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Dhanbad
Department of Mining Engineering
A group project on
COMPUTER AIDED MINE
PLANNING
Guided by:
Dr. Siddharth Agarwal
Assistant Professor
Department of Mining Engineering
Submitted by:
Group: DREAM
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INTRODUCTION:
Mine planning:
Strength of a building depends on its strength of its foundation. Same is true for mining as
well. As the foundation of all mining activity – a mine plan – most accurately reflects the real-
time reality of the geological structure in the ground, the process capabilities and the
economic unpredictability of demand and commodity markets; which results in a productive,
predictable and profitable system within mining structure.
To optimize mine profitability, planners and schedulers are under constant pressure to create
mine plans that are as accurate as possible and optimize production at all stages, from mine
to market.
Geo-statistics:
Geo-statistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatial datasets. It is method of predicting
probability distributions of ore grades for mining operations. It is intimately related to
interpolation methods, but extends far beyond simple interpolation methods. This technique
relies on statistical models that are based on random function theory to model the
uncertainty associated with spatial estimation and simulation.
Surpac:
In this project we have used GEOVIA Surpac for studying and further planning of the mine
using the data provided by the instructor.
GEOVIA Surpac is the world’s most popular geology and mine planning software, supporting
open pit and underground operations and exploration projects.
Using Surpac, we can visualize an interpolation, lock it in 3-D and then we can bring in all the
drilling, all the infrastructure, the development, the headings and know instantly whether we
are on track.
It also allows us integrate various processes to result a well-designed plan.
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Overall Workflow
Display drillholes
Compositing
Sectioning
Ore Modelling
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Creating a Surpac Geological Database:
Terminologies: -
Geological Database: Geological database is the systematic collection of Drill Hole data. And
drill hole data is starting of all the mine project. On the basis of this feasibility study and
reserve estimation is done.
A geological database consists of a number of tables, each of which contains different types
of data. Each table contains a number of fields. Each table also has many records, with each
record containing the data fields. Surpac use rational database model.
For this project we use three mandatory table and three optional table for the geological
database:
Mandatory Tables: Collar, Survey, Translation Table (Surpac’s default)
Geology Table: It is also an Interval optional table. And it stores information about different
geology in an interval. And the different geology of the field store as a code (0-10) known as
lithocode(lcode).
Mandatory fields for the geology table: hole_id, depth_from, depth_to, lcode
Steps:
Profile of surpac interface set as geological_database
1. Choose Database > Open/New.
2. Enter the name of database, and click Apply
3. Create definition for new database wizard open and click Apply
4. Choose database type as Access and click Apply
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5. Mandatory table (collar, survey and translation table) already created after the
above step.
6. Choose optional table i.e. Assay and Geology add these and define optional as
interval
7. After that define all fields for all tables window appear and fill the assay table fields
and geological table fields and add variable according to data we have. And click
Apply
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The database is created. The database name appears on the status line to indicate that you
are connected to it.
Two files have been created: 1. dream_database.mbd The Microsoft Access database which
contains the data. 2. dream_ database.ddb The file that Surpac requires to connect to the
database.
6. Extra file also generates during this process with .rej file means rejected file. And all
the error generated throughout process were encountered in these files.
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7. Now all the tables imported and a report file also generated.
8. Now, we can view the imported tables by go to Edit>View tables>Select table name.
9. If we have to edit table then go to Edit>Edit tables>Select table name.
10. We can insert the new data by doing Edit>Insert records>Select table name.
11. And if we want to delete data then Edit>delete>select table name.
Steps:
1. Firstly, we have to connect the database after that click Display Drillhole.
2. Then define query constraints form will be displayed.
3. Fill the necessary information and click Apply.
4. Then drill holes will be displayed in plan view.
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Apply styles on dill holes:
For the batter visualization and differentiate between the grades.
Steps:
6. After adding all the style for each interval of fe grade do same for lithology also.
7. After that display drill hole for fe.
8. We can see the fe grade also by adding labels, graphs, depth markers. we can also
add the cylinder around the drill hole. The radius of cylinder varies accordingly
grade value.
