INTRODUCTION

Measurement is an experimental procedure which is used to attain numerical values of a specimen.

During manufacturing or any production process, measurement is essential because through physically
measuring a specimen’s quality is specified and its numerical parameter values are known [ CITATION
KEY19 \l 1033 ].

In a general measurement system, there are four measurement categories and they are; primary
quantity, derived quantity, intrusive- probe method and non- intrusive measuring method. Primary
quantity, which is also known as single quantity is directly measuring the product which of interest
without any calibration requirements before and after measuring.

Figure 1: Vernier caliper [ CITATION EXT17 \l 1033 ]

The above figure shows a measuring instrument which is used to measure primary quantity, for
example internal and external diameter of a small ball bearing.
Whereas, derived quantity is where the specimen is not measured directly with a single measuring
process. In derived quantity, the quantity of interest must be calibrated using appropriate relations
which involves a variety of thoroughly measured primary quantity. For example, area is a derived
quantity where it is known by multiplying two primary quantity.
Similarly, to measure the physical quantity using an intrusive method a probe is inserted into the
system or the probe is allowed to touch the surface of the specimen displaying a numerical reading on a
digital meter. In non-intrusive method, there is no physical contact between the probe and the
specimen. The object or person being monitored would not the notice procedure nor the existence of
the device. [ CITATION IGI18 \l 1033 ]

Figure 2: Digital thermometer with a probe.[ CITATION THE19 \l 1033 ]

The above figure contains a digital thermometer with a probe, where the probe measures the
temperature of a body upon coming in contact which is an example of intrusive method of
measurements.
THEORY
Linear measurement is form of primary quantity measurement, where most basic and fundamental
quantities are measured with inch, meter, kilometer as its respective units. Linear measurement assigns
a numerical value for the length of an object or distance between objects. Liner measurement
instruments are classified into direct and in-direct categories.
Direct measuring instruments, is further broken into graduated and non-graduated measuring
instrument:
1. Graduated measuring instrument are precisely calibrated co-ordinate measuring machines
which are used to obtain numerical values directly. These consists of Vernier calipers and
micrometers.
2. Non-graduated measuring instruments do not have calibrations but are used to make
comparison between two dimensions. An example of non-graduated measuring instrument are
calipers, which are used in measuring circular diameters. There are two types of calipers:
 Outside caliper
 Inside caliper
Indirect measurement instrument consists of measuring instrument such as dial gauge. A dial gauge is
known to take comparative measurements, as it takes the measurement and compares it with the
standard dimensions[ CITATION KEY19 \l 1033 ].

Figure 3: Dial gauge [ CITATION EXT17 \l 1033 ]

Some fundamental quantities which are measured using linear measurement are:
 Length
 Width
 Height
  Internal diameter
 External diameter
When selecting a particular measuring instrument, one must account for the following characteristics of
the instrument; the instrument must be precise, highly sensitive, give accurate readings, there shouldn’t
be any calibration hindrance in the instrument and most important the instrument should follow the rule
of 10. The rule of 10 states that an instrument or gauge has to be 10 times more accurate than the
assigned dimensional tolerance of the measured specimen. Some other factors such as; size and type of
part being measured, environmental effect such as temperature and humidity, the required operator
skills and the cost of instrument must be taken in consideration when selecting a measuring instrument
for a particular job.

RESULTS
Vernier caliper 1
Internal Diameter
SAMPLE TES TES TES TES TES MEA STANDAR %
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 N D UNCERTAINT
DEVIATIO Y
N
PVC 26.60 26.04 26.81 26.94 26.75 26.628 0.3395 1.2750
CYLINDE 24.28 23.94 24.08 24.11 24.09 24.1 0.1082 0.4492
R
BEARING 24.80 24.74 24.78 24.54 24.55 24.682 0.1136 0.4601

External Diameter
SAMPLE TES TES TES TES TES MEA STANDARD %
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 N DEVIATIO UNCERTAINTY
N
PVC 33.57 33.60 33.61 33.54 33.53 27.57 0.0316 0.1147
CYLINDE 37.06 37.14 37.16 37.22 37.11 37.14 0.0530 0.14289
R
BEARING 46.94 47.02 46.95 47.01 46.96 46.98 0.0326 0.06943

Length
SAMPLE TES TES TES TES TES MEA STANDARD %
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 N DEVIATIO UNCERTAINT
N Y
PVC 42.85 42.79 42.87 42.92 42.86 42.858 0.03487 0.08136
CYLINDE 20.37 20.36 20.40 20.43 20.36 26.384 0.02727 0.13378
R
BEARING 11.92 12.01 11.92 11.94 11.93 11.944 0.03382 0.28315
Vernier caliper 2
Internal Diameter
SAMPLE TES TES TES TES TES MEA STANDAR %
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 N D UNCERTAINT
DEVIATIO Y
N
PVC 27.02 27.12 26.98 26.94 27.02 27.016 0.0598 0.2213
CYLINDE 23.88 24.13 24.33 24.29 24.30 24.186 0.1681 0.6946
R
BEARING 25 25.09 25.11 25.12 25.13 25.09 0.0469 0.1869

