Guide to AFI

Introduction

AVO Fluid Inversion (AFI) is a program which is used to analyze AVO responses, compare
them with theoretically derived responses, and predict fluid properties. This process can be
thought of as an extension of conventional AVO analysis in this way: Conventional AVO
analysis is typically used to determine the fluid properties of a target reservoir. AFI attempts to
determine, in addition, the probability or likelihood that this determination is reliable. It is a tool
for analyzing and understanding the uncertainty in the AVO process.

AFI starts with the assumption that the target reservoir can be represented by a 3-layer model,
with a sand layer enclosed by shales:

Each of the parameters in this model is actually described by a probability distribution, which
encapsulates our uncertainty about the value of that parameter. The shales are described by
distributions for the basic parameters, VP, VS, and Density. The target sand is described by a
range of more basic petrophysical parameters as shown below:
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The first task in the AFI analysis is to set up these probability distributions. One convenient way
of doing this is by using trend analysis on well logs in the area. As we will see in the sections to
follow, these distributions will usually vary with burial depth.

Once we have established probability distributions for the model, the next step is to generate a
large number of possible “realizations”, i.e., particular 3-layer model examples consistent with
these distributions. This is also called Monte-Carlo analysis. From each of these models,
synthetic traces are calculated internally for the purpose of predicting the Intercept and Gradient
consistent with that model:

By repeating this process numerous times, we generate a simulation analysis, which shows the
type of response expected for each of the fluids:

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The cluster analysis provides two types of information. First, the degree of separation of the
clusters tells us how well AVO can be expected to distinguish those fluid types under ideal
circumstances. If two clusters overlap significantly, that means we can probably not resolve
them. Of course, the degree of overlap or separation depends on the probability distributions,
which depend on things like the burial depth, average velocities, densities, etc.

The second use of the cluster analysis is to compare real data points with the predicted points,
and make probability predictions. The real data which AFI deals with are amplitude slices from
3D pre-stack volumes. By superimposing the real data points over the simulated points, we can
visually determine the likely fluid for those points:

Before doing this, we will have to determine scalers, which account for the overall scaling
differences between the synthetic and real data.

Finally, using Bayes’ theorem, we can calculate the most likely fluid, as well as the probability
of hydrocarbon for each of the points in our real data slices:

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In summary, the steps in the AFI process are:

(1) Read in the 3D pre-stack volume.

(2) Create data slices at the horizon of interest.
(3) Extract a wavelet.
(4) Perform trend analysis of wells in the area to determine probability distributions.
(5) Run simulations to produce model clusters.
(6) Perform calibration with real data to determine scalers.
(7) Calculate indicator and probability maps.

In this guide, we will perform all these steps on an AVO data set.

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Starting GEOVIEW

The data for this AFI guide consists of the following:

(1) A set of logs for a single well, already loaded into a GEOVIEW database.
(2) A 3D pre-stack SEGY volume.
(3) A single horizon which has already been picked for that volume.

To start this tutorial, first start the Geoview program. On a Unix/Linux workstation, go to a
command window and type:

geoview

On a PC, click the Start button and select the Geoview option on the Programs > HRS
applications menu.

When you launch Geoview, the first window that you see contains a list of projects previously
opened in Geoview. For example, the figure below shows a single previous project, which could
be opened now. Your list will be blank if this is the first time you are running Geoview.

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For this tutorial, we will start a new project. Before doing that, you can set all the data paths to
point to the location where you have stored the tutorial data. To do that, click the Settings tab:

Now you can see a series of default locations for the Data Directory, Project Directory, and
Database Directory. We would like to change all of these to point to the directory where the
tutorial data is stored.

