of rocks.
‣C. The oceans contain 97 percent of Earth’s water. This means that only three percent of Earth’s
water is fresh water. Fresh water is an important resource for many purposes. Most fresh water is locked up
and frozen in ice caps and glaciers at high latitudes and altitudes.
Evidence:
-Students will be able to diagram the water cycle, explain the different parts of it and factors that affect it.
Student will conduct and interpret experiments modelling water flow
Student will create a water supply management plan (simplified) that demonstrated their understanding of
sources and sinks for fresh water
Texts & References: EarthComm Ch. 4 Sec. 1
Capstone Connection: This directly informs and connects the Capstone which is about water, its chemical
and physical properties, and the challenge of how to supply clean water to communities. Apply knowledge
and information to the Capstone Challenge of making potable water
Grand Challenge Connections: Improve Sources of Clean Water
Topic: water, water cycle, reservoirs,
ES.2.02 - Students will model factors which affect water reservoirs and associated costs. (Week 03 - Week
04)

Essential Questions: How does water determine the nature of communities?
Skills:
‣A. Model factors which affect water stored in surface and in groundwater reservoirs.
‣B. Collect data about the water use different areas, compare them and measure domestic water
use.
‣C. Determine the amount of water used for different purposes (industry, irrigation, drinking…).
‣D. Collect and interpret water analysis data for different surface and subsurface samples
Concepts:
A. Water is a vital earth resource that flows through the Earth system and can be stored in natural or human
constructed reservoirs, either on the surface, or as groundwater.
Evidence:
Students will prepare a PowerPoint Presentation with an analysis of fresh water resources in Egypt and their
uses.
Texts & References: EarthComm Ch. 7 Sec 8
Capstone Connection: Apply knowledge and information to the Capstone Challenge of making potable
water
impact,Improve Sources of Clean Water,Increase industrial base for Egypt
Topic: fresh water reservoirs, water consumption
ES.2.03 - Students will investigate human and natural factors that control water resources and options for
water conservation. (Week 05 - Week 05)
Essential Questions: How does availability of fresh water impact local areas?
Skills:
A. Use the collected and available data sets to explore different methods to conserve water.
Concepts:
‣A. Many processes transfer water between stores.
‣B. Most water supplies are withdrawn from either surface water or groundwater.
‣C. Water management methods attempt to distribute freshwater resources more evenly through the
use of dams, aqueducts, and wells.
Evidence:
Students will describe a way to conserve water and will explain what factors need to be put into place in
order for this method to work
water
Topic: groundwater, water management
ES.2.04 - Students will apply their knowledge of the movement of pollutants into water reservoirs and
existing water treatment methods to create innovative methods to supply fresh water to areas of Egypt.

(Week 06 - Week 07)
Essential Questions: How can water pollution problems be solved in Egypt?

Skills:
‣A. Investigate the vulnerability of water resources to pollution by both human use and natural cycles
or processes.
‣B. Construct models of water-treatment processes.
‣C. Construct a groundwater model to infer how pollutants reach the groundwater table and move
with groundwater flow.
‣D. Investigate how extracting water from a groundwater well influences the movement of pollution
in groundwater.
Concepts:
‣A. Pollutants released into the environment can contaminate both surface water and groundwater
supplies.
‣B. Surface water generally has more varied pollutants.
‣C. Many kinds of substances can pollute water. Most of these fall into one of two categories:
organic or inorganic.
‣D. Evaporation, condensation and bacterial activities are naturally occurring processes of water
purification.
‣E. Waste water treatment involves a series of steps which can vary by locality.
Evidence:
Students will describe a variety of ways of controlling water pollutants.
water
Grand Challenge Connections: Improve Sources of Clean Water,Reduce pollution fouling our air water
and grounds
Topic: pollution, groundwater, water purification
ES.2.05 - Students interpret topographic maps of river systems to create a definition of a drainage basin.
(Week 08 - Week 09)
Essential Questions: How does water interact with landforms?

