Self-Learning Activity Kit

Statistics and Probability

FLOR M.CADELEÑA JMNHS-SHS DEPARTMENT

37
Introductory Message
Welcome to Statistics and Probability!
This Self-Learning Activity Kit (SLAK) is a teacher-made instrument designed to help
learners in learning this subject even though they are not in school. This will allow them to do the
activities at their own pace and time. This will also assist them in developing knowledge, skills,
and attitudes which are essential in their daily living.
This SLAK had passed through the validation to ensure that the activities here are good
enough to meet the standards set by the DepEd.

For the Learning Facilitators:

This SLAK will help you facilitate the teaching of the activities to develop among
learners the most essential learning competencies for Statistics and Probability set by DepEd
with minimal or no face-to-face interaction. It is made with links and references which learners
may use for their enrichment.

For the Learners:

This SLAK is developed for you to learn your lessons at your own pace and time,
whether you are in school, at home, or at work. The examples are arranged from simple to
complex to help you build your confidence. Let this material talk to you and direct you on what
to do and how to do things properly to maximize learning.
In using this SLAK, be ready of the following:
1. Notebook. This is where you are to write your notes and practice exercises.
2. Intermediate Pad. This is where you are to write your solutions to the activities found in Part
IV, Activity Proper in each lesson.
3. Scientific Calculator. This will aid you in your calculations.
This learning material includes the following parts: Part I- Know Me First, where the
lesson is introduced to you. Examples are given here for you to study. Part II- Take Me Out, where
you are to practice what you have learned from part I. Part III-Take Me Up, where you are to
evaluate yourself by doing the activity or creating your own example based on the given rubrics.
Part IV- Take Me In, where you are to answer the questions to help you reflect on what you have
learned and developed while answering the activities and how you can use them in real life.
This material is also provided with answer key for you to see how much you have learned
from the activity. Remember you can be active in learning this SLAK by following the solution in
each example and recalculating to get the values specified.
Good luck and happy learning!

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 Lesson 1: The Normal Curve Distribution
Learning Competencies:
1. Illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics. M11/12SP-IIIc-1

I. Know Me First!
Do you wonder why this lesson is entitled, “The Normal Distribution”? What
does the word “normal” imply? Is there a distribution which is not normal?
In this lesson, we will talk about the distribution of continuous random variable.
Can you give an example of a continuous random variable? As we said in Lesson 1,
Chapter 1, this is a variable whose values may be obtained by measuring thus, may
give decimal or fractional values. Some examples are heights, weights, temperatures,
salaries, and many more.
Let us take heights for example. If we are to group you and your classmates
according to your heights, classified as short, in between, and tall, which group will be
more in number? If you say that there are few short, few tall, and many in between,
then your distribution is a normal distribution. But if you say that there are few short,
few in between, and many tall, then your distribution is not normal but skewed.
DEFINITION:
Normal Probability Distribution or Normal Curve – is the name associated to the
probability distribution of the continuous random variable.
Mean – the average of the data. It is obtained by adding all values divided by the number
of values.
Median – the middlemost data in the given distribution. It is obtained by dividing the
distribution into half and identify the value of the random variable that falls in this
portion.
Mode – the data that occurs most frequently or the value with the highest frequency.
Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, median, and mode are equal and lie at the center of the curve. The
width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.
4. The curve is asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
5. The area under the curve is 1.

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Example1: Given the four illustrations, answer the following questions:
50
A 25
40 B
20
30 15
20 10
10 5
15 30 45 60 75 5 25 45 20 25

25 25
20 C D
20
15 15
10 10
5 5
5 25 45 65 85 5 25 45 65 85

1. What is the mode of distribution A? B? C? D?

Answer: The mode of distributions A, B, C, and D are 45, 45, 25, and 65, respectively.
2. What is the median of distribution A? B? C? D?
Answer: Distributions A, B, C, and D have the same median, that is 45.
3. Which illustrates a normal distribution? Why?
Answer: Distributions A and B illustrate a normal distribution because they are
perfect bell-shaped, and the mode and median coincide at their centers.
4. Which illustrates a skewed distribution? Why?
Answer: Distributions C and D are skewed because the mode and the median do not
coincide at the center of the distribution.
5. Compare A and B. Which has a smaller standard deviation? How do you say so?
Answer: Distribution A has a smaller standard deviation because it has a narrower
curve and closer values compared to B.
Example2: Study the data in Table 1 and answer the questions that follow:
Height (in Frequency
inches)
54 1
55 3
CV
56 4 Sum=20
57 5
58 7
59 10 Median
60 6
61 5
C
62 4 Sum=21
V
63 3
64 2

40
 65 1
Total 51
Table1. The Heights of Grade 11- Jade Learners

1. How many learners are there in Grade 11- Jade?

Answer: There are 51 learners in Grade 11-Jade.
2. How many learners are 56 inches tall?
Answer: Four learners are 56 inches tall.
3. How many learners are 65 inches tall?
Answer: One learner is 65 inches tall.
4. What is the mean or the average height of the Grade 11-Jade learners? Round off
answer to a whole number.
54(1)+55(3)+56(4)+57(5)+58(7)+59(10)+60(6)+61(5)+62(4)+63(3)+64(2)+65(1)
Answer: 𝜇 = 51
= 59
The mean height is 59 inches.
5. What is the median of the distribution?
Answer: To find the median, divide the total frequency by 2 to determine the
middlemost part of the distribution. Since the total frequency is 51, dividing it
by 2 will give 25.5. Counting from the top of the table 25.5 will fall on the value
59. You can also have the cumulative frequency to easily identify the
middlemost data. Thus, the median of the distribution is 59 inches.
6. What is the mode of the distribution?
Answer: The mode of the distribution is 59 inches because this value has the highest
frequency.
7. Construct the frequency polygon of the given distribution. Describe the graph and give
the location of the mean, median, and mode of the distribution.
Answer:

Figure1. Frequency Polygon of the Heights of Grade 11-Jade Learners

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 This frequency polygon shows that the mean, median, and mode are located at the
center of the distribution. This shows that very few learners are very short and very
few learners are very tall. Most of the learners have heights which fall on the middle
of the distribution.
8. Is the distribution normal? Justify your answer.
Answer: Yes, the distribution is normal because the mean, median, and mode coincide
at the center of the distribution.
Example 3: Construct the probability distribution of the frequency distribution given in
Example2.
Copy Table 1 from example number 2. Add another column for the probability. Hint: To
find the probability, divide the frequency of the value by the total frequency.
Height (in inches) Frequency Probability
54 1 1
= 0.020
51
55 3 3
= 0.059
51
56 4 4
= 0.078
51
57 5 5
= 0.098
51
58 7 7
= 0.137
51
59 10 10
= 0.196
51
60 6 6
= 0.118
51
61 5 5
= 0.098
51
62 4 4
= 0.078
51
63 3 3
= 0.059
51
64 2 2
= 0.039
51
65 1 1
= 0.020
51
Total 51
Table2. Showing how to determine the probability of each value of the random variable.