To change all of the directories to the same location, click on the option Set all default
directories to and then click the button to the right:

Then, in the File Selection Dialog, select the folder which contains the tutorial data:

After setting all three paths, the Geoview window will now show the selected directories (note
that yours may be different):

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When you have finished setting all the paths, click Apply to store these paths:

Now select the Projects tab and click the New Project… button:

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A dialog appears, where we set the project name. We will call it AFI Guide, as shown below.
Enter the project name and click OK on that dialog:

Now a dialog appears, asking for the name of the database to use for this project:

The database stores all the wells used in this project. By default, Geoview creates a new
database, with the same name as the project and located in the same directory. For example, this
project is called AFI Guide.prj, so the default database would be called AFI Guide.wdb. That
would be desirable if we were starting a new project, intending to read in well logs from external
files. For this tutorial, to save time, we have already created a database, which has a well already

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loaded. To use that database, click Specify database:

On the pop-up menu which appears, select Open. Then, select the database AFI_Database, as
shown, and click OK:

Now the previous dialog shows the selected database and the new project name. Click OK to
accept this:

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The Geoview window now looks like this:

Displaying the well

The left part of the Geoview window (called the Project Manager) shows all the project data so
far. The tabs along the left side select the type of project data. Right now, the Well tab is selected
and we can see the single well from the external data base. Click the “►” sign beside that well to
see a list of curves in that well:

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To see more details about the well, click the Data Explorer>Well Data Explorer tab:

The Geoview window now changes as shown:

Click the arrow next to the well name to get more information about the curves in that well:

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The detailed information about the curves in that well show as below:

Finally, to see the most complete view of the log curves within a well, double-click the icon for
that well within the Project Data window:

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This creates a new tab within the workspace, called the Wells tab, which displays the selected
well curves:

We can see that this well contains a series of log curves which are used in AVO Modeling: the P-
wave velocity log, the density log, and the S-wave velocity log. The S-wave velocity log for this
well was actually created from the existing P-wave and density logs, using mathematical
transforms. In addition, the depth-time curve for this well has been modified using the process of
log correlation. For details on those processes, including loading logs into the Geoview database,
see the tutorial AVO Modeling Guide.

Loading the Seismic Data

We have now loaded the well which will be used in the AFI Analysis process. The next step is
to load the seismic volume, which we will analyze for AVO anomalies.

In the Project Manager, on the far left side of the Geoview window, click the Seismic tab:

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The window to the right of this tab shows all seismic data loaded so far. This is empty. At the
bottom of the window, click the Import Seismic button:

On the pull-down menu, select From SEG-Y File:

On the dialog that appears, select the file AFI_seismic.sgy, by either double-clicking the file
name or by selecting the file and clicking Select >, as shown below:

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Click Next at the base of the dialog:

Set the Geometry Type to 3D and click Next:

On the third page, we are telling the program what information it can use from the trace
headers. In fact, in this data set, there are Inline and Xline numbers, and X and Y coordinates.
That is why we answer Yes to both questions shown below:

Now, click Next to see the SEG-Y Format page:

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By default, this page assumes that the seismic data is a SEG-Y file with all header values filled
in as per the standard SEG-Y convention. For example, it expects to find the Inline and Xline
numbers at the byte locations shown above. If you are not sure that is true, click Header Editor
to see what is in the trace headers.

In our case, we believe the format information is correct, so click Next to move to the next page.
Now the following warning message appears because the program is about to scan the entire
SEG-Y file:

Click Yes to begin the scanning process. When the scanning has finished, the Geometry Grid
page appears:

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Because we have read the required information from the SEG-Y headers, the geometry is correct.
Click OK. After building the geometry files, a new window appears, showing how the single well
is mapped into this seismic volume:

In this case, the well is mapped to the correct Inline / Xline location because the X and
Y locations have been properly set within the Geoview database. If this had not been
done previously, you would type in correct values for the Inline and Xline numbers.

Click OK to accept the location shown on this window.

Now the seismic data appears within the Geoview window:

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To see the seismic data near the well location, click the Down arrow by the Well icon at the top
of the seismic display and select the well:

We can now see a very strong AVO anomaly:

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Importing Horizons

We will next import a previously picked horizon to guide the AVO attribute extraction. Select

Horizon > Import Horizons > From File:

From the File Selection window, highlight the file called AFI_horizon.txt and click Select:

Note that, at the lower left corner of the dialog, we are specifying this to be a Free Format file.
Click Next:

The next page of the dialog specifies how the file is organized:

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Click the View Files button to see the ASCII file:

The file display shows that there is 1 horizon in the file, and that we do not need to skip any
information lines. Fill in the format dialog as shown below:
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When you have modified the dialog as shown above, click OK and the imported horizon will be
displayed on the seismic window:

Note that since we have imported a post-stack pick file, the picks are set as constant within each
CDP gather. Before doing the AFI analysis, we need to create a set of pre-stack picks.