Skills:
‣Identify factors affecting stream drainage which lead to landforms
‣Make inferences using topographic maps and satellite images
‣Identify how the form of a part of the river system aligns with its function (structure and function
within systems)
Concepts:
‣A. A river system is a network of streams. River systems are important in the hydrologic cycle.
‣B. River systems are made up of different parts with differing forms and functions.
‣C. Regionally these local stream networks create a drainage basin.
Evidence:
Students will create their own definition of a drainage basin
Students will identify a drainage basin and drainage divides on a topographic map

Students will predict the effect of slope of rivers on river velocity and on landforms and explain their
reasoning.
Texts & References: Sec. 2, and 3 Ch 4 EarthComm
water
Topic: rivers, topographic maps, drainage, hydrologic cycle
ES.2.06 - Students can infer how the features of a river system in Egypt has affected the lives of local
residents. (Week 10 - Week 11)
Essential Questions: What affects river flow change and how does that affect communities?
Skills:
‣A. Calculate and measure the slope of a river and its effect on water velocity.
‣B. Interpret the effect of river velocity on the shape and size of sediments.
‣C. Construct a model of a high gradient stream.
‣D. Identify and interpret stream channel forms and features on a topographic map, aerial
photograph, or satellite image.
Concepts:
‣Rivers are most effective in causing erosion and deposition of land.
‣High and Low gradient streams have very different features.
Evidence:
Students will identify and explain the difference between sediments according to their sizes.
Quality of stream model that was created.
Texts & References: Sec. 4, and 5 Ch 4 EarthComm
water
Topic: rivers, sediment, water flow, erosion
ES.2.07 - Using elements of experimental design, students will create their own experiments to explore
factors which affect the movement and deposition of loose sediments by wind. (Week 11 - Week 12)
Essential Questions: What is the role of wind-blown materials in the geology and environment of Egypt?
Skills:
‣A. Interpret the effect of wind on rocks and loose sediments.
‣B. Recognize the deposition effect of wind.
‣C. Create an experiment using good experimental design techniques.
Concepts:
‣Wind is one of the major factors that creates the physical properties of land forms and human-made
features.
‣Particle size and wind speed are related.
‣Several factors affect wind erosion and sediment deposition.

Evidence:
Describe the role of wind in erosion and deposition and relate to development in arid areas.
Texts & References: Sec. 9 Ch 4 EarthComm
Grand Challenge Connections: Increase efficient use of our land through improved use of arid areas
Topic: wind, sediment, erosion
ES.2.08 - Students will be able to recognize the major components of soil and identify and explain the basic
physical properties of soils. (Week 13 - Week 14)
Essential Questions: Where does soil come from and what is the importance of soil in our lives?
Skills:
‣Identify different components of soil
‣Identify basic properties of soil and the relationship of those properties to the proportion of soil
components.
Concepts:
‣A. Soils are the last products of different erosional and depositional factors
‣B. Soils generally contain rock and mineral fragments, clays, and organic matter in varying
proportions
‣C. The proportions of these components determines many of the physical properties of soils
‣D. In arid regions, the interplay of precipitation and evaporation can create special soil conditions
(i.e. caliche, salinized soil).
Evidence:
In groups students will prepare an information brochure explaining the value of soil and the need to protect
soil in Egypt.
Texts & References: EarthComm Ch.. 4 Sec. 7
water
areas,Recycle and retain garbage for recycling
Topic: soil properties, erosion