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Compositing:
Terminology:
Compositing: Compositing is a technique by which assay data are combined to form
weighted average or composite grades representative of intervals longer than their own.
After core is extracted and logged by the geologist and representative samples are sent out
for assaying. Upon receipt, the assays are added to the other geological information such as
length, depth, lithology etc. The se individual assay values may represent core lengths of a
few inches up to many feet.
Steps:
1. Choose Database > Composite > Downhole.
2. Enter the accordingly, and click Apply. Here we took compositing length of 5m.
3. In the report panel we can see the total number of samples, mean, number of
boreholes that are processed etc.
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5. White string shows the values having sample length greater than or equal to 3.75m.
and the Blue string shows the values having sample length less than 3.75m.
6. We can see the statistics of sample data by right click on the string file and click Edit.
Basic Statistics:
Terminologies:
Histogram: A histogram is a bar graph-like representation of data that buckets a range of
outcomes into columns along the x-axis. The y-axis represents the number count or
percentage of occurrences in the data for each column and can be used to visualize data
distributions.
Outlier: An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a
random sample from a population. In a sense, this definition leaves it up to the analyst (or a
consensus process) to decide what will be considered abnormal.
Steps:
1. For opening the basic statistics window in surpac click Database>Analysis>Basic
statistics window.
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2. Click file>Load data from string file. select the string file. and Click Apply. And
histogram will appear with cumulative frequency curve.
3. We can only see the histogram by click display>histogram. And save histogram by
clicking save icon.
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5. Above one is negatively skewed normal distribution curve. And have outliers. So,
we have to remove these outliers for this click File tool>string Maths. A string math
form will appear. Select the compositing string file and enter the output file name.
and write down Expression properly.
6. After removing outliers, the negatively skewed normal distribution curve now
become slightly normal curve.
7. This compositing file does not contain any outliers hence it will be used in Variogram
modelling.
Digitizing: digitising is the act of outlining the ore terrain or mineralization. We will use this
to define the extent of the ore body based on the direction and length of drill holes.
Steps involve in sectioning:
1. Firstly, we have to connect the database then, Display the drillholes after that
2. Click Sections>Define
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3. Define slicing planes width window will open define the section definition method,
enter distance forward of plane, distance backward of plane and section by interval.
4. Click Apply
5. After that one section of drill hole appear.
6. For viewing next section go to sections>Next. And we can see the previous section
also sections>Previous.
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Validation Report of solid:
Validation report of solid shows us that whether proper formation of solid is done or not. It
is manly depending on the proper triangulation.
Steps:
1. Click Solids>Validation>Validate object/trisolation
2. Enter Report file name, object range, Trisolation Range and click Apply
3. Validation report will generate
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Variogram modelling of the data:
Terminologies:
Variogram: Variogram is a graph of sample difference (variance) against distance (lag). And
it shows how data values change over distance and direction. It has various specific terms is
used such as Nugget, Sill, Range etc.
A basic variogram:
Nugget: Nugget is the different in value of samples taken at a separation distance of zero.
This difference is called the “nugget”, also abbreviated as “c(0)”.
Sill: Sill is the value at which the variogram levels off or flattens out. Difference between
sample values continuous increase until at some point the greatest difference is attained,
represent by flat portion of the variogram. Represent as “C”.
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Total sill: Total sill is the nugget to sill ratio. (nugget / (nugget + sill)
Range: Range is the maximum distance at which the sill attained. Sometime represented as
“A”. After the range there is no relationship between data.
Isotropy Data: Isotropy means the values measured in different direction are same.
Anisotropy Data: Anisotropy means having the difference value in different direction.
Directional variogram: In this, sample pairs are selected based on a particular direction or
orientation.
Variogram analysis consists of the experimental variogram calculated from the data and the
variogram model fitted to the data.
Steps:
1. For opening of variogram window click Block model>Geostatistics>Variogram
modelling.