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 If we let X be the height of the Grade 11-Jade learners then, the probability distribution of
the continuous random variable X is given in this table.
X P(X)
54 0.020
55 0.059
56 0.078
57 0.098
58 0.137
59 0.196
60 0.118
61 0.098
62 0.078
63 0.059
64 0.039
65 0.020
Total 1
Table3. The Probability Distribution of the Random Variable X, where X are the heights of Grade 11-Jade Learners.

Remember: To say that a table presents probability distribution, the data should satisfy two
conditions:
1. The probability of each value of the random variable X must be between 0 and 1 or
equal to zero and 1, denoted by 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑋) ≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable X must be equal to 1,
denoted by ∑ 𝑃(𝑋) = 1.
Example 4. Sketch the graph of the probability distribution found in Table 3, Example 3.
Remember that to graph a probability distribution, the height of the graph must be the
probabilities and the width must be the values of the random variable.

Figure2. The Probability Distribution of the Random Variable X, where X are Heights of Grade 11-Jade Learners.

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 Discussion:
1. Compare the shape of the frequency polygon (Figure1) and the graph of the probability
distribution (Figure2).
Answer: The frequency polygon (Figure1) and the graph of the probability distribution
(Figure2) have the same shape because they are generated from the same
distribution.
2. Describe the shape of the graph of the probability distribution.
Answer: The shape of the graph of the probability distribution is almost bell-shaped.

II. Try Me Out!

In your notebook, answer the following:
A. Write ND if the given describes a normal distribution and N if it does not. Justify your
answer.
1. School A is open to everybody but most of the learners here come from a poor family.
2. In an examination, many learners got the perfect score.
3. In my community, most families have average income. Only few have no income or
have high income.
B. Given the normal curve below, determine the mean, median, and mode of the
population and its standard deviation.

64 71 78 85 92 99 106

Check your answers:

A.
1. N, the mode is below the median because there are more learners coming from poor family than
from an average income-earning family.
2. N, the mode is above the median since many learners got perfect scores than those who got average
scores.
3. ND, because few families have low income, few have high income, and many have average income.
B.
The mean, median, and mode are equal, which is 85. The standard deviation is 7.

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III. Take Me Up!
Answer the following activity on a separate sheet of paper.
A. True or False. If False, modify the statement to make it True.
1. A normal distribution has more than 1 mode.
2. The area under the normal curve is always equal to 1.
3. If the mean, median, and mode of the distribution coincides at the middle, then the
distribution is normal.
4. The distribution with larger standard deviation is more diverse than the distribution
with smaller standard deviation, represented by a wider curve.
5. A normal curve is sometimes skewed.
B. A certain population has a mean of 210 with a standard deviation of 10. Assuming
that this population is normal, illustrate its distribution using the normal curve.

IV. Take Me In
Instruction: Reflect on the following questions and write your answer on your paper.
1. What have you learned from the activity?
2. By doing this activity, were you able to develop something like good values in you? If
yes, please tell what this is and how did this activity helped you in developing this
value.
3. Cite a situation in your life where you can use what you have learned from this
activity.

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 Lesson 2: The Standard Normal Curve
Learning Competencies
1. Identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal
values. M11/12SP-IIIc-3

I. Know Me First!
Previously, you learned that the area under the normal curve is 1. In this lesson,
you will explore more on determining the area of different regions bounded by different
standard scores under the normal curve.
Definition:
The Standard Normal Curve – is a normal distribution (possessing all the properties of
the normal curve) that has a mean equals zero (μ = 0) and a standard
deviation equals 1 (σ = 1).
This is the illustration of the standard normal curve.

As you can see at the bottom part, there are values from -3 to 3. These are z-
values or the standard normal values, converted from x-values (which are
the normal random variable values.) The value 0 (at the middle) is the mean
of the population. The distance between two consecutive z-values, (that is
1), is the standard deviation of the population.
Remember that the area under the normal curve is 1 (discussed in Lesson1).
Since a standard normal curve is also a normal curve then it follows that the
area under it is also 1. From this, statisticians estimate that the area from -1
to 1 is 0.6826, from -2 to 2 is 0.9544, and from -3 to 3 is 0.9974, as shown in
the previous illustration.
This also shows that the area at the left is equal to the area at the right of 0.
This is what symmetric means. For example: the area from -1 to 0 is equal to
the area from 0 to 1, the area from -2 to 0 is equal to the area from 0 to 2, ...

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 Example 1: Determine the following area under the standard normal curve.
a. From z=0 to z=1
b. Between z=-1 to z=0.
c. From z=-2 to z=1.
d. Between z=-1 to z=3.
e. From z=-3 to z=-1.
f. From z=1 to z=2.
Solution: The illustrations will help you visualize the area to be determined.

a. From 0 to 1. b. Between -1 to 0.

Notice that the required area is Notice that the required area is
half of the area from -1 to 1. again half of the area from -1 to
0.6826 0.6826
Thus, the area is = 0.3413. 1. Thus, the area is =
2 2
0.3413. Remember area is
always positive.

c. From -2 to 1. d. Between -1 to 3.

The illustration shows that there are
two areas: from -2 to 0 and from 0 to
1. To find the area from -2 to 0, we
need to divide the area from -2 to 2
0.9544
by 2, that is = 0.4772. The
2 0.9974
area from 0 to 1 is 0.3413 (Ex. 1a).
Thus, the area from -2 to 1 is
0.4772 + 0.3413 = 0.8185.
The illustration shows that there are
two areas: between -1 and 0 and
between 0 and 3. The area between -
1 and 0 is 0.3413 (Ex. 1b). To find the
area between 0 and 3, divide the area
between -3 and 3 by 2, that is =
2
0.4987. Thus, the area between -1
and 3 is 0.3413 + 0.4987 = 0.8400.

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 e. From -3 to -1. f. From 1 to 2.

The illustration shows that to find the The illustration shows that to find the
desired area, we need to subtract the area of the shaded region, we need to
area from -3 to 0 by the area from -1 to subtract the area from 0 to 2 by the
0. The area from -3 to 0 is equal to the area from 0 to 1. The area from 0 to 2 is
area from 0 to 3, that is 0.4987 (Ex. equal to the area from -2 to 0, is
1d). The area from -1 to 0 is 0.3413 0.4772 (Ex. 1c). The area from 0 to 1 is
(Ex. 1b). Thus, the area from -3 to -1 is 0.3413 (Ex. 1a). Thus, the area from 1
0.4987 − 0.3413 = 0.1574. to 2 is 0.4772 − 0.3413 = 0.1359.
Did you noticed that the use of “from-to” and “between” have no difference? Yes, because
when we say “from-to” this refers to the line corresponding to the z-values. As defined, a line
has no width thus, it has no area.