Change, Equilibrium and Cycles
Big Idea: All dynamic factors impacting Earth from the sun all the way into the core of Earth are driven by
interrelated cycles and systems that shape the nature of life on earth and are subject to human impact.
ES.2.09 - Students will understand the geologic development of the earth's crust, especially the continental
crust of Africa and the Middle East. (Week 01 - Week 02)
Essential Questions: How have Earth's land, water, and air changed over time?
Skills:
‣A. Examine and interpret the maps of Earth’s geologic provinces and their ages.
‣B. Apply the definitions and concepts to determine different geologic provinces of the North African
belt, and other regions of the planet.
‣C. Draw maps and cross sections and construct models that describe the geological evolution of
Egypt.
‣D. Use different geologic evidences (surface and subsurface) , cross sections and maps to interpret
and recognize the geologic history of Egypt.
Concepts:
‣A. The evolution of Earth’s spheres is a story of mega-scale systems that depend on one another.
‣B. Systems thinking provides a good approach is to apply systems thinking to different stages in the
planet’s evolution.
‣C. The geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere have been interacting for billions of
years.
‣D. Earth began as a molten mass of rock and dissolved gases. The history of Earth, after it's early
assembly and melting, is one marked by progressive chemical segregation and distillation of solid, Liquid,
and gaseous components.
‣E. The young Earth formed as a proto-planet. At that time it was a much simpler system than it is
today; however, Its mass was large enough for gravity to hold an atmosphere with certain gases to its
surface.
‣F. The magnetic field of the earth created by the inner and outer cores is strong enough to deflect
the solar wind. Without this shield, Earth’s atmosphere would be slowly eroded and lost into space.
Evidence:
Students will describe current thinking on the origins of the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Students will illustrate the geologic history of Egypt and northern Africa with maps and cross sections
Texts & References: Sec. 1 Ch. 8 EarthComm
Topic: geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, magnetic field, plate tectonics
ES.2.10 - Students will recognize the evolution of Earth's fluid spheres and their changes geographically
through the geologic time. (Week 03 - Week 04)
Essential Questions: How have Earth's water, and air changed over time?

Skills:
‣A. Design an experiment that collects a gas dissolved in a liquid and model the process of
outgassing.
‣B. Examine the relation of pressure/temperature conditions to the different phases of water.
‣C. Interpret geologic evidence of past temperature variations.
Concepts:
‣A. The process of outgassing from Earth’s cooling interior created a primitive atmosphere with a
reducing composition that was completely different than today.
‣B. The evolution of photosynthetic life caused a dramatic shift in air and water chemistry, leading to
our present, oxidizing world.
‣B. Surface temperatures on Earth are just right for water to exist as a liquid. A much hotter Earth
would restrict water to a vapor state. A colder planet would remain in a deep freeze.
‣D. At times in the past, Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere have been much warmer (hothouse
Earth) and at times they have been much cooler (snowball Earth), but over millions of years, feedback
mechanisms have returned the temperatures to more livable ranges.
Evidence:
Students correctly describe the origin of atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Students successfully design and test a demonstration model of outgassing
Students correctly describe large scale feedback mechanisms that help regulate the temperature of Earth's
atmosphere and hydrosphere
areas,Improve Sources of Clean Water
Topic: atmosphere, hydrosphere, pressure, temperature
ES.2.11 - Students will be able to explain the evolution and changes in life over time on Earth and the
interaction of those changes with the Earth's spheres. (Week 05 - Week 05)
Essential Questions: How has life evolved and changed over time?
Skills:
‣A. Design an experiment or build a model to explore the origin and evolution of life and its changes
through geologic time.
‣B. Use real rock samples, fossils and pictures to interpret the origin of life on the Earth.
‣C. Analyze, interpret and draw conclusions using chemical data sets of rock samples.
Concepts:
‣A. Life evolved very early in Earth's history and the original life on earth involved very simple
unicellular organisms.
‣B. The building blocks of life were derived from the nebular disk that formed all the planets in the
solar system.
Evidence:
Students will be able to describe the origin of biosphere and its relation with atmosphere.
Topic: evolution, biosphere, atmosphere

ES.2.12 - Students will be able to recognize and use different methods and principles of relative and
absolute age dating of different rock units and geologic formations. (Week 06 - Week 07)
Essential Questions: How has Earth's life changed over time?

Skills:
‣A. Calculate the absolute ages of different rock samples using equations and given data.
‣B. Explore the Laws of relative age dating.
‣C. Solve the problems of relative and absolute age dating. Interpret the geological models and
cross sections in order to relative and absolute dates of processes and formations.
‣D. Arrange the geologic events and rock units according to their relative ages by applying some
geological principles and keys
Concepts:
A. A variety of lines of evidence point to an age for Earth of 4.6x10^9 years.
Evidence:
Students will construct a geologic timescale.
Needed Prior Knowledge: BI.2.10,
Topic: age dating, geologic timescale
ES.2.13 - Students will be familiar with the development and structure of the Geological Time Scale. (Week
08 - Week 09)
Essential Questions: How has Earth's life changed over time?