External Diameter
SAMPLE TES TES TES TES TES MEA STANDARD %
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 N DEVIATIO UNCERTAINT
N Y
PVC 33.44 33.52 33.47 33.73 33.76 33.584 0.134 0.399
CYLINDE 37.16 37.66 37.18 37.26 37.31 37.314 0.1812 0.4856
R
BEARING 46.92 47.04 46.92 46.93 47.03 46.968 0.0549 0.1169

Length
SAMPLE TES TES TES TES TES MEA STANDAR %
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 N D UNCERTAINT
DEVIATIO Y
N
PVC 42.88 42.87 42.77 42.74 42.91 42.834 0.06651 0.15527
CYLINDE 20.27 20.32 20.59 20.37 20.42 20.394 0.1100 0.53937
R
BEARING 11.90 11.92 11.94 11.93 11.92 11.922 0.013 0.10904

Micrometer 1
External Diameter
SAMPLE TES TES TES TES TES MEA STANDARD %
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 N DEVIATIO UNCERTAINT
N Y
PVC 33.67 33.66 33.67 33.68 33.67 33.668 0.004 0.01188
CYLINDE 37.22 37.24 37.19 37.24 37.20 37.218 0.0203 0.05454
R
BEARING 47.02 47.01 47.00 47.02 47.01 47.01 0.00748 0.01592
Micrometer 2
External Diameter
SAMPLE TES TEST TEST TEST TES MEAN STANDARD %
T1 2 3 4 T5 DEVIATIO UNCERTAINTY
N
PVC 33.45 33.46 33.45 33.48 33.47 33.462 0.01166 0.034845
CYLINDER 37.27 37.23 37.26 37.25 37.25 37.26 0.0469 0.125872
BEARING 46.98 46.98 47.00 46.98 46.99 46.988 0.00748 0.015925

GRAPH OF MEAN AGAINST PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINITY

27.5
27.02
27
26.63
26.5
VERNIER 1
26
MEAN

VERNIER 2
25.5
25.09
25 24.68
24.5 24.19
24.1
24
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINITY

Graph 1: the above graph shows the comparison of internal diameter between a polyvinyl- chloride
pipe, a hollow cylinder and a ball bearing. Two Vernier calipers were used to measure the internal
diameter and the comparison clearly shows some experimental errors that occurred during the
experiment as the values are different from each other.
 GRAPH OF MEAN AGAINST PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINITY

49 46.98 46.97
47
45
43
41
39
MEAN

37.14 37.31
37
35 33.58
33
31 VERNIER 1
29 27.57 VERNIER 2
27
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINITY

Graph 2: the above graph shows the comparison of external diameter between a polyvinyl-
chloride pipe, a hollow cylinder and a ball bearing. Two different Vernier calipers were used to
measure the external diameter and the comparison clearly depicts that there were some errors while
conducting the measurement.

GRAPH OF MEAN AGAINST PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINITY

46 42.86 42.83
VERNIER 1
42
VERNIER 2
38
34
30
MEAN

26.38
26
22 20.39

18
14 11.92 11.94
10
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55

PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINITY

Graph 3: the above graph shows the comparison of length between a polyvinyl- chloride pipe, a
hollow cylinder and a ball bearing. Two Vernier calipers were used to measure the length and the
comparison clearly shows that there were some un-wanted errors that were picked up, which caused an
hindrance in the experiment and accurate values were not obtained.
 GRAPH OF MEAN AGAINST PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINITY

48 47.01
46.99

46

44 MICROMETE
R1
42 MICROMETE
R2
MEAN

40

38 37.22 37.26

36
33.67 33.46
34

32
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINITY

Graph 4: the above graph shows the comparison of external diameter between a polyvinyl-
chloride pipe, a hollow cylinder and a ball bearing. Two different set of micrometers were used to
measure the external diameter and the comparison clearly shows some experimental errors that
occurred during the experiment as the values obtained from the same specimen are different from each
other.

Sample Calculation
Vernier caliper 1: Internal Diameter
Mean
 Sample: 26.60 ,26.04 ,26.81 ,26.94, 26.75
 26.60 +26.04 +26.81 +26.94 + 26.75 = 133.14
 133.14/5 =26.628
 Mean=26.628

Standard deviation
 Sample: 26.60 -26.628= -0.028,26.04 -26.628 = -0.58, 26.81-26.628 =0.182,
26.94 - 26.628= 0.312, 26.75 - 26.628= 0.122
 −0.0282 +−0.58 2+ 0.3122+ 0.1222 =0.449412
 0.449412/5= 0.08988
 √ 0.449412=¿0.3395

Percentage uncertainty = (0.3395/26.628) x 100 = 1.2750%

REFERENCES

[1] "KEYENCE- Measurment Funamentals," [Online]. Available:

https://www.keyence.com/ss/products/measure-sys/measurement-selection/basic/about.jsp.
[Accessed 27 July 2019].
[2] "EXTRUDESIGN," 03 December 2017. [Online]. Available: https://extrudesign.com/linear-
measurement/. [Accessed 28 July 2019].
[3] "IGI Global," 08 May 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/non-
intrusive-health-monitoring-devices/54688. [Accessed 27 July 2019].
[4] "THERMOCO Products, Inc," [Online]. Available: http://www.thermcoproducts.com/digital-
thermometers.html. [Accessed 28 July 2019].