The examples above are too simple because by using the areas from -3 to 3, -
2 to 2, and -1 to 1, we can already determine them. But what if, you are to
determine areas like from -1.23 to 0, between-1.23 and 1, from -3.5 to -1.32,
to the left of -0.5, or to the right of -1.25, what will you do?
With these, we need to use a tool called z-table. Take note of the numbers at
the leftmost column and the topmost row. The number at the leftmost
column is matched with the first 2 digits of the z-value, while the number at
the topmost row is matched with the third digit of the given z-value. The
number at the intersection of these leftmost column and topmost row is the
area.

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 z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.2643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 04803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
For values /z/>3.09, use 0.4999 for the area.

Table 1. The z-table or the Standard Normal Table.

Steps in Finding the Area under the Normal Curve Using the z-Table
1. Express the z-value in 3-digit form.
2. Find the first two digits of the z-value on the leftmost column.
3. Find the last digit of the z-value on the topmost row.
4. Get the intersection of the column (in number 2) and the row (in number 3). This is the
needed area.

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Example 2. Determine the area under the normal curve between -1.23 and 0.
Solution:

-1.23

To determine the area of the shaded region, let us follow the given 4 steps:
Step1. Express the z-value in 3-digit form. z = −1.23
Step2-4.
2. Find the first two digits of the z-value on the leftmost column. (Note that the first 2-
digit is 1.2.)
3. Find the 3rd digit of the z-value on the topmost row. (The last digit is 3. Match it with
the last digit of the numbers on the topmost row, that would be with .03.)
4. Get the intersection of the row (in number 2) and the column (in number 3). This is the
needed area.

Area

Answer: Thus, the area under the normal curve from z=-1.23 to z=0 is 0.3907.
Example 3. Determine the area under the normal curve between z= -1.23 and z=1.
Solution:

Notice that we need two areas, those are from -1.23 to 0 and from 0 to 1. The
area from -1.23 to 0 is 0.3907 (already determined in example 2).

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To find the area from 0 to 1 using the z-table, again let us use the 4 steps.
Step1. Express the z-value in 3-digit form. z=1 z = 1.00

Step2-4.
2. Find the first two digits of the z-value on the leftmost column. (Note that the first 2-
digit is 1.0.)
3. Find the 3rd digit of the z-value on the topmost row. (The last digit is 0. Match it with
the last digit of the numbers on the topmost row, that would be with .00.)
4. Get the intersection of the row (in number 2) and the column (in number 3). This is the
needed area.

Area

The area from 0 to 1 is 0.3413.

Answer: Thus, the area under the normal curve from z=-1.23 to z=1 is 0.3907 +
0.3413 = 0.7320.
Example 4. Determine the area under the normal curve from z=-3.5 to z=-1.32.
Solution:

-1.32

-3.5

Remember that 0 is always our reference in determining the area. In this case, we
have two areas, from -3.5 to 0 and from -1.32 to 0. Since /-3.5/>3.09, we will be
using 0.4999 as the area from -3.5 to 0.
To find the area from -1.32 to 0, let us use the 4-steps procedure.
1. Express the z-value in 3-digit form. 𝑧 = −1.32

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 Step2-4.
2. Find the first two digits of the z-value on the leftmost column.
Note that the first 2-digit is 1.3.
3. Find the last digit of the z-value on the topmost row.
The last digit is 2. Matching it with the last digit of the numbers on the topmost row,
that would be with .02.
4. Get the intersection of the row (in number 2) and the column (in number 3). This is the
needed area.

Area

Thus, the area from z=-1.32 to z=0 is 0.4066.

To find the area from z=-3.5 to z=-1.32, we need to subtract the area from z=-3.5 to
z=0 by the area from z=-1.32 to z=0. That is, 0.4999 − 0.4066 = 0.0933.
Answer: Thus, the area under the normal curve from z=-3.5 to z=-1.32 is 0.0933.
Example 5. Determine the area under the normal curve that is to the right of z=-1.25.
Solution:
-1.25

As we can see, the shaded region to the right of z=-1.25 consists of two areas: from z= -
1.25 to z=0 and from z=0 to its entire right which is half of the curve. Remember that the

52
 area under the normal curve is 1 so, half of it is 0.5 or 0.5000 since we are using a 4-digit
area.
From the table we can see that the area from z=-1.25 to z=0 is 0.3944 (please verify).
So, the area to the right of z=-1.25 is computed by adding 0.3944 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.5000.
Answer: Thus, the area to the right of z=-1.25 is 0.8944.
Example 6. Determine the area under the normal curve that is to the left of z=-0.5.
Solution: -0.5

Notice that if we will add the shaded area with the area from z=-0.5 to z=0, their sum is
0.5000.
From the z-table, we can see that the area from z=-0.5 to z=0 is 0.1915 (please verify). To
find the area to the left of z=-0.5, we need to subtract 0.5000 by 0.1915.
That is, 0.5000 − 0.1915 = 0.3085
Answer: Thus, the area under the normal curve that is to the left of z=-0.5 is 0.3085.
Questions to Ponder:
1. What tool did we use in finding the area under the normal curve?
Answer: z-table
2. How did we find the area under the normal curve?
Answer: We did the following:
a. Make an illustration to figure out the area under the normal curve.
b. Apply the four-step process in finding the area from z=0 to any z-value using the z-
table.
c. When the shaded region is from the left to the right of z=0, add the areas found
from the z-table.
d. When the shaded region includes half of the curve, add the area found on the z-
table with 0.5000.
e. When the shaded region is at the tail of the curve (either left or right), subtract
0.5000 by the area found on the z-table.

II. Try Me Out!

Illustrate the following and determine the area under the normal curve.
1. Area between z=-0.23 and z=0.

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 2. Area between z=0 and z=2.25.
3. Area between z=-0.23 and z=2.25.
4. Area to the left of z=2.25.
5. Area to the right of z=2.25.
Check your answers.
Solution:

1 2

The area between z=-0.23 and z=0 is 0.0910. The area between z=0 and z=2.25 is0.4878.

3 4

The area between z=-0.23 and z=2.25 is The area to the left of z=2.25 is
0.0910 + 0.4878 = 0.5788 0.4878 + 0.5000 = 0.9878

5
The area to the right of z=2.25 is

0.5000 − 0.4878 = 0.0122.

III. Take Me Up!

Answer the following activities in a separate sheet of paper.
Illustrate and determine the area under the normal curve.
1. The area from z=0 to z=1.05.
2. The area from z=-2.34 to z=0.
3. The area between z=-2.34 to z=1.05.
4. The area to the left of z=-2.34.
5. The area to the right of z=1.05.

54
IV. Take Me In!
Reflect on the following questions and write your answer on your paper.
1. What have you learned from the activity?
2. By doing this activity, were you able to develop something like good values in you? If
yes, please tell what this is and how did this activity helped you in developing this
value.
3. Cite a situation in your life where you can use what you have learned from this
activity.