Skills:
A. Create simplified models of the geologic time scale using major events that have occurred through
geologic time.
Concepts:
A. Geologic time is subdivided into Eras and Periods (and many smaller subdivisions; for this course, those
subdivisions should not be taught, except for the Epochs of the Tertiary, which are directly relevant to
Egyptian geology) by the appearance or disappearance of major groups of living organisms. Thus the
boundaries between Periods or Eras represent major events in the history of Earth and life.
Evidence:
Students will be able to identify the biggest events in the history of life on earth, those that define Eons, and
Eras (i.e Cambrian explosion, dinosaur extinction, etc.)
Students will describe the difference between Eon, Eras, Periods and Epochs.
Students will correctly place the rocks of Egypt onto a geologic time scale.
areas,Improve Sources of Clean Water
Topic: geological time scale, eons, eras, periods, epochs
ES.2.14 - Students will be able to use fossil evidence to understand changes in the environment of Egypt
over time as well as changes in the nature of life over time. (Week 10 - Week 11)

Essential Questions: What can we learn from fossils?
Skills:
‣A. Collect different types of fossils and rock samples to use them to interpret the
paleoenvironmental conditions of an area
‣B. Organize a fossil collection by geologic Period
Concepts:
‣A. Remnants of ancient life are preserved in sedimentary rocks (and sometimes metamorphic
rocks) as fossils.
‣B. Fossils and other lines of evidence show that life on earth has evolved over time, with existing
organisms undergoing changes that cause the branching of new species
Evidence:
Students will describe fossil as an evidence of evolution.
Students will collect and curate fossils and interpret geologic history from those fossils (If field trips are not
possible, teachers should supply samples and a map of locations)
Texts & References: Sec. 6 Ch. 8 EarthComm + extra resources
Topic: fossils, paleoenvironment
ES.2.15 - Students will be familiar with lines of evidence and hypotheses about the K-T boundary extinction
and understand the global implication of an asteroid impact. (including a K-T boundary section at Wadi
Qena). (Week 12 - Week 12)
Essential Questions: How has Earth been impacted by asteroids and meteors?
Skills:
‣A. Use the Internet to collect data about the paleoclimate before and after the Mesozoic–Cenozoic
boundary event.
‣B. Apply the fossil evidences to understand how climate change can cause extinctions.
‣C. Compare photographs of skulls of organisms from before and after the boundary event to seek
clues about which species survive.
‣D. Collect, analyze and interpret data of the K-T boundary in Egypt.
Concepts:
‣A. Several major changes in Earth’s climate have affected organisms throughout geologic time.
Severe ecological disruptions alter the history of life, resulting in extinction followed by the evolution and
appearance of new organisms.
‣B. As new species appear and old species go extinct, the forms of life on Earth change, sometime
slowly and subtly, sometimes rapidly and dramatically. The newly evolved
‣organisms develop similar body features that allow them to use the same resources as those
organisms that became extinct.
‣C. There is a significant relationship between the physical environmental factors in different places
on Earth's surface and the communities of organisms that live on the earth.
Evidence:
Students will write an essay which uses fossil evidence to discuss extinction and evolution.
Texts & References: Sec. 9 Ch. 8 EarthComm + extra resources

