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DETECTION OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: ALKENES, ALKANES, ALCOHOLS,

ALDEHYDES, KETONES, CARBOXYLIC ACID

Key words: alkenes, alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids

Problem Question:
How can we detect or how would react some functional groups like alkenes, alkanes, alcohols,
aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids in some specific tests?

Objectives:
Identify functional groups: alkenes, alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, present
in organic compounds.[ CITATION AMR13 \l 3082 ]

Hypothesis:
The functional groups can make some different changes. They can change their physical aspect, they
can
change their color, they can change the texture, their thickness, the shape, changes in volume, changes
in the states: gas, liquid or solid.

Introduction:

Alkanes are hydrocarbons that only have single bonds between carbons. Their general formula is
Cn H2n+2, the number of hydrogens is the double of carbons plus 2 more. For example: methane (C
H4)
or butane (C4 H10).

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have at least one double bond between carbons,
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their general formula is Cn H2n, the number of hydrogens is the double of the number of carbons. For
example: ethene (C2 H4) or pentene (C5 H10).

Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an
OH group. Alcohols fall into different classes depending on how the OH group is positioned on the
chain of carbon atoms. [ CITATION Jim15 \l 9226 ]. They are classified as monohydric, dihydric and
trihydric
And also as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, depending on the number and the location of
OH group. Their formula is R-OH, for example methanol (CH3OH).

Aldehydes and ketones are simple compounds which contain a carbonyl group - a carbon-oxygen
double bond. They are simple in the sense that they don't have other reactive groups like -OH or -Cl
attached directly to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group. [CITATION jim \l 9226 ]. In aldehydes, the
carbonyl
group has a hydrogen atom attached to it. Their general formula is R-CHO, for example ethanal
(C2H4O)

In ketones, the carbonyl group has two hydrocarbon groups attached. These can be either alkyl groups
or ones containing benzene rings. Their formula is R-CO-R, for example 2-butanone (C4H8O).

Carboxylic acids are acidic because of the hydrogen in the -COOH group. When the acids form salts, 
this is lost and replaced by a
metal. Their formula is R-
COOH, for example
propanoic acid (C3H6O2).
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Methods and materials:

Alkanes:
Materials:
- Octane
- Sodium acetate
- Soda lime
- Br2 water
- Essay tubes: wide and slim
- Universal support
- Pipettes
- Cap with tube´s detachment
- Bunsen lighter
- Rack
- Tubes handle
- Pipe clamp
Methods:
Obtaining:
1. Introduce in a dry essay tube, equal portion of sodium acetate and soda lime
2. Cover the mouth of the tube with cap that brings inserted a tube of detachment
3. Grab the tube to the universal support and heat warning off a gas

Recognition:
1. Insert the tip of the tube´s detachment in bromine water contained in a slim test tube; consider
contact time (bubbling) note.
2. Now bubbling gas KMnO2 solution 0,01M consider time. Observe and record.
3. Bring a call to the gas outgoing. Detail observations and record them.

Alkenes:
Materials:
Reactants and materials:
- ciclohexene
- Ethyl alcohol
- Solution 0.01 M of KMnO_4 H_2SO_4
- Concentrated water of Br2
- Sand
- Essay tubes: wide and slim
- Universal support
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- Pipettes
- Rack
- Tubes handle
- Pipe clamp
- Bunsen lighter
Methods:
Obtaining:
1. Introduce sand, ethyl alcohol and sulfuric acid concentrate in a tube of essay.
2. Cover the tube with the cap and tube of detachment; and heat to a gas production.
Recognition:
1. Make bubbling gas in bromine water
2. Now bubbling gas in solution of KMnO_4
3. Bring a flame gas. Detail observations and write down them.

Alcohols: Sodium metal test

Materials:
- Propanol
- anhydrous calcium sulphate
- sodium metal
- test tubes
- dropper
- spatula
- funnel
- filter paper
- forceps
Methods:
1. Take a small quantity of the organic compound on a test tube
2. add a small quantity of anhydrous calcium sulphate using the spatula
3. Shake the test tube well to remove any water content in the organic compound
4. Filter the contents into another clean dry test tube
5. Take a small piece of sodium metal using the forceps and place it on a filter paper.
6. Dry sodium metal by pressing it between the folds of the filter paper
7. Put the dry piece of sodium into the organic compound using the forceps

Aldehydes: Tollens test

Materials:
- Benzene
- Silver nitrate solution
- Dilute sodium hydroxide
- Ammonium hydroxide
- Water bath
- Test tube
- Dropper
Methods:
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1. Take a small quantity of silver nitrate solution in a test tube using a dropper.
2. Add a few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide solution using a dropper.
3. Using another dropper, add excess of dilute ammonium hydroxide to the precipitate and shake
the test tube well.
4. Using a dropper add a small quantity of organic compound.
5. Heat the test tube in a boiling water bath.

Ketones: Sodium bisulphite test

Materials:
- Acetone
- Saturated solution of sodium bisulphite
- Boiling tube
- Dropper
- cork

Methods:
1. Take a small quantity of saturated solution of sodium bisulphite in a boiling tube
2. Add a small quantity of the organic compound using a dropper.
3. Cork the test tube with the cork and shake it well and leave it for some time

Carboxylic acid: Ester test

Materials:
- Acetic acid
- Ethyl alcohol
- Concentrated sulphuric acid
- Distilled water
- Test tube
- Droppers
- Water bath
- Beaker
Methods:
1. Take a small quantity of the organic compound in a test tube.
2. Using a dropper, add a small quantity of ethyl alcohol into the test tube.
3. Using another dropper, add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the test tube.
4. Heat the reaction mixture in a water bath for few minutes
5. Pour the reaction mixture into distilled water taken in a beaker.
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Results:

ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL Before the reaction After the reaction

GROUPS
ALKANES

ALKENES

ALCOHOLS
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ALDEHYDES

KETONES

CARBOXYLIC ACID

Conclusion:
Write a full and detailed conclusion of your practice:
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References: minimum 6 references are required

AMRITA olabs. amrita.olabs.edu.in, (2013). Tests for the functional groups. Retrieved 22 February
2017, from amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=8&sim=141&cnt=1

Clark, Jim. http://www.chemguide.co.uk. (2015). Ketones, Aldehydes, Carboxylic acids. Retrieved 6

march 2017. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/acids/background.html

IvyRose. http://www.ivyroses.com. Naming organic functional groups. Retrieved 6 march 2017.

http://www.ivyroses.com/Chemistry/Organic/Naming-Carboxylic-Acids.php

Amrita´s university. amritacreate. Tests for carboxylic acids. Retrieved 6 march 2017.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2xNpSj_A4U

Philip S. Bailey, Jr. Christina A. Bailey, organic chemistry a Brief Survey of concepts an applications
sixth edition- prentice hal.

Cartin Brown, Mike Ford, Chemistry book IB diploma, Pearson Baccalaureate