55
 Lesson 3: The X and Z-scores
Learning Competencies
1. Converts a normal random variable to a standard normal random variable and vice
versa.M11/12SP-IIIc-4

I. Know Me First!
In the previous lesson, you were able to determine the area between to z-scores
under the normal curve. But what is a z-score?
Definition:
z-score – describes the position of a raw score in terms of its istance from the mean, when
measured in standard deviation units.
– positive if the value lies above the mean, and negative if it lies below the mean.
– known as the standard score.
raw score – is the original data taken from a distribution, maybe score in a test, height, or
weight of the individuals under consideration. (x-scores)
Formula:
To convert normal random variable (X) to standard normal random variable (Z)
𝑿−𝝁
𝒁=
𝝈

To convert standard normal random variable (Z) to normal random variable (X)
𝑿 = 𝒁(𝝈) + 𝝁

Remember:

When the population mean (𝜇) and the population standard deviation (𝜎) are
unknown, the standard score may be calculated using the sample mean (x̄) and
sample standard deviation (s) as estimates of the population values.

Example1. Given 𝜇 = 62 and 𝜎 = 8, convert the following raw scores to z-scores. Have your
answers in 3-digit form.
a. X = 70
b. X = 52

56
Solution:

Steps: Solution: Steps: Solution:

a. b.
1. Write the 𝑋−𝜇 1. Write the 𝑋−𝜇
𝑍= 𝑍=
formula: 𝜎 formula: 𝜎

2. Replace the 2. Replace the

variables by 70 − 62 variables by 52 − 62
𝑍= 𝑍=
their given 8 their given 8
values. (X=70, values. (X=52,
𝜇 = 62, 𝜎 = 8) 𝜇 = 62, 𝜎 = 8)
3. Solve. 8 3. Solve. 𝑍= 8
−10
𝑍= =1
8
= −1.25
4. Write the 4. Write the
answer in 3- 𝑍 = 1.00 answer in 3- 𝑍 = −1.25
digit form. digit form.
This means that the raw score 52 is 1.25
This means that the raw score 70 is 1
standard deviation units below the mean.
standard unit above the mean.

Example 2. Given X = 100 and s = 15, convert the following raw scores to z-scores. Have
your answers in 3-digit form.
a. X = 127
b. X = 70

Solution: Since μ and σ are not given, replace μ by X and σ by s. Thus, we will be using the
formula:
Where X – refers the sample mean
s- standard deviation of the
sample

Steps: Solution: Steps: Solution:

a. b
1. Write the 1. Write the
formula: formula:

2. Replace the 2. Replace the

variables by 127 − 100 variables by 70 − 100
their given 𝑍= their given 𝑍=
15 15
values. values. (X=70,
(X=127,X = X = 100, s= 15)
100, s = 15)

57
 Steps: Solution: Steps: Solution:
a.
3. Solve. 27 b. −30
3. Solve.
𝑍= = 1.8 𝑍= = −2
15 15
4. Write the 4. Write the
answer in 3- answer in 3-
𝑍 = 1.80 𝑍 = −2.00
digit form. digit form.

This means that the raw score 127 is 1.8 This means that the raw score 70 is 2
standard deviation units above the mean. standard deviation units below the mean.

Example 3. Given 𝜇 = 85 and 𝜎 = 10, convert the following z-scores to raw scores.
a. Z = −1.5
b. Z = 2.25

Steps: Solution: Steps: Solution:

1. Write the X = Z(σ) + μ b. 1. Write the X = Z(σ) + μ
a.
formula: formula:
2. Replace the 2. Replace the
variables by X = −1.5(10) + 85 variables by 𝑋
their given their given = 2.25(10) + 85
values. (Z=-1.5, values. (X=52,
𝜇 = 85, 𝜎 = 10) 𝜇 = 62, 𝜎 = 8)

3. Solve. 𝑋 = −15 + 85 3. Solve. 𝑋 = 22.5 + 85

= 70 = 107.5

The raw score equivalent to Z=-1.5 is 70. The raw score equivalent to 2.25 is
107.5.

II. Try Me Out!

Answer the following in your study notebook.
A. Given 𝜇 = 90 and 𝜎 = 15. Convert the following raw scores into standard scores or z-
scores. Write your answers in 3-digit form.
1. X = 87
2. X = 101
B. Given 𝑋 = 105 and 𝑠 = 7.5. Convert the following raw scores to standard scores or z-
scores. Write your answers in 3-digit form.
1. X = 92.7
2. X = 114.9

58
 C. Given 𝜇 = 90 and 𝜎 = 5. Convert the following standard scores or z-scores to raw
scores. Round off your answers to 2 decimal places.
1. Z = −1.32
2. Z = 2.03
Let us check your answer:
A. Steps: Solution (1) Solution (2)

1. Write the formula: 𝑋−𝜇 𝑋−𝜇

𝑍= 𝑍=
𝜎 𝜎
2. Replace the variables by 87 − 90 101 − 90
𝑍= 𝑍=
their given values. 15 15

3. Solve. −13 11
𝑍= = −0.87 𝑍= = 0.73
15 15
4. Write the answer in 3-digit 𝑍 = −0.87 𝑍 = 0.73
form.

Steps: Solution (1) Solution (2)

B.
1. Write the formula:

2. Replace the variables by their 92.7 − 105 114.9 − 105

𝑍= 𝑍=
given values. 7.5 7.5

3. Solve. −12.3 9.9

𝑍= = −1.64 𝑍= = 1.32
7.5 7.5
4. Write the answer in 3-digit form. 𝑍 = −1.64 𝑍 = 1.32

C. Steps: Solution (1) Solution (2)

1. Write the formula: X = Z(σ) + μ X = Z(σ) + μ

2. Replace the variables by
their given values.
X = −1.32(5) + 90 X = 2.03(5) + 90
3. Solve. 𝑋 = −6.6 + 90 = 83.4 𝑋 = 10.15 + 90 = 100.15

4. Round off answer to 2 𝑋 = 83.40 𝑋 = 100.15

decimal places.

59
III. Take Me Up!
Answer the following in your study notebook.
A. Given 𝜇 = 185 and 𝜎 = 6.25. Convert the following raw scores into standard scores or
z-scores. Write your answers in 3-digit form.
1. X = 182
2. X = 195

B. Given 𝑋 = 100 and 𝑠 = 9. Convert the following raw scores to standard scores or z-
scores. Write your answers in 3-digit form.
1. X = 105
2. X = 117

C. Given 𝜇 = 45 and 𝜎 = 3. Convert the following standard scores or z-scores to raw

scores. Round off your answers to 2 decimal places.
1. Z = −0.25
2. Z = 1.75

D. Suppose the raw scores are 50 and 80. Their corresponding z-scores are -1 and 2,
respectively. Answer the following questions:
1. Is it possible to determine the mean and the standard deviation of the given
distribution? Why or why not?
2. If your answered Yes in number 1, show how to find µ and σ.