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The easiest way to do the pre -stack picking is to start with the imported post-stack picks and ask the
program to automatically pick the nearest events on the pre-stack data. To start this, select
Horizon>Pick Horizons:

When the window appears, select Pick Existing Horizon and click OK:

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A dialog appears, asking if we would like to display a map of the new picks. Click No:

Click the Options button at the base of the window and choose the Automatic Picking option:

On the Automatic Picking window, change two fields – we are picking a Trough and we
wish to replace the Actual Picks:

This Replace item tells the program not to fill in picks for any CDP’s which do not have a post-
stack pick as input. Click OK on this window and the pre-stack data will be picked. When it has
finished, the AFI window looks like this:

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Click OK on the Picking section at the bottom to accept these picks.

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Creating the Data Slices

Now we have all the data required to begin the AFI analysis. At this point, we have to decide
between two possible workflows as shown in this figure:

Now we will create a set of AVO attribute maps, using the amplitudes at these picked locations.
To do that, select Processes>AVO Analysis>AVO Attribute Map from Horizon:

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On this page, select the prestack horizon “AFI-Horizon”. Then accept the default, which is to do
a 2-term A/B or Intercept/Gradient analysis. The page sets all parameters for calculating the A/B
maps. One of the requirements is a velocity field, used to calculate incidence angles. This has not
yet been set, so we will use a well log for this process. Click Specify Velocity:

Select New to create a velocity field “velfield1” and select the Velocity Type P-wave Curve.

Select the Vertical Smoother and set an interval of 500 m:

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Click the first well name, avo3d_well, in the Well list box to select that well. Then, click the P-
wave1 log. The window will now be complete, so click Ok on this window:

The original Create Attribute window now looks like this, showing that we have now set up the
velocity field:

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We will calculate the Intercept and Gradient. Select the 3 attributes shown below which allow
you to choose which attribute maps to create:

We need at least the A and B maps to do the AFI analysis. We will also use the Scaled Poisson’s
Ratio map as a handy analysis display for highlighting regions of special interest.

Make the slice base name “AFI_horizon”, then click OK to produce the maps.

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We now have 3 maps, which can be thought of as the result of conventional AVO analysis. Our
normal procedure, at this point, would be to interpret the 3 maps to determine likely hydrocarbon
locations. What AFI will do further is to interpret the maps automatically and provide us
probabilities of hydrocarbons at each location. To proceed with this, it is useful to isolate specific
locations on the maps which are most interesting.

We will define zones on the Scaled Poisson’s Ratio (aA+bB) map ("AFI_horizon SPR"). This is
an especially good map for this purpose, since, under ideal circumstances, A+B should be
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proportional to the change in Poisson’s Ratio. This makes it a good indicator of hydrocarbons.
One problem with the Scaled Poisson’s Ratio map we have just created is that the color range
is not ideal.

To change that, go to this map, click the right mouse-button on the Color Key, and then select
Modify Range:

On the window which appears, click Default Scan:

This will force the numbers to be automatically recalculated. Now click OK on the Edit
Color Key range window.

The resulting plot looks like this:

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Now we would like to highlight four zones which are especially interesting. This will help us
calibrate the real seismic data slices with synthetic data, which we will calculate later. For this
purpose, it is useful to highlight both potential hydrocarbons as well as likely wet zones.

The four zones which we will highlight are shown on this figure below:

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There are two zones, HC Zone 1 and HC Zone 2, which we believe are possible hydrocarbons,
and two zones, Wet Zone 1 and Wet Zone 2, which are likely wet. Note that the exact definition
of these zones is not important, nor are the names. They are just convenient locations, which we
will display later on the Intercept / Gradient cross plot.