Topic: K-T boundary extinction, asteroid impact, extinction, evolution

Communication, Sensing, Information, Informatics
Big Idea: Remote sensing techniques help scientists differentiate between different types of rocks, soils and
other Earth components. They are used also to map and figure out the environmental changes throughout
space and time as one of the recent communication techniques between human and the environment.
ES.3.01 - Students understand the link between tectonic plates and patterns of volcanism and seismicity.
(Week 01 - Week 02)
Essential Questions: ‣How do plate motions and interactions shape the landscape and geology of
Egypt?
‣
‣ What are the controlling and driving forces of volcanoes, Earthquakes and plate motions?
Skills:
‣A) Trace and construct maps of volcanoes and earthquakes using USGS data and satellite images.
‣
‣ B) Use maps to examine and describe the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes at global,
regional, and local scales.
‣C) Interpret patterns of volcanoes and earthquakes in terms of plate tectonic theory.
Concepts:
‣A) The geographical distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes form patterns that coincide with
some continents' boundaries, with some other patterns aligned along the middle areas of oceans.
‣ B) Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks
at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for understanding its geologic history.
Evidence:
Students can identify and interpret map patterns of volcanism and seismicity in terms of interactions between
tectonic plates.
Students can predict relative risk of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions based on plate tectonic setting.
Capstone Connection: Students could be asked to design a plan to communicate the tectonics of Egypt to
the public.
efficient use of our land through improved use of arid areas
Topic: plate tectonics, volcanism, seismicity
ES.3.02 - Students understand the data sets that provide evidence for plate motions, including GPS data.
(Week 03 - Week 03)
Essential Questions: Are the plates moving? What are the evidence for their movement?
Skills:
‣Use a Global Positioning System (GPS) device to collect geographic coordinate data and track

students' own movements.
‣
‣ Use the data from (GPS) satellites to determine the direction and rate of motion of the African Plate
and represent the results on maps and graphs.
‣
‣ Determine the average direction of movement of different plates based on the analysis and
interpretation of graphically represented and/or mapped data
Concepts:
‣Motions of the mantle and its plates occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the
cycling of mantle's materials.
‣
‣ The pates are moving continuously in different average rates and directions, those movements can
be tracked by the Earth-observing satellites.
Evidence:
Successful use of (GPS) device to collect reliable location data.
Successful mapping and interpretation of GPS data showing movement
Capstone Connection: Communications
Grand Challenge Connections: Reduce urban congestion and its impact,Increase efficient use of our land
through improved use of arid areas,Increase industrial base for Egypt
Needed Prior Knowledge: PH.1.09,
Topic: global positioning system, GPS, satellites
ES.3.03 - Students can relate changes in density and density-driven flows and forces to explain the
convection of Earth's mantle and the motion of Earth's tectonic plates. (Week 04 - Week 05)
Essential Questions: What is the plate tectonic setting of Egypt?

Skills:
‣A) Students accurately carry out laboratory procedures and measurements
‣B) Students can accurately determine the density of rock samples.
‣C) Students can construct and interpret simple dynamic models of plate tectonics.
‣ D) Students can interpret global plate tectonic maps in terms of patterns of convection and histories
of plate motions.
Concepts:
‣The convection currents produced by the the magma circulation in the upper mantle are the main
sources for forces that control the patterns of volcanism, earthquakes and plate motions.
‣Temperature affects density and temperature gradients combined with gravitational and bouyant
forces can lead to circulation of fluids
Evidence:
Students can describe and interpret the patterns of convection currents in Earth's mantle
Students can interpret the role of convection in plate tectonics
Students can draw parallels between the patterns of convection in the geosphere, hydrosphere, and
atmosphere.

Needed Prior Knowledge: PH.1.04, Buoyancy?
Topic: density, Earth's mantle, convection, plate tectonics
ES.3.04 - Students will understand plate motion and how plate tectonics processes form continents and
describe formation of Egypt and the motions of Egypt as part of the global plate system over time. (Week 06
- Week 07)
Essential Questions: How do plate motion and interactions shape the landscape and geology of Egypt ?
Skills:
Trace and construct maps of volcanoes and earthquakes using USGS data and satellite images.
Concepts:
‣There are patterns to the geographical distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes, and topography.
‣The geographical distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes is related to larger plate tectonic
features.
Evidence:
Students are able to identify large-scale features of plate tectonic systems
Students are able to explain large scale patterns in earthquakes, volcanoes, and topography on Earth
Texts & References: Sec. 4,5 Ch2 EarthComm. An excellent alternative activity is the Discovering Plate
Boundaries activity at http://plateboundary.rice.edu/
Grand Challenge Connections: Work to eradicate public health issues/disease,Increase efficient use of our
land through improved use of arid areas
Topic: plate tectonics, volcanism, earthquakes
ES.3.05 - Students will understand how energy is released in different types of volcanic eruptions and will
assess volcanic risk to their community. (Week 08 - Week 09)
Essential Questions: ‣How do volcanoes affect the other parts of Earth's system?
‣
‣ Where are the areas of high geothermal gradients in Egypt?
Skills:
‣Construct contour maps from model landforms.
‣Interpret elevations and landform features from topographic maps.
‣
‣ Interpret maps and data tables
‣
‣ Design and conduct experiments and interpret data.
Concepts:
‣Magma originates from essentially solid rock of the crust and mantle. In addition to a rock's
composition, its temperature, depth (confining pressure), and water content determine whether it exists as a
solid or liquid.
‣
‣ The nature of volcanic eruptions depend on several characteristics include the magma’s
composition, its temperature, and the amount of dissolved gases it contains.
‣Viscosity of fluids is affected by composition and temperature in both model and geologic systems.