IV. Take Me In!

Reflect on the following questions and write your answer on your paper.
1. What have you learned from the activity?
2. By doing this activity, were you able to develop something like good values in you? If
yes, please tell what this is and how did this activity helped you in developing this
value.
3. Cite a situation in your life where you can use what you have learned from this
activity.

60
 Lesson 4: Probabilities and the Standard Normal Curve
Learning Competency:
1. Computes probabilities using the standard normal table. M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1

I. Know Me First!
Previously, you have learned how to determine the area under the standard normal
curve as well as how to convert raw scores to standard normal scores. These skills are
necessary in this lesson.
Definition:
Probability – is the possibility or chance of an outcome or an event to occur. (Note
that 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑋) ≤ 1 denotes that the probability of an event is from 0 to 1.)
Remember that the area under the normal curve corresponds to the probability.
𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑍 < 𝑏) – denotes the probability that the z-score lies between a and b.
𝑃(𝑍 > 𝑎) – denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a or the z-score is
found at the right of a.
𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑎) – denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a or the z-score is found
at the left of a.
𝑃(𝑍 = 𝑎) – denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and 0.
Steps in Determining the Probability.
1. Illustrate the standard normal curve.
2. Draw vertical lines on the given z-values.
3. Shade the region. (Either between 2 given z-values, or to the right (>) or to the left
(<) of the given z-value).
4. Consult the z-table to find the area that corresponds to the given z-value/s.
5. Examine your illustration and write the notation for probability. Remember the
following cases:
i. If the shaded region is from 0 to z, the area/probability is the value taken from
the z-table.
ii. If the shaded region is from -z to +z, the probability is obtained by adding the two
values taken from the z-table.
iii. If the shaded region is between two negative z-scores or between two positive z-
scores, the probability is obtained by subtracting the larger value by the smaller
value taken from the z-table.
iv. If the shaded region is to the left or to the right of the z-value which includes half
of the curve, the probability is obtained by adding 0.5000 by the value taken from
the z-table.

61
 v. If the shaded region is to the left or to the right of the z-value which is less than
half of the curve, the probability is obtained by subtracting 0.5000 by the value
taken from the z-table.
6. State the final answer.
Example 1. Find the probability that a z-score falls between z=0 and z=1.
Steps Solution
1. Illustrate the standard normal
curve.
2. Draw vertical lines along z=0 and
z=1.
3. Shade the region between z=0 and
z=1.

4. Consult the z-table to find the area

that corresponds to z=1. The area that corresponds to z=1 is 0.3413.
(Please verify using z-table.)

5. Examine your illustration and write 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 1) = 𝑃(𝑧 = 1) = 0.3413.
the notation for probability.
(The shaded region is between z=0 and z=1.) (If the shaded region is from 0 to z, the
area/probability is the value taken from the z-table.)

6. State the final answer. The probability that a z-score falls between
z=0 and z=1 is 0.3413 or 34.13%.

Example 2. What is the probability that a z-score falls between z=-1.23 and z=0.
Steps Solution
1. Illustrate the standard normal
curve.
2. Draw vertical lines along z=-1.23
and z=0. -1.23
3. Shade the region between z=-1.23
and z=0.

4. Consult the z-table to find the area The area that corresponds to z=-1.23 is
that corresponds to z=-1.23. 0.3907. (Please verify using z-table.)

62
 5. Examine your illustration and write
the notation for probability.
(The shaded region is between -1.23 and 0.)
6. State the final answer.
Example 3. Find the probability that a z-score falls between z=-1.23 and z=1.
Steps
1. Illustrate the standard normal
curve.
2. Draw vertical lines along z=-1.23
and z=1.
3. Shade the region between z=-1.23
and z=1.
4. Consult the z-table to find the area
that corresponds to z=-1.23 and
z=1.
5. Examine your illustration and write
the notation for probability.
The shaded region is between z=-1.23 and
z=1.
6. State the final answer.
𝑃(−1.23 < 𝑍 < 0) = 𝑃(𝑧 = −1.23)
= 0.3907
(If the shaded region is from 0 to z, the
area/probability is the value taken from the z-
table.)
The probability that a z-score falls between
z=-1.23and z=0 is 0.3907 or 39.07%.
Solution
-1.23
The area that corresponds to z=-1.23 is
0.3907 and that to z=1 is 0.3413. (Please
verify using z-table.)
𝑃(−1.23 < Z < 1)
= P(z = −1.23) − P(z = 1)
= 0.3907 + 0.3413
= 0.7320
(If the shaded region is from -z to +z, the
probability is obtained by adding the two values
taken from the z-table.)
The probability that a z-score falls between
z=-1.23and z=1 is 0.7320 or 73.20%.
63
Example 4. Determine the area under the normal curve from z=-3.5 to z=-1.32.
Steps
1. Illustrate the standard normal
curve.
2. Draw vertical lines along z=-3.5 and
z=-1.32.
3. Shade the region between z=-3.5
and z=-1.32.
4. Consult the z-table to find the area
that corresponds to z=-3.5 and
z=-1.32.
5. Examine your illustration and write
the notation for probability.
The shaded region is between -3.5 and -1.32.
6. State the final answer.
Example 5. Find the probability that the z-score is at least z=-1.25.
Steps
1. Illustrate the standard normal
curve.
2. Draw vertical line along z=-1.25.
3. Shade the region from z=-1.25 to its
entire right. Remember that when
we say “at least” it means that from
the given value upward so, the
direction of shading is to the right.
Solution
-1.32
-3.5
When /z/>3.09, the area is 0.4999 (see z-
table). Thus, the area that corresponds to
z=-3.5 is 0.4999.
The area that corresponds to z=-1.32 is
0.4066. (Please verify using z-table.)
𝑃(−3.5 < 𝑍 < −1.32)
= 𝑃(𝑍 = −3.5) − 𝑃(𝑍 = −1.32)
= 0.4999 − 0.4066
= 0.0933
(If the shaded region is between two negative z-
scores or between two positive z-scores, the
probability is obtained by subtracting the larger
value by the smaller value taken from the z-
table.)
The probability that a z-score falls between
z=-3.5 and z=-1.32 is 0.0933 or 9.33%.
Solution
-1.25
64
 4. Consult the z-table to find the area
that corresponds to z=-1.25.
5. Examine your illustration and write
the notation for probability.
The shaded region is from z=-1.25 to its
entire right.
6. State the final answer.
Example 6. What is the probability that the z-score is at most z=-0.5.
Steps
1. Illustrate the standard normal
curve.
2. Draw vertical line along z=-0.5.
3. Shade the region from z=-0.5 to its
entire left. Remember that when
we say “at most” it means that
from the given value downward so,
the direction of shading is to the
left.
4. Consult the z-table to find the area
that corresponds to z=-0.5
5. Examine your illustration and write
the notation for probability.
The shaded region is from z=-0.5 to its entire
left.
6. State the final answer.
The area that corresponds to z=-1.25 is
0.3944. (Please verify using z-table.)
𝑃(𝑧 ≥ −1.25)
= 0.5000 + 𝑃(𝑧 = −1.25)
= 0.5000 + 0.3944
= 0.8944
(If the shaded region is to the left or to the right
of the z-value which includes half of the curve,
the probability is obtained by adding 0.5000 by
the value taken from the z-table.)
The probability that a z-score is at least -1.25
is 0.8944 or 89.44%.
Solution
-0.5
The area that corresponds to z=-0.5 is
0.1915. (Please verify using z-table.)
P(z ≤ −0.5)
= 0.5000 − P(z = −0.5)
= 0.5000 − 0.1915
= 0.3085
(If the shaded region is to the left or to the right
of the z-value which is less than half of the
curve, the probability is obtained by subtracting
0.5000 by the value taken from the z-table.)
The probability that a z-score is at most -0.5
is 0.3085 or 30.85%.
65
II. Try Me Out!
Answer the following in your notebook.
1. What is the probability that a z-score falls between z=-2.20 and z=1.20?
2. What is the probability that a z-score is above z=-0.25?
3. Find the probability that a z-score is below z=2.13.
Check your answers:

Steps Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3

1. Illustrate the
standard
normal 1.20
curve. -0.25
2. Draw -2.20 2.13
vertical lines
along the z-
scores.
3. Shade the
region.

4. Consult the The area that corresponds to The area that corresponds to The area that corresponds to
z-table to z=-2.20 and z=1.20 are 0.4861 z=-0.25 is 0.0987. (Please z=2.13 is 0.4834. (Please
find the area and 0.3849, respectively. verify using z-table.) verify using z-table.)
that (Please verify using z-table.)
corresponds
to Z.
5. Examine 𝑃(−2.20 < Z < 1.20) 𝑃(Z ≥ −0.25) 𝑃(Z ≤ 2.13)
your = P(z = 2.20 + P(z = 1.20) = 0.5000 + P(z = −0.25) = 0.5000 + P(z = 2.13)
illustration = 0.4861 + 0.3849 = 0.5000 + 0.0987 = 0.5000 + 0.4834
and write = 0.8710 = 0.5987 = 0.9834
the notation
for
probability.

6. State the The probability that a z-score The probability that a z-score The probability that a z-score
final answer. falls between z=-2.20 and is above z=-0.25 is 0.5987 or is below z=2.13 is 0.9834 or
z=1.20 is 0.8710 or 87.10%. 59.87%. 98.34%.

III. Take Me Up!

Answer the following activities in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Determine the following:
a. P(z=-2.05)
b. P(-1.23<Z<1.20)
c. P(Z>-1.27)
2. What is the probability that a z-score
a. falls between z=-0.55 and z=2.35?
b. above z=0.28?
c. is at most z=1.26?

66
IV. Take Me In!
Instruction: Reflect on the following questions and write your answer on your paper.
1. What have you learned from the activity?
2. By doing this activity, were you able to develop something like good values in you? If
yes, please tell what this is and how did this activity helped you in developing this
value.
3. Cite a situation in your life where you can use what you have learned from this
activity.

67
 Lesson 5: Percentiles and the Standard Normal Curve
Learning Competencies:
1. Computes percentiles using the standard normal table. M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1

I. Know Me First!
How do you understand the word “percentile”? Say for example your teacher is
telling you, “Congratulations, you scored at the 90th percentile!” How will you feel about
it?
Definition:
Percentile – is a measure of relative standing. It is a descriptive measure indicating the
relationship of a measurement with the rest of the data in a distribution.
nth percentile means that n% of the data is below it. If your score is at the 90th percentile,
this means that 90% of your classmates scored lower than yours and 10% of your
classmates got scores higher than yours.
To illustrate:

90th percentile

90% of the data

10% of the data

Example 1. Locate the 95th percentile in the standard normal curve.

Steps: Solution:

1. Illustrate the
normal curve and
approximate the
location of the 95th 95% =0.9500 95th percentile

percentile. Draw a
vertical line.

2. Locate the midline

of the curve to
separate 0.5000
95th percentile
from the area.
0.5000 0.4500

68
 3. Using the z-table,
find the z-value
that corresponds
to the area
0.4500.
(Notice that 0.4500 is
not found on the
table. The closest
values to it are
0.4495 and 0.4505. In
case that there are
two values, get their
average.)

0.4495 corresponds to z=1.64

0.4505 corresponds to z=1.65
1.64+1.65
𝑧= = 1.645
2

4. State the final The 95th percentile is at z=1.645.

answer.

Example 2. Locate P67 under the normal curve.

Steps: Solution:
1. Illustrate the 67th percentile
normal curve
and
approximate the 67% =0.6700
location of the
67th percentile.
Draw a vertical
line.
2. Locate the midline 67th percentile
of the curve to
0.1700

separate 0.5000
from the area.
0.5000

69
 3. Using the z-table,
find the z-value
that corresponds
to the area
0.1700.

0.1700 corresponds to z=0.44

4. State the final The 67th percentile is at z=0.44.

answer.

Example 3. The results of a nationwide aptitude test in Mathematics are normally

distributed with 𝜇 = 80 and 𝜎 = 5. If Ben’s score is 84, what is his percentile
rank?
Steps: Solution:
1. Identify what μ = 80, σ = 5, X = 84
are the given
information.
2. Identify what is The percentile rank of 84.
asked.
3. Identify the other The equivalent z-score of 84.
data needed in The area to the left of the computed z-score.
finding the
percentile.
4. Identify the 𝑋−𝜇
𝑍=
needed formula. 𝜎

5. Computation. 84 − 80 4
𝑍= = = 0.80
5 5

70
 6. Locate z=0.80 0.80
under the
standard normal
curve and shade
the area to its left.

7. Using the z-table,

find the area that
corresponds to
z=0.80.

The area that corresponds to z=0.80 is 0.2881.

8. Add this value 0.5000 + 0.2881 = 0.7881

with 0.5000 to get
the area of the
shaded region.
9. Multiply the value 0.7881𝑥100% = 78.81%
by 100%.
10.State the final The score 84 is at 78.81st percentile. Thus, Ben is at
answer. 78.81st percentile rank.

Example 4. If there are 5000 learners who took the test, how many learners scored lower
than Ben’s score?
Solution: Remember that Ben is in the 78.81st percentile. To determine the number of
learners who scored below his score, multiply 78.81% with the total number of
learners who took the test.
0.7881𝑥5000 = 3940.5
Answer: Approximately 3,940 learners scored below Ben’s score.

71
II. Try Me Out!
Answer the following in your notebooks. Follow the steps given in the examples.
A. Determine the z-scores with the following percentiles.
1. P99
2. P97.50
B. Mary is 60 inches tall. If the population’s average height is 68 inches with a standard
deviation of 7.5, find Mary’s percentile rank. If there are 1000 members in that
population, how many are taller than Mary?
Check your answer.
A.
Steps: 1 2

1. Illustrate the
normal curve 97.50th
and 99th
percentile
approximate percentile
the location 99% =0.9900 97.50% =0.9750
97.50% =0.9750
of the nth
percentile.
Draw a
vertical line.
2. Locate the
midline of 99th
the curve to percentile 97.50 th
separate percentile
0.5000 from 0.5000 0.4900 0.5000 0.4750
the area.