Now, create the first zone this way. (You may want to zoom your plot and fill as much of the
screen as possible to make this easy).

On the window showing the Scaled Poisson’s Ratio, select from the menu Tools>Show Spatial
Zone Toolbar:

Then select Polygon and fill in the name of this zone:

Click the Eye icon and select both Object Explorer and Property from the drop-down menu:

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Now position the mouse cursor over the region you wish to draw for the first zone. The way to
draw the polygon is this:

• Click the left mouse button to create the first point. You will then see a rubber band
connecting the cursor as you move it around.

• Then move the cursor to the next corner and click the left mouse button again. This will tie
down that corner.

• Keep doing this until you have created all the corners of the desired polygon.

• Finally, click the right mouse button to “close the loop”.

When you do this, a zone will appear on the map:

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Change the zone line color to “Red” in the Property>Boundary box:

Fill in the name as shown below, and click Save:

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Don’t worry if it is not exactly the same. If you are unhappy with the zone and wish to draw it
again, select Spatial Zones>Zone Group. That will bring up a window which allows you to
delete a zone and draw it again. Continue with this process until you have drawn the four zones
and named them as shown above. Create the other zones: HC Zone 2, Wet Zone 1 and Wet Zone
2, using the Polygon>Add Zones toolbar each time.

Note that even though we defined these zones on the Scaled Poisson’s Ratio plot, they can also
be displayed on the other plots by selecting Spatial Zones>Zone Group.
For example, the A Intercept display will look like this:

After creating the four zones as shown above, remove all three data slices from the screen by
selecting File>Exit Window on each display.

There is one more data slice which we will create: this is the input picked horizon converted to
depth. This step is optional, and is only useful when we consider the target horizon to have
significant depth variation. In this case, we will do it to show how it is done.
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On the Project Manager, select Processes>Horizon Processing>Horizon Time - Depth

Conversion:

On the process window, select this input horizon, AFI_horizon, to be converted:

By default, the program will use the velocity which was used previously to calculate the AVO
Attribute Maps. Accept these defaults.

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The last item of the window sets the name of the output depth horizon:

Click OK to calculate the horizon to display the map.

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The final step in the real data analysis is to extract a wavelet from the seismic. This is necessary
because it will be used to determine the influence of layer thickness and event tuning on the
model. For this purpose, the exact phase of the wavelet is not required, just the amplitude
spectrum. So, we will extract a statistical wavelet from the seismic data alone.

Select Processes>Wavelet>Extract Statistical Wavelet:

On the process parameter window, set the parameters to use only a single Inline (31):

Accept all the default parameters by clicking OK. The extracted wavelet will look like this:

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Close the Wavelet windows through File>Exit or the button X at the top right corner.

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Starting the AFI program

We have now imported and prepared all the data required for the AFI analysis. Now we are
ready to start the AFI analysis module. To do that, click the Processes tab on the Project
Manager box:

From the Processes list, double-click AVO Fluid Inversion:

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The AFI Window appears:

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Performing the Trend Analysis

We are ready to do the first calculation step in that process. As we described at the beginning of
this Guide, the major steps in the analysis are:

(1) Define probability distributions.

(2) Run simulations
(3) Calibrate the real data
(4) Create probability maps from the real data.

In the first step, we need to define probability distributions for the 3-layer model at one or more
depth locations. A convenient way to derive many of the required parameters is to analyze well
logs from the area. This is the process called Trend Analysis.

To start this process, select Models>Analyze Trends from the AFI window:

A multi-tab window appears, which sets the initial parameters for this analysis. Some of these
parameters we will set later after we see the initial display.

On the first tab, we select which logs to use:

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The program can use these logs for setting parameters (if available):

- sonic log (P-wave)

- density
- porosity

In addition, the program can use one extra log to differentiate sand from shale. Typically, this is
a Gamma Ray log, but could also be a V-shale log, or in fact, any other log. In this case, we use
the default P-wave, Density and Gamma Ray.