‣The nature of volcanic eruptions directly controls the sorts of volcanic landforms that are produced
‣Eruptions that produce ash affect larger areas than other types of volcanic eruptions and some large
ash eruptions can have global effects.
Evidence:
Students are able to identify volcanic risks in Egypt by both location and expected type.
Students are able to create valid topographic maps from a model
Students are able to interpret topographic maps
Students are able to share and justify evidence and interpretations that relate viscosity to other factors in a
model system
Needed Prior Knowledge: PH.1.10, MA.2.05, ST.3.03,
Topic: volcanic hazards
ES.3.06 - Students will understand energy release in earthquakes and will assess the earthquake threat in
their community. (Week 10 - Week 11)
Essential Questions: ‣How could scientists use the characteristics of seismic activity to understand
the Earth's interior?
‣
‣ Where are the most probable regions in Egypt that may show severe seismic activities in the
future?
Skills:
‣Use and interpret models to explore Earth processes
‣
‣Interpret seismograms to determine arrival times of the two types of seismic waves and determine
the distance to the epicenter of an earthquake from the seismometer.
‣Interpret first hand reports of earthquake effects.
‣
‣Make and interpret felt-intensity maps of an earthquake.
Concepts:
‣Earthquakes are vibrations of Earth produced by the rapid release of stored elastic energy from
ruptures in rocks, called faults, that absorb and then release energy repeatedly in stick-slip cycles.
‣This energy release produces waves, which radiate in all directions from the earthquake's origin.
‣Characteristic forms and speeds of waves allow earthquakes to be accurately located by computers
seconds to minutes after they happen. This also allows early-warning systems to be constructed.
Evidence:
Studnts successfully collect and interpret data from a model earthquake system
Students successfully interpret earthquake seismograms
Students successfully interpret historical accounts of earthquake shaking
Texts & References: Sec. 10, 11, 12 EarthComm
Capstone Connection: Students might consider how to create an earthquake warning system that could
shut down critical infrastructure (power plants, railways, bridges, etc.) in the event that strong earthquake
waves are detected.

Needed Prior Knowledge: PH.1.06, ME.2.01, MA.1.08, MA.2.05,
Topic: earthquake hazards
ES.3.07 - Students will understand the basic relationship between forces (stress) and deformations (strain) in
rocks and will explore different types of deformation of rocks, including folds and faults. (Week 12 - Week
14)
Essential Questions: How do rock units respond to plate motions?

Skills:
A) Examine diagrams, build models and iterpret cross sections. B) Read and interpret the world structure
maps and satellite images to explore the different types of structures. C) Examine diagrams showing cross
section of different geological structures . D) Construct models showing folds, faults, joints and
unconformities.
Concepts:
‣Forces in rock units are distributed throughout the rock body, just as they are in fluids, and are
described by pressure-like forces called stresses.
‣Unlike pressures in Newtonian fluids, the stresses in rocks can be different magnitudes in different
directions.
‣Rocks may respond to stresses by changing shape (deformation). Similarly, externally imposed
deformations may give rise to new stresses in a body of rock.
‣Deformation can occur by elastic processes (recoverable), brittle processes (non-recoverable) or by
plastic processes (non-recoverable).
‣Faults and joints form by brittle deformation of rocks. Brittle deformation due to tension forms
joints. Brittle deformation due to shear forms faults.
‣Folds form by plastic deformation of rocks.
‣Motion of rock bodies over non-planar faults is a common mechanism of folding in upper crustal
rocks.
‣Unconformities are surfaces separating rock sequences of non-contiguous ages.
‣Unconformities form due to the interatcion of erosion, sedimentation and deformation.
Evidence:
Student is able to interpret simple geologic maps or cross sections of structures and identify and interpret
folds and faults.
Student is able to correctly interpret relationship of stress and deformation in model materials
Student is able to identify joints in hand sample and outcrop
Student is able to interpret fault surfaces in hand sample and oputcrop
Student is able to correctly interpret geologic history of cross sections or outcrops containing unconformities
Texts & References: Structural Geology (Billing) + extra resources (Websites)