3. Using the z- Notice that 0.4900 is not found on the z-table. 0.4750 corresponds to z=1.96. (Please verify in
table, find The closest value to it 0.4901. This area the z-table.)
the z-value corresponds to z=2.33. (Please verify in the z-
that table.)
corresponds
to the area
percentile
minus
0.5000.

4. State the The 99th percentile is approximately at z=2.33. The 97.50th percentile is at z=1.96.
final answer.

72
B.
Steps: Solution:
1. Identify what are the μ = 68, σ = 7.5, X = 60, N=1000
given information.

2. Identify what is asked. The percentile rank of Mary who is 60 inches tall.
Number of people who are taller than Mary.

3. Identify the other data The equivalent z-score of 60.

needed in finding the The area to the left and to right of the computed z-score.
percentile.

4. Identify the needed 𝑋−𝜇

𝑍=
formula. 𝜎

5. Computation. 60 − 68 −8
𝑍= = = −1.07
7.5 7.5

6. Locate z=-1.07 under

the standard normal
curve and shade the
area to its left.
-1.07

7. Using the z-table, find The area that corresponds to z=-1.07 is 0.3577.
the area that
corresponds to z=-1.07.

8. Subtract this value from 0.5000 − 0.3577 = 0.1423

0.5000 to get the area
of the shaded region.

9. Multiply the value by 0.1423𝑥100% = 14.23%

100%.

10. State the final answer. Mary is at 14.23rd percentile rank.

To find how many are taller 1.0000 − 0.1423 = 0.8577

than Mary, subtract 1.000 by 0.8577𝑥1000 = 857.7
0.1423 to get the area to the
right of z=-1.07 and multiply Approximately 857 people are taller than Mary.
it by 1000.

73
III. Take Me Up!
Answer the following in a separate sheet of paper.
A. Locate the following percentiles under the standard normal curve. Show your
process.
1. P87
2. P99.50
B. John is at 87.50th percentile of the graduating class. What is John’s z-score?
IV. Take Me In
Instruction: Reflect on the following questions and write your answer on your paper.
1. What have you learned from the activity?
2. By doing this activity, were you able to develop something like good values in you? If
yes, please tell what this is and how did this activity helped you in developing this
value.
3. Cite a situation in your life where you can use what you have learned from this
activity.

74
 Lesson 6: The Standard Normal Curve and Its Application
Learning Objectives: At this lesson, you are to apply what you have learned from the previous
5 lessons. Specifically, you are to:
1. Illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics. M11/12SP-IIIc-1
2. Identify regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard
normal values. M11/12SP-IIIc-3
3. Convert a normal random variable to a standard normal random variable and vice
versa.M11/12SP-IIIc-4
4. Compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table.
M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1

I. Know Me First
Previously, you learned about the properties of a normal curve. You have also
learned how to compute the equivalent z-score of a given raw score or vice versa, how to
determine areas of regions under the normal curve, and how to compute probabilities
and percentiles using the z-table.
In this lesson, you will apply these skills in solving real-life problems.
Steps in solving the problem:
1. Identify the given information. Illustrate the situation if possible.
2. Identify what is asked.
3. Identify what other information is/are needed to solve the problem.
4. Determine what formula to use.
5. Apply the formula.
6. State the final answer.
Example 1. The results of the National Achievement Test in Mathematics are normally
distributed with 𝜇 = 85 and 𝜎 = 8.
a. Find the raw score such that 70% of the cases are below it.
b. What is the 90th percentile score? Interpret the result.

Steps Solution (a) Solution (b)

1. Identify the 𝜇 = 85; 𝜎 = 8 𝜇 = 85; 𝜎 = 8
given X
information.
70%=0.7000
X
90%=0.9000

2. Identify what Raw score (X) such that 70% of The 90th percentile score. (It is
is asked. the cases are below it. the raw score (X) such that 90%
of the cases are below it.)

75
 3. Identify what Before we can find X, we need to Before we can find X, we need to
other find Z first. (Lesson5) find Z first. (Lesson5)
information
is/are needed X
to solve the

0.2000
0.5000 X
0.5000 0.4000
problem.
0 Z 0 Z

From the z-table, the closest From the z-table, the closest
value to 0.2000 is 0.1985 and this value to 0.4000 is 0.3997 and this
corresponds to z=0.52. corresponds to z=1.28.
4. Determine 𝑋 = 𝑍(𝜎) + 𝜇 𝑋 = 𝑍(𝜎) + 𝜇
what formula
to use.

5. Apply the 𝑋 = 0.52(8) + 85 = 89.16 𝑋 = 1.28(8) + 85 = 95.24

formula.

6. State the final 70% of the cases are below The 90th percentile score is 95.24.
answer. 89.16. This means that 90% of the cases
are below 95.24.

Example 2. Given the same situation in Example 1, find the scores that bound the
a. middle 80% of the distribution.
b. middle 95% of the distribution.

Steps Solution (a) Solution (b)

1. Identify the 𝜇 = 85; 𝜎 = 8 𝜇 = 85; 𝜎 = 8
given
X1 X2
information.
X1 X2
2. 80%=0.8000 95%=0.9500

Z1 0 Z2 Z1 0 Z2

3. Identify what Raw scores (X1 & X2) that Raw scores (X1 & X2) that
is asked. bounded the middle 80% of the bounded the middle 95% of the
cases. cases.

76
 4. Identify what Before we can find X, we need to Before we can find X, we need to
other find Z first. (Lesson5) find Z first. (Lesson5)
information
is/are needed
0.4000
to solve the 0.4000 X1 X2
problem. 0.4750 0.4750
Z1 0 Z2
Z1 0 Z2
From the z-table, the closest From the z-table, the area 0.4750
value to 0.4000 is 0.3997 and this corresponds to z=1.96.
corresponds to z=1.28. Remember that we have two z-
Remember that we have two z- values, one at the left and one at
values, one at the left and one at the right of z=0. Thus, z1=-1.96
the right of z=0. Thus, z1=-1.28 and z2=1.96.
and z2=1.28.
5. Determine 𝑋 = 𝑍(𝜎) + 𝜇 can be modified 𝑋 = 𝑍(𝜎) + 𝜇 can be modified
what formula as: as:
to use.
𝑋1 = 𝑍1 (𝜎) + 𝜇 and 𝑋1 = 𝑍1 (𝜎) + 𝜇 and
𝑋2 = 𝑍2 (𝜎) + 𝜇 𝑋2 = 𝑍2 (𝜎) + 𝜇
6. Apply the
formula. X1 = −1.28(8) + 85 = 74.76 X1 = −1.96(8) + 85 = 69.32
X2 = 1.28(8) + 85 = 95.24 X2 = 1.96(8) + 85 = 100.68

7. State the final 80% of the cases are between 95% of the cases are between
answer. 74.76 and 95.24. 69.32 and 100.68.

Example 3. If there were 10, 000 learners who took the said National Achievement Test in
Mathematics, find:
a. The number of learners who got a score below 90.
b. The number of learners who got a score above 75.
c. The number of learners who got a score between 80 and 100.