2. For the experiment variogram first we should have Compositing String file for fe
without any outlier. So, we have to remove all the outlier before the variogram
analysis.
3. Now for the experiment variogram from data click File>New>String file variogram.
4. After that variogram calculation window will appear. Fill all the required options
accordingly.
We choose firstly Lag distance 10, maximum distance ( it is around the half of the
distance between the outer segment of the ore or half of total extended ore) is
around 625 m.
In this we also get advance option for variogram calculation in which we can add
Geographical constrain and properties of Lag slider.
5. After filling all the details click Apply.
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6. After that an experimental variogram appear with lag distance 10. We can change
the lag distance by click on right side of Lag slider. We changed at 20 for better
representation. If we took the lag distance low then no of pairs at each lag distance
increase.
7. There are different Variogram Model such as Spherical, Exponential, Gaussian, Hole
Effect. So, try each one for best fitting. Here Spherical type of variogram used for
modelling because it gave the best fit curve on experimental variogram.
8. Now, we have to fit variogram model on this experiment variogram for the
calculation of different attributes of it. So, for that click Variogram>model or we can
change the variogram model by click on variogram model type. With the help of
variogram structure try to fit model on the experiment variogram. At least 3-4
points of model should be lies on experimental variogram.
9. And, we can see the number of pair for each lag distance by click on display/hide
number of pairs.
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10. When we best fit the variogram model on the experimental variogram we see the
values of various parameters on the right side of variogram. In this case, Nugget
value is around 2, sill around 50, and the range is around 130.
11. For the report of variogram click Variogram>Report. And enter the file name and
click Apply. Report will generate in not file.
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15. so here is various model fitted on the experimental variogram
Exponential Model:
Gaussian:
Hole effect:
16. Now, similar steps were taken for creating a variogram for the gangue (combined
value of SiO2+ Al2O3+P) from gangue composite string created. Use the compositing
file which do not have any outlier, so we created a spherical variogram directly and
fit the model accordingly. And find out all the Attributes for them.
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Block Modelling and Grade estimation in each Block using Krigging
Terminologies: -
Block Modelling – Once the ore model is made, there is a need to divide the entire ore body
into number of blocks, this process is called Block Modelling.
Block size- For block modelling there is a need to estimate the size of each block. As a rule
of thumb, the minimum size of the block should not be less than ¼ of average drill hole
interval, say 25m blocks for a 100 meters drilling grid. The height of the block is often that of
the bench height for mining.
For this project the Block size of l*b*h= 25*25*10 was taken because the drilling grid
was of 100 m and the bench height is decided to be of 10m.
Grade Estimation- The blocks formed initially do not contain grades. So, in order to assign
grades in each block there are some methods like IDW (Inverse distance weighting, Krigging
etc.) which need to be followed. The tonnage of each block can be easily found from
the block volume and the tonnage factor. The blocks are considered as point values rather
than as volumes. If the block is divided into a mesh of smaller blocks, the calculation would
be made for each sub-block and the results summed. Hughes & Davey (1979) has
indicated that the difference between the point and volume approach is small.
Choosing the Estimation Technique- Surpac has some in-buit estimation techniques like
Inverse Distance, Ordinary Krigging, Simple krigging. Based on our geo-spatial and
geostatistical knowledge we have to choose from them. Ordinary Krigging is the most
suitable and widely accepted estimation technique as it takes into account if there is a
spatially correlated distance or directional bias in the data.
For this project Ordinary Krigging was used.
Work flow
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Steps:
4. A ‘Select Model’ dialogue box appears. Enter Model Name, say block_model_1. Click
Apply. Then again, a dialogue box appears, Click Apply.
5. ‘Creating new block model definition’ Window appears. Enter the Coordinate extents of
X, Y, Z which has been found in Step-2. Coordinate Extents can also be input from the
Sectioning string file. Enter block size which has been decided earlier. In Sub blocking
choose Standard and Minimum block size of 6.25,6.25,2.5. Click Apply.