Needed Prior Knowledge: PH.1.03, PH.1.06, PH.1.07, PH.1.09
Topic: structural geology

Theories, Models and Data
Big Idea: Plate techtonics, volcanism and earthquakes are examples of Earth's dynamic systems that control
human life and the ecosystem. These systems can be modeled mathematically. Studies and predictions
based on models have a significant role in informing decisions about human life scenarios and their
development.
ES.3.08 - Students will constrain the Earth’s sub-surface with observations at the surface. (Week 01 - Week
01)
Essential Questions: How can you explore the subsurface ores and oil fields?
Skills:
A) Use geophysical techniques to measure physical phenomena such as gravity, magnetism, elastic waves,
electricity and electromagnetic waves. B) Determine the sub-surface physical properties as density,
magnetic susceptibility, seismic wave velocity and density.
Concepts:
Geophysical techniques measure physical phenomena. The sensitivity to sub-surface physical properties.
Evidence:
Geophysical methods survay.
Texts & References: Extra resources through Websites.
Topic: Earth's sub-surface, geophysical measuring techniques
ES.3.09 - Students will recognize the passive measure naturally occurring phenomena such as gravity field,
magnetic field, radioactivity and seismic arrivals (earthquakes). (Week 02 - Week 03)
Essential Questions: What the naturally occurring physical phenomena would be used in exploration oil
and mineral ores ?
Skills:
A) Analyses the data that received. B) Interpret the data that received. C) Application of data and convert it
to maps.
Concepts:
A) Gravity field. B) Magnetic field. C) Radioactivity. D) Seismic waves (earthquakes).
Evidence:
The naturally geophysical phenomena.
Needed Prior Knowledge: PH.2.01, PH.2.10,
Topic: seismic activity, radioactivity, magnetic field, gravitational field
ES.3.10 - Students will recognize the active transmit a signal into the subsurface and record what comes
back through artificial methodes throgh seismic arrival, electrical current and electromagnetic waves. (Week
04 - Week 05)

Essential Questions: What the artificial physical methodes would be used in exploration oil and mineral
ores ?
Skills:
A) Analyses the data that received. B) Interpret the data that received. C) Application of data and convert it
to maps.
Concepts:
‣A) Seismic waves explosions.
‣ B) Electrical current. C) Electromagnetic waves.
Evidence:
The artificial geophysical methodes.
Topic: electromagnetic waves, seismic arrival
ES.3.11 - Students will recognize the general idea of remote sensing and its role in building a huge
informational base about different properties of Earth surface components and tracking the changes in
ecosystems. (Week 06 - Week 06)
Essential Questions: What is the difference between remote sensing and GIS techniques? What is the
latest technology used in Remote sensing and GIS?
Skills:
A. Differentiate and classify several types of grey- scale and colored satellite and airplane photos. B. Collect,
organize, analyze and interpret several and variable types of satellites data sets
Concepts:
A. Remote sensing is the art of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in
direct contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording emitted or reflected energy from different
objects. B. Remote Sensing and GIS tools represent significant communications techniques that connect
people, especially in vast and hard accessible regions.
Evidence:
Constrict geological data base of an area.
Texts & References: Extra resources + (Websites)
Topic: remote sensing, GIS techniques
ES.3.12 - Student will be able to use one of the software packages that are used the image processing and
enhancement techniques. (Week 07 - Week 08)
Essential Questions: What is the role of satellites in the processing of Remote sensing and GIS
techniques?
Skills:
A. Deal with Image processing software. B. Use statistical analysis to interpret the remotely sensed images.
C. Apply different image processing and enhancement techniques to produce false color images.
Concepts:
A. Remote sensing technology has become a vital, significant and powerful tool for geological and
geophysical investigations with very important role in many discoveries and developments of mineral and
water resources all over the world B. Several Image processing and enhancement techniques by using