Steps Solution (a) Solution (b) Solution (c)

1. Identify μ = 85; σ = 8; μ = 85; σ = 8; μ = 85; σ = 8;
the given N = 10,000 N = 10,000 N = 10,000
informatio
n.
2. Identify The number (n) of The number (n) of The number (n) of
what is learners who got a learners who got a learners who got a score
asked. score below 90. score above 75. between 80 and 100.

77
3. Identify X = 90 X = 75 X1 = 80
what other X2 = 100
information P(X < 90) P(X > 75)
is/are P(80 < X < 100)
needed to
solve the
problem.
4. Determine X−μ X−μ X−μ
Z= Z= Z=
what σ σ σ
formula to
use. n = P(X < 90)(N) n = P(X > 75)(N) n = P(80 < X < 100)(N)

5. Apply the 90−85 5 75−85 10 80 − 85 5

𝑍= 8 =8 𝑍= =− 𝑍= = − = −0.63
8 8 8 8
formula. 𝑍 = 0.63 𝑍 = −1.25 100 − 85 15
𝑍= = = 1.88
8 8

P(Z = 0.63) = 0.2357 P(Z = −1.25) = 0.3944

P(Z = −0.63) = 0.2357
P(X < 90) = P(Z < 0.63) P(X < 75) = P(Z > −1.25) P(Z = 1.88) = 0.4699
= 0.5000 + 0.2357 = 0.5000 + 0.3944
= 0.7357 = 0.8944 P(80 < X < 100)
= P(−0.63 < Z < 1.88)
n = P(X < 90)(N) n = P(X < 90)(N) = P(z = −0.63) + P(z
n = 0.7357(10,000) n = 0.8944(10,000) = 1.88)
n = 7,357 n = 8,944 = 0.2357 + 0.4699
= 0.7056

n = P(80 < X < 100)(N)

n = 0.7056(10,000)
n = 7,056
6. State the 7,357 learners got a 8,944 learners got a 7,056 learners got a
final score lower than 90. score above 75. score between 80 and
answer. 100.

II. Take Me Out!

In your study notebook, answer the following:
In a job fair, 3,000 applicants applied for a job. Their mean age was found to be 28 with
a standard deviation of 4 years.
1. What age is in the 90th percentile?
2. What is the proportion of the applicants with ages from 24 to 32 years old?

78
 3. How many applicants have ages from 24 to 32 years old?
Check your answer:

Steps Solution (a) Solution (c)

1. Identify the given μ = 28; σ = 4; μ = 28; σ = 4;
information. N = 3,000 N = 3,000

2. Identify what is The age at the 90th The proportion and

asked. percentile. the number (n) of applicants
with ages from 24 to 32 years
old.
3. Identify what other To find the age at the 90th X1 = 24
information is/are percentile, we need to find X2 = 32
needed to solve the its corresponding z-score P(24 ≤ X ≤ 32)
problem. first.

From the z-table, the closest

value to 0.4000 is 0.3997
and this corresponds to
z=1.28.

4. Determine what X = Z(σ) + μ X−μ

Z=
formula to use. σ

n = P(24 ≤ X ≤ 32)(N)
24−28 −4
5. Apply the formula. X = 1.28(4) + 28 𝑍=
4
= − = −1.00
4
= 33.12 𝑍=
32 − 28 4
= = 1.00
4 4

P(Z = −1.00) = 0.3413

P(Z = 1.00) = 0.3413

P(24 ≤ X ≤ 32)

79
 = P(−1.00 ≤ Z ≤ 1. )
= P(z = −1.00) + P(z = 1.00)
= 0.3413 + 0.3413
= 0.6826

n = P(24 ≤ X ≤ 32) (N)

n = 0.6826(3,000)
n = 2047.8
6. State the final The age at the 90th The proportion of applicants
answer. percentile is 33.12 years. with ages from 24 to 32 years
old is 0.6826. (You could also
say, “68.26% of the applicants
have ages from 24 to 32 years
old.)

Approximately 2,047 applicants

are aging from 24 to 32 years
old.

III. Take Me Up!

Answer the following in a separate sheet of paper.

A survey was conducted among 1,500 citizens of a certain barangay. This is to get their
opinion about being vaccinated against Covid-19 disease. They must give a rating ranging
from 1 to 10, where 10 means that they want to be vaccinated and 1 means they do not
want to be vaccinated. It was found out that the average rate is 6.5 with a standard
deviation of 2.5.

1. What is the probability that a citizen picked at random, will give a rate from 2 to 6?
2. How many citizens have given a rate ranging from 2 to 6?
3. Determine the probability that a citizen, picked at random will give a rate higher than 8.
4. How many citizens have given a rate higher than 8?
5. If you are to make a conclusion about the survey, can you say that the citizens in that
barangay support the vaccination? Why or why not?
6. As a teenager, what is your standpoint on the vaccination against covid-19? Explain
further.
7. If you are in favor of the vaccination, what can you do to help the government to
convince the people to submit themselves for vaccination?

IV. Take Me In
Instruction: Reflect on the following questions and write your answer on your paper.
1. What have you learned from the activity?

80
 2. By doing this activity, were you able to develop something like good values in you? If
yes, please tell what this is and how did this activity helped you in developing this
value.
3. Cite a situation in your life where you can use what you have learned from this
activity.

References:
Belecina, R. et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book Store, Inc.
CHED. Statistics and Probability. Pasig City: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources, 2016
Department of Education. Most Essential Learning Competencies SY 2020-2021
https://byjus.com/maths/probability/
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-percentile-3126238

81
 Key to Answers:

This is only for your reference. Copying this without showing the process has no merit.

Lesson 1
A. Lesson 4
1. F 1.
2. T a. 0.4960
3. T b. 0.7756
4. T c. 0.8980
5. F 2.
a. 0.6994
Lesson 2 b. 0.3897
1. 0.3531 c. 0.8962
2. 0.4904
3. 0.8435 Lesson 5
4. 0.0096 A.
5. 0.1469 1. 𝑧 ≈ 1.13
2. 𝑧 = 2.575
Lesson 3 B. 𝑧 ≈ 1.15
A.
1. 0.48 Lesson 6
2. 1.60 1. 0.3848
B. 2. 577
1. 0.56 3. 0.2743
2. 1.89 4. 411
C.
1. 44.25
2. 50.25
D.
1. Yes
2. 𝜎 = 10; 𝜇 = 60

82