In addition, we must select which wells to use:

The first box, All usable wells in database, shows all wells which have the logs selected in the
previous box. In our case there is only one well, and the default is to use it.

There is one other item on this page:

This item is only useful if there is more than one log. In that case, we would like to line up the
logs in depth before displaying them on a common cross plot. The option specifies a particular
formation top to be aligned at a specified depth. Since there is only one log, we leave this option
unselected.

Select the Conditions tab to bring up the parameter window. On the parameter page, we set the
condition for distinguishing sand from shale:

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Change the condition numbers to 55, as shown above. Note that any available log curves could
be used here.

The other parameters on this page set the blocking interval, which limits the amount of data
being plotted on the cross plot, and the option to normalize the condition log, i.e., the Gamma
Ray. We will leave these defaults.

Select the Control Points tab for that parameter page. This page sets the depth locations at which
the stochastic model will be created:

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To start, there are no locations set. This is fine for now. We will change this later, after looking
at the display.

Click OK to see the Trend Analysis Display:

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The display initially shows two trend plots: the shale velocity and the shale density. The
scattering of points have come from the P -wave and density logs from the chosen wells. The red
points are the shale points (as determined by the Gamma Ray log) and the grey points are “not-
shale”, i.e., sand. The blue lines show the automatically generated trend curves. The smoothness
of these lines has been controlled by one of the parameters on the input window.

Click the Next button on the toolbar:

The sand velocity and density trends are now displayed.

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Now change the log which is shown in View 2. This will show the Gamma Ray, which is the
Condition Log in this case.

Reset View 2 to Density. We want to set depths at which to extract the velocity and density
distributions from these curves. To do this, select Parameters>Set Parameters:

This brings up the Analyze Trends window once again. Click tab Control Points.

Now we will set up a series of depth control points around the depth of interest, which is 1500 m.
Change the window as shown here:

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Click OK to see the new display:

We can now see four vertical blue lines, indicating the locations to calculate stochastic models.
To begin this process, select Parameters>Update Model on the Analyze Trends window:
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This will save the depth information on the stochastic models (the four blue vertical lines in the
plot).

This window appears, confirming that we wish to create these control points:

Click Yes.

Editing the Stochastic Model Parameters

Now we wish to examine the parameters which have automatically been set up for us, and edit
some of them.

To do this, select Models> Add/Edit/Remove Depth:

This parameter window will appear, asking you which of the four depth levels you wish to edit:
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Actually, we will make changes which affect all the levels.

The second section of this window has a multi-tab box containing all the parameters for the
statistical distributions at this depth level:

For detailed information on all these parameters, see the online AFI Help documentation. In this
guide, we will give an overview of the most significant parameters.

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The currently visible first page contains the parameters for the base wet sand. Some of these
parameters, (Density, VP, and Porosity), have been inserted into this window from the trend
analysis information at this level. Other parameters, (Shale Volume, Water Saturation, Biot-
Gassmann parameters), have been defaulted. Finally, there are 3 parameters at the bottom left
(Matrix Density, Dry Rock Bulk Modulus, and Dry Rock Poisson Ratio), which have been
calculated from the others. These parameters are used in the subsequent calculations to replace
brine with oil and gas. For a detailed explanation of this theory, see the online AFI Help
documentation. Normally, we do not change the values on this page, and we will accept the
defaults this time.

Click the Shale Parameters tab to see the next page:

The Shale Parameters page sets the probability distributions for the shale layers above and
below the sand layer. These parameters have been set automatically from the trend analysis and
show a Normal distribution for VP and Density. Since we did not have any VS logs in the trend
analysis, the option has been selected to use Castagna’s relationship to calculate VS from the VP
value. Also, a 10% random error has been added to the calculated VS value. We will accept
these defaults.

Select the Brine tab to see the next page:

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This page sets the parameters for Brine for the Biot-Gassmann analysis. The two parameters are
Brine Modulus and Brine Density. By default, these are constant values derived from the
literature. They may also be set as probability distributions, if desired. However, we will leave
the default values.

The next pages, Oil, Gas and Matrix, are all similar to the Brine page. We will leave the default
constant values.