different software packages help scientists to recognize different physical and chemical characteristics of
Earth's materials.
Evidence:
Produce digital topographic contour maps.
Topic: satellites, image processing, statistical analysis
ES.3.13 - Students will be able use different data analysis and algorithms to interpret the characteristics of
objects and discriminate the Earth's surface components. (Week 09 - Week 10)
Essential Questions: How could scientists use remote sensing and GIS to explore different information and
characteristics below the earth's surface?
Skills:
A. Apply different image processing and enhancement techniques to produce false color images. B. Interpret
different raw and processed satellite's data. C. Produce 3D perspective views of the earth's surface using the
DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data . D. Use images to differentiate between various components and rock
units of the earth surface. E. Apply the remote sensing analysis and interpretation to build geologic maps
and models.
Concepts:
A. Remote sensing technology has become a vital, significant and powerful tool for geological and
geophysical investigations with very important role in many discoveries and developments of mineral and
water resources all over the world B. Several Image processing and enhancement techniques by using
different software packages help scientists to recognize different physical and chemical characteristics of
Earth's Materials. C. Several geological investigations have been previously used satellites multispectral
data in mineral exploration, lithological discrimination and mapping of different geological structures.
Evidence:
Produce digital geological maps.
Topic: mapping, remote sensing
ES.3.14 - Students will be able to recognize the contour maps and read the elevations and outcrops on a
topographic maps. (Week 11 - Week 12)
Essential Questions: What is the contour lines of a topographic maps?

Skills:
‣A) Drawing the outcrops of horizontal beds .
‣ B) Drawing a geological cross section. C) Determine the elevations on the topographic map.
Concepts:
A) Read the elevations on topographic maps. B) The characteristics of outcrops of horizontal beds.
Evidence:
Read a geological maps and drawing a legend of a map.
Texts & References: Geological mapping text book. Structure geology textbook (Billing). Extra resources
through Websites.
Topic: topographic maps

ES.3.15 - Students will be able to recognize the outcrops of inclined beds and differentiate between true and
apparent dip in geological contour maps. (Week 13 - Week 14)
Essential Questions: How can determin the structures of an area through geoloogical contour map?
Skills:
‣A) Determine the geological structure through outcrops of inclined beds.
‣ B) Differentiate between contour lines and structural contour line (strike) in geoloogical contour
map. C) Read the map pattern of a fold and a fault. D) Determine the displacement of beds. E) Determine
the true and apparent dip.
Concepts:
‣A) The characteristics of outcrops of inclined beds.
‣ The map pattern of a fold and a fault B) Differentiate between contour lines and structural contour
line (strike) in geoloogical contour map C) The map pattern of the geological structures.
Evidence:
Read a geological maps and drawing a legend of a map.
Texts & References: Geological mapping text book. Structure geology textbook (Billing). Extra resources
through Websites.
Topic: inclined beds, folds, faults

Earth Science

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Earth Science: Grade 1, Semester 1

Earth Science: Grade 1, Semester 2

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: What in our lives is not geology ?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: What is the history told by sedimentary rocks in Egypt?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: What are energy resources?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: How does nature store energy?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: How does nature store energy?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: What is pollution?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: How does water determine the nature of Earth?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: How can water pollution problems be solved in Egypt?

Essential Questions: How does water interact with landforms?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: How has Earth's life changed over time?

Essential Questions: How has Earth's life changed over time?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: What is the plate tectonic setting of Egypt?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: How do rock units respond to plate motions?

Student is able to identify joints in hand sample and outcrop

Student is able to interpret fault surfaces in hand sample and oputcrop

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

Essential Questions: What is the contour lines of a topographic maps?

Printed on October 15, 2015

Printed on October 15, 2015

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