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6. Model Confirmation window appears. Click Create Model.
7. A blank Model has been created and can be displayed by clicking on block_model_1 and
on then on Display. A Draw block model dialogue box appears click Apply.
8. Block model is displayed.
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4. A window of Search parameters appears. In this window we have to basically specify the
extents up to which the grades are influencing or are corelated.
Maximum search radius and maximum vertical search radius depends on the range of
variogram model in case of krigging. This precisely explains that up-to how much distance
the grades are having their influence. In this particular case the range of the variogram
model was around 130.
Maximum search radius- 130
Maximum Vertical search radius- 130
Click Apply.
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5. Krigging Parameters window opens. In the variogram file name Insert the variogram
model created. In number of discretisation point fill X=3, Y=3, Z=3. This basically denotes the
direction in which the grades are having their influence. If a greater number of points are
selected it will take more time to estimate but will give better estimation. Write the report
file name and format. Click Apply.
6. The grades have been applied to each block. To see the grade of a particular block. Click
Block Model> Attributes> View attributes of one block. Then click on the block of which
you wish to see the grade value.
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4. Enter constraints window appears. Select 3DM as constraint type and Ore_model.dtm as
the constraint file. This will constraint the report which is going to be generated within that
ore model solid. Click Apply.
5. A notepad file containing report appears. This file shows the different values of tonnage,
volume for different grades of ore.
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Pit design and Ramp design:
Terminologies-
Bench Height- The vertical distance between crest and toe of a bench. Mainly dependent on
size and type of equipment used in the mine.
For this project we are designing for Shovel and Dumper combination. With maximum height
of the shovel being 10m. So, Bench Height is also being taken as 10m in accordance with
MMR.
Bench Face Angle- The bench face angle can vary considerably with rock characteristics,
face orientation and blasting practices. In most hard rock pits, it varies from about 55◦ to
80◦. A typical initial design value may be 65 – 70 degree.
Design of Ramp
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Making of Ultimate Pit
Generally, designing of Ramp is a bottom to top process. So, firstly we have to make
ultimate pit string file. Number of Ultimate pits depends on the orientation of the block
model and on the intuition of the mine designer. Generally, it is better to have several
smaller pits rather than one large pit in order to support mine economics.
For this project, after investigating the ore body orientation we decided to make 3 pits at RLs
of about 650,725,753 so that the stripping ratio also should not unnecessarily increase.
Ultimate pit:
1. Open the ore model DTM file.
1. Click on the angle icon , then a set the design gradient window opens. Fill the
Bench face angle. For our case we had decided it to be 55.
2. Go to Design>Pit Design>New Ramp. Then select the ramp starting points in the bottom
most pit.
3. And then define the ramp properties in the shortcut menu of Define a new ramp
4. Ramp properties are: ramp name, ramp string, ramp type, ramp width, ramp gradient,
gradient method, berm taper distance, and switchback angle and inner radius.
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5.And then click apply. A ramp has been defined.
Design of Benches:
6. Click Design> Expand Segment > By Bench Height.
7. Select the segment which need to be expanded.
8. Then enter the Bench Height which has been earlier decided, in the pop-up window.
9. Click Apply.
Design of Berms:
10. Design> Expand Segment> By Berm width.
11. Enter the Berm width, Gradient of the berm (depend on the make of water in the mine)
in the ‘Expand segment by berm width’ window and then click Apply.
Continue the above process from 1-10 till we cover the whole ore body.
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Ultimate pit with the Block Model
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Results and Conclusion:
Extents of Ore Body
Minimum Maximum
X -224.113 425.544
Y -850 450
Z 425.544 425.544
The average grade of Fe as estimated by Ordinary Krigging method was 60.422 and the total
tonnage of Ore estimated was 2.35*108 tonnes. (Sp. Gravity of 5.5 was used).
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Pit Design:
Assumptions:
Ramp Width= 14 m
Ramp Gradient= 1:16
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