Finally click the Reservoir tab to bring up the last page:

The Reservoir page is used to set the range of parameters in the sand reservoir to model. Note
that we will model a Uniform range of thicknesses, from 0 to 50 meters.

Also, click this option:

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This is because we want these model parameters to be used at all depth levels in the model, and
not just the current level. We have now completed the changes for this depth level, so click OK
on this window.

When this message appears, click Yes:

If you wish, you could examine the parameters for the other 3 depth levels, but this is not
necessary since we have already changed the thickness parameter for all levels.

Running the Simulations

Now that the stochastic parameters have been defined at four depth levels, we are ready to run
the simulations.

To do this, select menu Simulation:

The Simulation window appears:

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This window sets the parameters which will be used to generate simulations or model points in
Intercept/Gradient from the stochastic 3-layer model. For a detailed description of this process,
see the AFI online Help. Usually the default values on this window are acceptable. In particular,
we are choosing to generate 200 points each of gas, oil, and brine. We are using Zoeppritz’s
equations to calculate synthetics at 15 and 30°, from which the Intercept and Gradient will be
extracted. These angles do not have to correspond to the real data angles, since we are only using
them to calculate the Intercept and Gradient. These attributes refer to the Top of Sand. We are
modeling the sand thickness, using the extracted wavelet, statistical.

Click OK to run the simulations.

When the simulation calculation has completed, this window appears:

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On this window, see the simulation display at the first depth level (1000m). This shows the
expected values of Intercept/Gradient for gas (green), oil (red), and brine (blue). To scroll
through the other depth values, click the Next and Previous buttons on the toolbar:

It is also convenient to display more than one cross plot at a time. To do this, change the
number of windows to Four and select Automatic Scaling, then click Update:

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The plot now looks like this:

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From this display, we can clearly see a gradual change in behavior with depth.
Another interesting option is to see the effect of changes in a single variable. The parameters
appear at the base of the display:

This section allows you to change one of the parameters and immediately see the new
clustering of points. For example, change the Porosity to a Uniform distribution and change the
Max from 0.40 to 0.20 and use 50 simulations. Then click Update Model:

The new plot shows the clusters moving to the lower right hand quadrant:

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Calibrating the Real Data

Now that we have created the stochastic model at four depth levels, we would like to compare
the synthetic points with the real data points extracted previously. Before that can be done, we
must calibrate the data. This means we must derive scalers which can be applied to the real data
points to convert them to the same amplitude range as the model data.

The reason why scalers are required is that, while the simulated data accurately reflect the
theoretical range of intercept and gradient for reflection coefficients, the real data values
typically have an arbitrary scaling. There may also be an error in the gradient due to processing
limitations.

AFI assumes that the correction of the real data is effected by two numbers:

Sglobal = a number which multiplies both the intercept and gradient values
Sgradient = a number which multiplies only the gradient values

If the input (unscaled) real data values are Iinput and Ginput , then the output scaled values will be:

I =S *I
output global input

G =S *S *G
output global gradient input

To begin the process of determining these scalers, click the Calibration button:

On the first part of the window, we specify how many cross plots we want and which zones to
select in output list box:

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Note that these zones are defined previously on the real data slices and the data on the zones are
taken as input. Change the window as shown above.

Note that all of the zones in the Output list will be included, regardless of which zone is
currently highlighted. The highlighting in the Output list is only used for removing selected
zones, and not for calibration.

On the second part of the window, we specify the name which was given to the simulation result
previously generated:

In addition, we tell the program to use the depth slice AFI_horizon_depth in the process. This
depth slice is used this way: all the points for the Selected zone in a particular cross plot are
compared with the depth slice to determine the average depth for those points. Then the depth
level nearest the average is used for that cross plot. Change the window as shown above.

Finally, the lower part of the window specifies how the real data slices were generated:

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Change the window as shown above and click OK. The display looks like this:

The black dots are the real data points from each zone. The colored dots are the simulated model
points. There is a large difference in scaling between these two groups because we have not
calculated the proper scalers yet.

In fact, both scalers are set to 1, as shown on the lower left of the display. As a result, most of the
real data (black dots) are outside the plot range for these cross plots.

The first thing to do is calculate the scalers automatically. This process works with the following
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steps:

(1) Select a series of wells which tie the current volume.

(2) For each well, select the default p-wave, s-wave, and density logs. If p-wave is not
available, ignore this well. If s-wave is not available, calculate it using Castagna’s
equation. If density is not available, calculate it using Gardner’s equation.
(3) Using the Current Wavelet in the project, calculate two traces, one at incident angle 0
degrees and one at 45 degrees. From these traces, calculate the model intercept and
gradient, IM and GM . Note that each of these is a trace over the entire available time
range.
(4) Now, from the real data volume, collect pre-stack traces from bins around each well
location. This is very similar to the Composite Trace extraction in other AVO processes.
From these pre-stack traces, calculate the real intercept and gradient, IR and GR .
(5) Using a user-defined time window calculate the root-mean-square values for each of
RMS RMS RMS RMS
these: IM , GM , IR , GR .
(6) Finally, calculate the desired scalers:

To start the process, click Apply Auto Scaling From Volume:

On the first section of the window, we select input seismic AFI_seismic:

Select the well to use in the analysis:

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This bottom section of this page sets the parameters for the Intercept / Gradient calculation.
These are the same as we used in the calculation of AVO Attribute Maps previously. Accept
these defaults.

Click Show Advanced Options to get the Advanced page:

This page specifies how the real data traces around each well location will be extracted. We will
accept these defaults.
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Select the Time Window tab to get the next page:

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We will set a time window above the main horizon we are attempting to interpret, thus ensuring
that the calculation of the scalers is independent of the target horizon. Set the window as shown
above.
Click OK on the page to do the calculation. When the calculation is finished, this message
appears, showing you the calculated scalers:

Click Yes to see the result applied to the cross plots:

We can see that both wet zones fall on the wet clusters, while both hydrocarbon zones fall on the
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gas clusters. If we want, we can modify either of the scalers manually, by typing in new values
and clicking on Apply Manual Scaling. For now, we are happy to accept this result.

Click Save at the bottom of the display:

This message appears, confirming whether you want to save these derived scalers for the next
step in the process:

Click Yes to save these scalers.

Applying to the Real Data

The last step in the AFI process is to apply the probability calculations to the entire real data map
and create probability maps.

To start that process, click Apply on the Analysis Menu box:

The window which appears consists of three parts. The first part of the window specifies the
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name of the Simulation Data set which we are using for the analysis:

This is also correct.

The second part lists information about the Real Data Slices:

This information is already correct, since we supplied it when doing the calibration. Do not
change this part.

The third part of the window lists the outputs we wish to create:

The last item, Minimum Acceptable Probability specifies that unless a fluid has a higher
probability than 60%, we do not want to see it plotted on the Indicator Map. Change the window
as shown above, and click OK.

Four maps are now produced. One of them is the Indicator Map:
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This map shows the most likely fluid at each location. Many points on the map contain no color
at all – these are points where the probability is less than 0.6. The cluster of yellow points
indicates most likely gas locations.

The other maps show the probability associated with each of the fluids. For example, the Gas
Probability map looks like this:

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From this map, we see that the probability associated with the gas region is around 0.6. This is
the Probability of Hydrocarbon map:

From this plot, we see that the probability of Hydrocarbon (Oil or Gas) is above 80%.

Finally, we can verify that all the new Data Slices are stored in the Data Slice Archives for future

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use. To see this, go back to the Geoview window. Click the Project Data tab and the Slice sub-
tab on the left:

To see any one of the slices, double-click that name on the slice list. For example, double-click
Oil Probability and change the color data range from 0 to 1; the Maps window will look like
this:

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Using Angle Stacks in AFI:

In the last part of this AFI guide, we will use the alternate workflow for the real data analysis. As
described previously, there are two possible workflows:

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So far, we have completed workflow 1, on the left side. One potential problem with this choice is
that it requires the picking of pre-stack data. This may often be difficult or impossible. An
alternative is to use workflow 2, on the right side.

To start this process, go back to the Project Manager box and select Processes>Seismic
Processing>Stack>Angle Stack:

On the process window, specify the output name of this stack as 15_degree_stack:

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On the next section of this page, default all the parameters, except to specify that we want angle
range from 5 to 25°:

By this choice of parameters, we are actually stacking all samples with incidence angles between
5 and 25°. We call this a 15° stack because that is the value in the middle of the range.

Click OK to produce the stack:

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Now we will pick the amplitude near the picked horizon on this stack. Select
Processes>Slice Processing>Create Data Slice on the Project Manager box:

On the first part of the window, select the input seismic as shown below:

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Go to the section part of this page. Here, we select the data slice targeting at a picked Event. The
picked event is AFI_horizon. We are looking at a window of size 10 ms centered on the horizon.

The amplitude is the Minimum value because we are tracking the trough which is the top of the
sand layer.

Select the Advanced tab and select option Minimum (unselect all others) as below:

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After you have filled in the window exactly as shown above, reselect the Basic tab and fill in
the name of the output slice:

Click OK to produce the amplitude slice:

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Now we want to change the color scheme and change data range of the color key. Click the right
mouse button on the Color Key to get the pop-up menu and then select Modify Color Scheme
and choose Lithology:

Once again bring up the pop-up menu and select Modify Range:

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Change the data range as below:

The amplitude slice map changes:

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Now we will create the second angle stack. Go back to the main Project Manager box, and again
select Processes>Seismic Processing>Stack> Angle Stack:

On the first section of the window, give this result the name 30_degree_stack:

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Go to the second section of this page and change the angle range to 20 to 40 degrees, as shown
below:

Click OK to get this stack:

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Now, using this stack result, create the amplitude slice exactly as before.

Select Processes>Slice Processing>Create Data Slice on the Project Manager box:

The first section specifies the data to use in this analysis. This should be correct as shown:

Go to the second section of this page. Here we select the data slice targeting at a picked Event.
The picked event is AFI_horizon. We are looking at a window of size 10 ms centered on the
horizon.

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Once again, change the parameters on this page, exactly as we did before.

Select the Advanced tab and select Minimum as below:

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After you have filled in the window exactly as shown above, go back to the Basic tab and fill in
the name of the output slice:

Click OK to create the amplitude map for 30 degrees. We can press the right mouse button on the
color key again to select Modify Color Scheme to choose Lithology and change the data range
from -6.5 to 2.0 to get the display shown below:

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Note that we can still display the previously selected zones on these maps. For example, go to
the last map created (30_degree_stack) and click the Eye icon on the toolbar to select Object
Explorer from the menu:

Check the Spatial Zones box. We can see that the zones are still roughly right, although we may
choose to redefine HC Zone 2, based on this new map:

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Since the precise definition of the zones is not critical for this analysis, we will leave them as
originally defined.

We are now ready to apply the AFI probability analysis to the new maps. In theory, we do not
need to perform the calibration again, since we have done this in the early part of the guide.
However, we can check how the previously derived scalers fit the new data maps. To do this,
click the Calibration button in the Analysis Menu box:

On the Calibration window, the only changes are to the parameters which specify the Real Data
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Slice:

Fill in the window as shown above, and click OK. The new Calibration plot appears:

As expected, the previously derived scalers fit the new data values very well.

To apply the probability calculations to the new data slices, click Apply on the Analysis Menu
box:

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Because we have just done the Calibration step, the Apply window has already been changed to
reflect the new data slices:

Also, looking at the bottom of the window, we see that, by default, this application will overwrite
the previously created probability maps:

You may change these names if you wish, but as the new maps should be more accurate because
of the calibration, overwriting is no problem.

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Click OK to create the new maps and the Oil Probability map may look like this:

As expected, the indicator and probability maps are very similar to those created using Workflow
1.

We have now completed the AFI tutorial. We will save the project before exiting the program.
On the top Main Menu, click Project>Save to save the project:

Then close the main Geoview window by clicking File>Exit on the top menu:

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